Bitcoin joint stock
The wealth myth of "one coin, one villa" is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
this article was first published in the Southern Weekend
"if speculation is a road of no return, then investment in mining machinery is a business that can make a steady profit without loss, and it is only a matter of time before the cost is recovered." Zhong Xi, general manager of Shenzhen Aibo times Technology Co., Ltd., calculated an account. A miner earns 200 yuan a day, which can be recovered in 120 days, and then the profit
in October 2017, in addition to his main business, Zhong Xi joined the mining army and quickly became a big boss in the mining circle. He operated many large mines in Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places
in fact, the business of "steady profit without loss" still depends on the continuous rise of currency price. In the past two months, the price of bitcoin has dropped from US $15000 to about US $10000, or even below US $6000 at one time, which has extended the cycle of mining machinery return. If it keeps falling, the profit will be far away
in 2012, four years after the advent of bitcoin, mass-proced mining machines appeared. Before that, mining was mainly a private activity, which could be completed by a home computer“ At that time, the home computer was the money printing machine, and a lot of bitcoin could be g up every day. " Huang Shiliang, a senior digital currency player who sold mining machines in his early years, recalled to Southern Weekend reporters
after the emergence of mining machine, mining began to be "socialized", with the emergence of mines and pools, and mining became a collective work. The indivial miner is entrusted by the mine, just like the workers on the proction line, as long as they are there, they can get paid every day
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
China has become the world's largest procer of mining machinery. Since 2012, a number of miner manufacturers have been born in China, such as Shenzhen bitquan Co., Ltd., which proces cat roasting miner, bitmainland, Jianan Yun and Yibang communication, which are now famous. In Huaqiangbei, Shenzhen, foreigners can be seen everywhere asking about the price of mining machinery with translators
recently, in an interview with the media, the CEO of bitcontinental, Mr. Zhan Ketun, said that this startup company, which has been established for only four years, had a revenue of about US $2.5 billion in 2017. Bitcontinent is known as the world's largest miner, whose ant miner has always been the hard currency of the coin circle and miner world
just like the coin circle, the mining circle also needs belief that the mechanical mathematical operation of mining machines every day can create great wealth
However, contrary to the "decentralization" advocated by bitcoin, the miner's world is moving towards "centralization". Miner dealers build their own mines. After the investors buy the miner, they are entrusted by the seller; The procers build their own mines and manage themthis process of "centralization" made the wealth of the mining circle snatched by a few people, and it was not easy for Zhong Xi to enter the core circle
calculation force "centralization"
the main function of the mine is to provide a place for scattered mining machines to operate. But it is the "ore pool" that really plays the role of integration
the so-called "mine pool" can be simply understood as "cooperative mining". The miners and the mines give the calculation power to the mine pool, and the mine pool is used as the only address to access the digital currency network for mining, and then distribute dividends to the miners according to the calculation power of the mining machine
the history of ore pool is longer than that of mining machine. In November 2010, the mine pool named slush appeared. Today, its official website says "the world's first mine pool", which is also recognized by the coin circle. Compared with the mine, the construction of the mine pool needs certain technology, and the threshold is relatively higher
the person in charge of a well-known domestic mine pool explained the principle of the mine pool to the Southern Weekend reporter. He compares mining to buying lottery tickets. If you dig alone, the probability of winning the lottery is very unstable. You may win 100000 today, but you won't in the next six months
"gather the people who buy lottery tickets together and buy them in a unified way. No matter who wins, they will be divided according to the proportion of money they pay. In the coin circle, the mine pool plays this role. " The person in charge said
it's not complicated to connect the mining machine with the ore pool. According to the operation guidelines of the major ore pools, it can be completed in a few steps, and then according to the calculation power provided by ourselves, we can get benefits from the ore pool. The miner is like a worker standing on the proction line, receiving a fixed salary every day
the mine pool with huge computing power and many mining machines has an absolute say in the coin circle and the mining circle. For example, if you want to issue a new digital currency or dominate the bitcoin bifurcation, you generally need to get the support of the mine pool. Without the support of the mine pool, no one will dig the new currency, so it is meaningless
in addition, when a hot new coin comes out, the mine pool can also use its own miners to pack it quickly and take the lead in the rush purchase of these new coins
in June 2017, when SNT and EOS were issued, Southern Weekend reporters witnessed the scene of minchi snapping up tokens. Because there are too many investors, many indivial investors can not put their funds into the designated position, but the person in charge of a mine pool can easily complete this operation
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
on January 18, 2018, Emin Yun silash, a computer professor at Cornell University, and other five people co authored a paper pointing out that there is an implicit power structure behind bitcoin and Ethereum, the two major digital currencies, and mining is too centralized, in which 50% of bitcoin's computing power is controlled by the four major mines
In fact, this problem has always existed. Four years ago, the founder of Ethereum, vtalik, noticed this problem when he wrote Ethereum white paper. He wrote: "this problem can be said to be very serious. At the time of writing this article, the two largest mines indirectly controlled about 50% of the computing power of the whole network." Up to now, this problem has not been solved. An early translator of the Ethereum white paper told the Southern Weekend reporter, "this is not a technical problem, but a human problem."5
recessive power structure
in the mining circle, the top of the food chain is mining machinery manufacturers. At present, the three recognized mining machinery manufacturers are located in China. Through the proction and sales of mining machines, they get a lot of profits. At the same time, they also set foot in the construction of mines and pools, and have the right to speak in the whole coin circle
ant mining pool is one of the top two large mining pools in the world, and its computing power accounts for 17% of the total network computing power. However, according to instrial and commercial data, it was founded by bitmainland; Several investors of Jianan Yun are also investors of Hangzhou mining Pool Technology Co., Ltd., which has its own mining pool hash and mining platform, but the mining pool has ceased operation at the end of 2017
Yibang communications has set up three blockchain companies in Hohhot, Wuhai and Zhundong Economic Development Zone in Inner Mongolia. A salesperson of Yibang communications told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that they have mines and mining businesses in these three places, but these mines have been operating at full capacity, and there is no machine space to host new mining machines"we are building a new mine in Irkutsk, Russia, where electricity charges are much lower and new mining machines can be hosted there." The source said
above the mining machinery manufacturers, it is the harvest of chip giants“ The core technology of mining machinery lies in the chip. Whoever has the chip can proce more mining machinery. " Ding Yang told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that the chips are mainly in the hands of several giant manufacturers, such as TSMC, NVIDIA, AMD, etc
since 2015, TSMC has always been the largest chip supplier of Jianan Yun. In 2015, the chips purchased by Jianan Yun from TSMC accounted for 69.62% of all the chips purchased by Jianan Yun. Since then, this figure has been maintained at about 60%. Most of the profits of Jia Nan Yun Zhi were made by TSMC
On January 18, 2018, at the presentation meeting of TSMC's fourth quarter financial report, chairman Zhang Zhongmou said that although the mobile business prospect this year is weak, the company's revenue will still grow by 10% - 15%. One of the key factors is the demand for chips e to the continuous and steady development of cryptocurrencyunder the mining machinery manufacturers, there is another power structure. Jianan Yun disclosed this secret in its 2017 prospectus. In the first four months of 2017, four of the top five customers of Jianan Yun were "indivials". According to public information, three of them are well-known "wrists" in the currency circle
Wu Gang, the largest customer, was the first group of miners, and later founded haobtc, which has one of the world's top ten mines; Lin Zhipeng, the second largest customer, is the founder of Xiaoqiang mining machinery. He has been engaged in the proction and sales of mining machinery for a long time. He has been cooperating with Xie Weiqin, the sixth largest customer; Wang Jin, the third largest customer, founded bitbang, a coin circle information websitethese big customers are not simple miners, they all have their own influence in the coin circle. Mechanical operation of the mining machine to bring them income at the same time, also brought the right to speak
according to an insider in bitmainland, most of the big customers in bitmainland are big guys in the currency circle. However, bitmainland officials declined an interview with the Southern Weekend reporter. The company's Public Relations Department responded that it was not convenient to disclose the content because it signed a confidentiality agreement with its customers
"one coin, one villa" wealth myth is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
most of the new entrants can only make the harvested "leeks"
ACU (average concurrent users) average number of online players at the same time
PCU (peak concurrent users) has the highest number of simultaneous online players
online game, English name is online game, also known as "online game", referred to as "online game". It refers to a sustainable indivial multiplayer online game with Internet as the transmission medium, game operator server and user computer as the processing terminal, and game client software as the information interaction window, which aims to achieve entertainment, leisure, communication and virtual achievement
on the evening of December 5, 2016, the Ministry of Culture issued the notice on standardizing the operation of online games and strengthening the supervision ring and after the event, which clearly stipulated for the first time that the virtual currency and virtual props of online games cannot be exchanged for legal tender. On the evening of August 30, 2018, the Ministry of ecation and other eight departments issued a notice on the implementation plan for comprehensive prevention and control of myopia among children and adolescents, proposing total amount control of online games
the difference between online games and stand-alone games is that players must play multiplayer games through Internet connection. Generally, it refers to a collection of game procts in which multiple players operate characters and scenes in a virtual environment according to certain rules to achieve the purpose of entertainment and interaction
and the single game mode is mostly man-machine combat. Because it can't connect to the Internet and the interaction between players is poor, but it can carry out limited multiplayer combat through LAN connection. The birth mission of online games is "to improve the quality of life of global human beings through online game services in Internet services"
The birth of online games enriches human life and promotes the progress of global human society. It enriches the spiritual world and material world of human beings, improves the quality of human life and makes human life happierall the smart investors of snowball are here<
Web 1.0: news information, stock price information, K-line chart
Web 2.0: SNS subscription, sharing, chat
Web 3.0: mobile app, closed-loop trading
snowball now has less than 100 employees, half of which are technicians. Last September, round C financing was 4 kW. Our current technology stack consists of the following components: Java, Scala, akka, finagle, nodejs, docker, Hadoop. At present, we rent IDC rooms to build our own private cloud, and are moving towards the direction of "mixed public and private cloud"
on snowball, users can obtain news information of Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and the United States 2W + stock, stock price changes, bond, futures, fund, bitcoin, trust, financial management, private placement and other financial procts, and also pay attention to millions of combinations established by snowball users, subscribe to their real-time position adjustment information, and pay attention to snowball v. Snowball currently has millions of active users and 400 million API calls every day. No.18 on the app store financial free list. In history, it ranked second in finance and 19th in total free list<
2. The current overall architecture of snowball
as a typical mobile Internet start-up company, the overall architecture of snowball is also a very typical design:
the top level is three ends: web end, Android end and IOS end. The flow ratio is about 2:4:4. The transaction function of Web3.0 is not provided on the web side
the access layer and the following layers are all inside our self built computer room. At present, snowball has only deployed one computer room, which belongs to the era of single room. In the process of promoting the "private cloud + public cloud hybrid deployment" scheme
we currently use nodejs as the web template engine. Nodejs mole, together with Android and IOS app mole, belongs to the front-end team
next is the API mole behind nginx. Like LinkedIn's Leo and Weibo's V4, snowball has a legacy unified system, called snowball. Initially, all the logic was implemented in snowball. Later, a lot of RPC services were slowly dismantled, and then some HTTP APIs were slowly dismantled to make independent business. However, even so, snowball is still the largest deployment unit in snowball system
where performance is needed, we use netty to build some independent interfaces, such as quoto server, which is used to provide the stock price query service once a second ring the opening period. Single machine QPS 5W +, which will be discussed in detail later; At first, IM service was designed to provide chat service, but now, its biggest purpose is to provide a reliable push channel, providing 5W / s message delivery capacity, which will be discussed in detail later
the service-oriented splitting and governance of snowball adopts the finagle RPC framework of twitter open source, and carries out some secondary development and customization on it. The customized functions mainly focus on access log enhancement, fail fast, fail over strategy and degradation switch. The implementation of finagle is complex, and the threshold of debugging and secondary development is high, which has been discussed in the team
snowball's business is relatively complex. In the service layer, it can be roughly divided into several categories: the first category is Web1.0, 2.0 and basic services, which we call community, including users, posts, news, stock price, search and so on. The analogy object is Sina Financial Portal + microblog; The second type is portfolio and recommendation, which mainly provides the display and suggestion of stock investment strategy, and the analogy object is motif in the United States; The third category is the channel, similar to the "Alipay" in the stock market, access to a number of brokerages, providing instant opening accounts, placing a single key and so on.
snowball's business implementation includes a lot of asynchronous calculation logic, such as search index, such as stock price limit notice, such as portfolio income calculation and so on. Therefore, we designed an independent thread / task mole to facilitate the management of all background calculation tasks. But with more and more tasks and more logic differences, a unified mole is not always the best solution, so we split it into two categories: streaming and batch
snowball's recommendation system includes combination recommendation "what to buy" and personalized recommendation. We are reorganizing our big data system recently. If you are interested, you can talk about it alone
at the bottom is the infrastructure layer. The snowball infrastructure layer includes redis, mysql, MQ, ZK, HDFS, and container docker
in addition to online services, our development and background facilities are also very typical: gitlab development, Jenkins packaging, ZABBIX monitoring system migration to openfalcon, redimine migration to conference, JIRA, and internally developed skiing background management system< First of all, describe the modifier of "stock market turbulence" attribute in the title:
the Shanghai stock index rose from 3000 points at the beginning of the year to more than 5000 points in half a year, peaked at 5200 points on June 12, and then went straight down, with a maximum one-day decline of 8.48%, all the way back below 4000 points. I've been hovering around 3900 in the last week
in the last week of March, 1.66 million A-share accounts were opened, exceeding the record of 1.65 million in the second week of May 2007
in April, China Securities Regulatory Commission announced that A-shares support single user to open multiple accounts
at the end of June, the card gold company entered on behalf of the national team to save the market
in July, the CSRC announced that it would crack down on OTC funding<
on the first night of the voice of China advertising, it brought 200 times more registration than the usual peak
challenge: small vs large:
small: the size of small company, small team, small machine scale
large: comparable to the number of business lines and business complexity of large company, Instant peak impact
snowball's business line = 1 Sina Finance + 1 Weibo + 1 motif + 1 great wisdom / flush. Due to the small cardinality, the instantaneous peak value of API calls is about 30 + times of the usual peak value
challenge: rapid growth, mobile Internet + finance, tuyere, A-share market volatility
first of all, on the app side, in the process of our core business evolving from Web2.0 SNS to 3.0 mobile transaction closed loop, we developed our own hybrid framework: local native framework, plus offline H5 pages, to support our fast business iteration. At present, snowball front-end can achieve two versions a week, and simultaneously promote three versions in parallel: one in the app store waiting for audit online, one in the internal test or public test, and one in development. Meng Xiangyu, our front-end architect, has a detailed share on this aspect in this year's wot. Those who are interested can learn more about it later
snowball app practice - building a flexible and reliable hybrid framework http://wot.51cto.com/2015mobile/ http://down.51cto.com/data/2080769
in addition, in order to ensure the availability of services, we have done a series of "end-to-end service quality monitoring". For those who are interested, you can search my sharing "end to end stability guarantee in mobile era" on Huanxin SM meetup in April this year. In the app side, we use a data transmission scheme with the lowest cost: to control the network traffic of users, The additional consumption of battery is almost 0
the result of the previous request is included in each request
succ or fail: 1 char
failure reason: 0 - 1 char
request interface number: 1 char
request time: 2 - 3 char
Others: network system, etc
most stock speculators will stare at the market: that is, ring the opening period, a web page or app is open, Watch the stock price jump up and down in real time. When it comes to "real-time", the U.S. and Hong Kong stocks are currently streaming data push, but the domestic A-shares basically give a snapshot of the current prices of all the stocks in the system every once in a while. This time interval is 3 seconds in theory, but it is generally about 5 seconds in practice. After paying the money and signing the contract, snowball, as a partner, can get the data from the data company under the exchange, and then provide it to its own users
just now, when we introced the overall architecture diagram, we mentioned quote server, which is where performance is needed
the business scenario is like this: ring the opening period of the snowball personal homepage, the current user's attention to the stock price changes is polled once a second. Internally, all portfolio income calculation needs to obtain the real-time prices of all current stocks at intervals. At first, there were not many online users at the same time. This interface is a common interface deployed in snowball. Stock price information is written into redis in real time and read from redis when it is read. Later, a shares rose sharply and snowball couldn't resist. So we did a typical optimization: independent server + local memory storage. During the opening period, after each data update, the data receiving component takes the initiative to update the data in the memory of the quote server. The subsequent further optimization scheme is to migrate the interface and related processing logic to the public cloud
for those who don't keep an eye on the stock market, the most practical function is the stock price reminder. On the snowball, you can focus not only on users, but also on stocks. If a stock you pay attention to goes up or down, we can inform you in time. The popular stock on snowball has more than 50W fans (China Merchants Bank, Suning cloud business). Fans can set: remind me when the stock rises or falls by more than x% (default 7%). For three consecutive days, when the daily limit of 1000 shares was exceeded, the CSRC held a meeting, so the next two days, when the daily limit of 1000 shares was exceeded,
original practice:
stocks rose (fell) x%, scan the fan list, filter out all qualified fans, and push messages
New Practice:
pre index, load memory ring the opening period
1%: UID1, UID2
2%: UID3, UID4, uid5
3%: uid6
problem: sometimes it's too timely: frequently drop the limit, open the limit, then drop the limit, and then open it... Internal online record:
4 machines
99% delay of a single message is less than 30 seconds<
next optimization goal: 99% less than 10 seconds
the initial design goal of IM system is to provide users on snowball with a chat function:
the first delivery rate
snowball Im: netty + custom network protocol
akka: each online client has an actor
push mode: when the client is online, use push mode
multi terminal synchronization: single account and multi terminal login In the mobile Internet era, all im except wechat QQ have been transformed into push channels, and the core index has become instant peak performance. The original architecture is not suitable in many places<
Optimization:
allocate more resources: push account actor pool
simplify business logic: plicate messages only store ID, real-time reminders do not push historical devices, do not update session list of inactive devices, etc.
local cache: pull black and other business logic that cannot be simplified to local cache
optimization code: asynchronous encrypted storage, Remove the unreasonable use of akka
the explanation of akka: akka has its own log adapter and uses an a internally
1920
In 1916, Sun Yat Sen and Yu qiaqing, a Shanghai businessman, jointly proposed to organize Shanghai Stock Exchange Co., Ltd. to draw up the articles of association and instructions and submit them to the Ministry of agriculture and Commerce for approval. On February 1, 1920, the Shanghai Stock Exchange set up a legislative session in the General Chamber of Commerce. On February 6, the board of directors of the exchange held a meeting and elected Yu qiaqing as its chairman In June 1920, the Ministry of agriculture and commerce finally approved the establishment of the stock exchange in Shanghai. The operation mode of the stock exchange was based on the Japanese stock exchange and Japanese consultants were employed. On July 1, 1920, Shanghai Stock Exchange opened its business in the form of joint-stock company. The trading objects are divided into seven categories: Securities and cotton. This is the earliest stock in modern China
extended information:
ordinary shareholders enjoy the following basic rights according to the proportion of shares they hold:
1. The right to participate in decision-making of the company. Shareholders of common stock have the right to participate in the general meeting of shareholders, and have the right to propose, vote and vote. They can also entrust others to exercise their shareholders' rights on their behalf
2. Common shareholders have the right to receive dividends from the company's profit distribution. The dividend of common stock is not fixed, which is decided by the company's profit situation and its distribution policy. Only after the preferred shareholders get the fixed dividend can the common shareholders enjoy the right of dividend distribution
3. If the company needs to expand and issue additional common shares, the existing common shareholders have the right to purchase a certain number of new issued shares at a specific price lower than the market price according to their shareholding proportion, so as to maintain their original proportion of ownership of the enterprise
4. Distribution right of surplus assets. When the company goes bankrupt or goes into liquidation, if the assets of the company remain after paying off debts, the remaining part will be distributed in the order of preferred shareholders first and common shareholders later
1: consider your interests, do what you like best, only make work fun. You can better develop in this instry
2: analyze your experience and do what you are best at. Being an expert will make you handy in many things
3: Here we emphasize the relationship channel, which depends on the accumulation in social life. One more channel equals one more opportunity. It's often relationships that make you rich. This is not without reason< 4. Compound interest makes money. That is to say, Ben Shengli, Li gunli. It's equivalent to putting money at a high profit and taking it as the capital
5. A person with three heads and six arms does not earn much. Many people work for you, many roads make money for you, and many places make money for you
6. Make use of others to make money for you and liberate yourself. Only when you have time can you learn how to make money quickly< 7. Be able to use the power of capital
8. Be able to use the power of contacts
9. Be able to use the power of leverage: for example, borrow the power of others, borrow the power of capital... Partners, start a business together... 10. Increase revenue and rece expenditure
11. Parasitic method, that is, borrowing large enterprises, can also be joint-stock
12. Make more efforts than others!