Bitcoin to fire
Publish: 2021-05-06 23:51:27
1. On the last day of the 19th century, famous European scientists gathered together. At the meeting, W? Thomson (Baron Kelvin) made a new year's speech. Looking back on the great achievements of physics, he said that the physics building has been completed, and only some decoration work remains. At the same time, while looking forward to the future of physics in the 20th century, he said thoughtfully: "the dynamic theory affirms that heat and light are two ways of motion. Now, its beautiful and clear sky is covered by two dark clouds." the first dark cloud appears in the wave theory of light, ”"The second dark cloud appears in the Maxwell Boltzmann theory of equipartition of energy." W. In April 1900, Thomson published an article entitled "dark clouds over the dynamic theory of heat and light in the 19th century". The first dark cloud he said mainly refers to the contradiction between the results of Michelson Morey experiment and the theory of ether drift; What he said about the second dark cloud mainly refers to the results of the theoretical interpretation of the specific heat of gas and the potential radiation spectrum by the energy equipartition rule in thermodynamics, which are different from the experimental results, especially the "ultraviolet disaster" in the blackbody radiation theory. Kelvin is an outstanding theoretical physics and experimental physicist in 19th century England. He is an influential authority in physics. His statement tells the basic situation of physics development to the end of 19th century and reflects the main trend of thought in the field of physics at that time
physics developed to the end of the 19th century, which can be said to be quite perfect and mature. All physical phenomena seem to be able to get satisfactory answers from the corresponding theories. For example, all mechanical phenomena can be explained from classical mechanics in principle. Newtonian mechanics and analytical mechanics have become effective tools to solve mechanical problems. For the analysis of electromagnetic phenomena, Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory has been formed, which is the unified theory of electromagnetic field. This theory can also be used to explain the basic problems of wave optics. As for the thermal phenomenon, there are phenomenological thermodynamics and statistical mechanics theories, which can make a reasonable explanation for the macroscopic law of the thermal motion of matter and the microscopic statistical law of the thermal motion of molecules. In a word, the classical physics building with classical mechanics, classical electromagnetic theory and classical statistical mechanics as the three pillars has been built, and the foundation is solid and magnificent! Under such circumstances, it is no wonder that physicists will feel intoxicated and feel that physics has achieved great success, thus asserting that they will not be able to do anything in the future. At that time, this kind of thought not only existed universally in physics, but also had a long history
Planck made a speech in 1924. In his speech, he recalled that when he was studying physics at the University of Munich in 1875, his physics teacher P. Jolie (1809-1884) advised him not to study pure theory, because physics "is a highly developed and almost perfect science". Now this science "seems very close to taking the most stable form.". Perhaps, there is a st or a small bubble in a corner, which can be studied and classified. However, as a complete system, it is established firmly enough. And theoretical physics is clearly approaching the level of perfection that geometry has had for hundreds of years. " Another famous teacher of Planck, G? Kirchhoff (1824-1887) also said a similar thing, he said that "physics has done nothing but add a few numbers after the decimal point of the known law." Although Kelvin's evaluation of the achievements of physics is too extreme, he can find "two dark clouds" in the clear sky and is worried about them, which shows that he is far sighted. The history of the development of physics shows that it is these two small dark clouds that finally led to a big storm
the first dark cloud -- Michelson Morey experiment and the collapse of "Ether" theory. Sunlight passes through a vacuum to the earth, and light from galaxies billions of light-years away also passes through space to the earth. Why can light wave propagate in vacuum? What is its medium of transmission? Physicists have found a medium for light transmission - "Ether"
Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, first proposed "Ether". Aristotle thought that the lower boundary was composed of fire, water, earth and air; Add the fifth element to the upper bound, "Ether". After Newton discovered the universal gravitation, he met a difficult problem: in the vacuum of the universe, what medium does gravitation propagate? In order to find a complete solution, Newton revived Aristotle's "Ether" theory, and believed that "Ether" was the propagation medium of gravity in the cosmic vacuum. Later, physicists developed the theory of "Ether", believing that "Ether" is also the medium of light wave propagation. Light, like gravity, is transmitted by the ether. They also assume that the whole universe is full of "Ether", which is a thin, imperceptible medium composed of very small elastic spheres. In the 19th century, Maxwell's electromagnetic theory also described the medium that transmits light and electromagnetic waves as a kind of "Ether" that has no weight and can absolutely penetrate“ "Ether" not only has the nature of electromagnetism, but also is the transmitter of electromagnetic effect, and also has the nature of mechanical mechanics. It is an absolutely static reference frame, and all movements are relative to it. In this way, the electromagnetic theory is consistent with Newtonian mechanics“ The concept that "Ether" is the common carrier of light, electricity and magnetism is generally accepted by people, forming a "etherology"
however, after confirming the existence of "Ether", a new problem arises: if the earth moves around the sun at the speed of 30 kilometers per second, it must encounter the wind of 30 kilometers per second. At the same time, it must also have an impact on the propagation of light. The emergence of this problem causes people to explore whether "yitaifeng" exists or not< In 1887, Michelson (1852-1931) cooperated with American chemist and physicist Murray (1838-1923) to carry out a famous experiment in Cleveland: "Michelson Murray experiment", namely "ether drift experiment". The experimental results show that no matter the direction of the earth's motion is the same as or opposite to the direction of light, the measured speed of light is the same, and there is no relative motion between the earth and the "Ether". Therefore, there is no "Ether" or "absolutely static space". Because this experiment is easy to understand in theory and accurate and reliable in method, there is no doubt that the experimental result denies the existence of "Ether"
the Michelson Morey experiment puts scientists in a dilemma. They may have to abandon the etheric theory that has explained many phenomena of electromagnetism and light. If they dare not give up ether, then they must give up Copernican's theory of earth movement, which is older than etherology. Classical physics is at a loss in the face of this famous experiment
the second dark cloud -- blackbody radiation and "ultraviolet disaster"
at the same temperature, the brightness and color (wavelength) of different objects are different. Dark objects have strong ability to absorb radiation. For example, the absorption rate of coal to electromagnetic wave can reach about 80%. The so-called "blackbody" refers to the ideal object that can absorb all external radiation without any reflection and transmission, and the absorptivity is 100%. There is no real blackbody, but a cavity with a small hole on its surface can be regarded as an approximate blackbody. Because the radiation entering the cavity through the small hole will not leak out from the small hole after many times of reflection and absorption in the cavity
at the end of the 19th century, lummer (1860-1925) and others' famous experiment blackbody radiation experiment found that the energy of blackbody radiation is not continuous, and its distribution according to wavelength is only related to the temperature of blackbody. From the perspective of classical physics, the results of this experiment are incredible
how to explain the results of blackbody radiation experiment? At that time, people started from classical physics to find the laws of experiments. Incorrect premise and starting point lead to failure in the end. For example, Wien, a German physicist, established a formula for the distribution of blackbody radiation energy according to wavelength, but this formula is only consistent with the experimental facts when the wavelength is relatively short and the temperature is relatively low. British physicist Rayleigh and physicist, astronomer King think that energy is a continuous change of physical quantity, establish the blackbody radiation formula which is more consistent with the experimental facts when the wavelength is longer and the temperature is higher. However, according to the Rayleigh gins formula, in the short wavelength region (ultraviolet region), the radiation intensity can increase endlessly with the shortening of the wavelength, which is far from the experimental data. So this failure was called "ultraviolet disaster" by Ellen fester. Its failure undoubtedly indicates the failure of classical physics theory in the problem of blackbody radiation, so it is also the "disaster" of the whole classical physics.
physics developed to the end of the 19th century, which can be said to be quite perfect and mature. All physical phenomena seem to be able to get satisfactory answers from the corresponding theories. For example, all mechanical phenomena can be explained from classical mechanics in principle. Newtonian mechanics and analytical mechanics have become effective tools to solve mechanical problems. For the analysis of electromagnetic phenomena, Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory has been formed, which is the unified theory of electromagnetic field. This theory can also be used to explain the basic problems of wave optics. As for the thermal phenomenon, there are phenomenological thermodynamics and statistical mechanics theories, which can make a reasonable explanation for the macroscopic law of the thermal motion of matter and the microscopic statistical law of the thermal motion of molecules. In a word, the classical physics building with classical mechanics, classical electromagnetic theory and classical statistical mechanics as the three pillars has been built, and the foundation is solid and magnificent! Under such circumstances, it is no wonder that physicists will feel intoxicated and feel that physics has achieved great success, thus asserting that they will not be able to do anything in the future. At that time, this kind of thought not only existed universally in physics, but also had a long history
Planck made a speech in 1924. In his speech, he recalled that when he was studying physics at the University of Munich in 1875, his physics teacher P. Jolie (1809-1884) advised him not to study pure theory, because physics "is a highly developed and almost perfect science". Now this science "seems very close to taking the most stable form.". Perhaps, there is a st or a small bubble in a corner, which can be studied and classified. However, as a complete system, it is established firmly enough. And theoretical physics is clearly approaching the level of perfection that geometry has had for hundreds of years. " Another famous teacher of Planck, G? Kirchhoff (1824-1887) also said a similar thing, he said that "physics has done nothing but add a few numbers after the decimal point of the known law." Although Kelvin's evaluation of the achievements of physics is too extreme, he can find "two dark clouds" in the clear sky and is worried about them, which shows that he is far sighted. The history of the development of physics shows that it is these two small dark clouds that finally led to a big storm
the first dark cloud -- Michelson Morey experiment and the collapse of "Ether" theory. Sunlight passes through a vacuum to the earth, and light from galaxies billions of light-years away also passes through space to the earth. Why can light wave propagate in vacuum? What is its medium of transmission? Physicists have found a medium for light transmission - "Ether"
Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, first proposed "Ether". Aristotle thought that the lower boundary was composed of fire, water, earth and air; Add the fifth element to the upper bound, "Ether". After Newton discovered the universal gravitation, he met a difficult problem: in the vacuum of the universe, what medium does gravitation propagate? In order to find a complete solution, Newton revived Aristotle's "Ether" theory, and believed that "Ether" was the propagation medium of gravity in the cosmic vacuum. Later, physicists developed the theory of "Ether", believing that "Ether" is also the medium of light wave propagation. Light, like gravity, is transmitted by the ether. They also assume that the whole universe is full of "Ether", which is a thin, imperceptible medium composed of very small elastic spheres. In the 19th century, Maxwell's electromagnetic theory also described the medium that transmits light and electromagnetic waves as a kind of "Ether" that has no weight and can absolutely penetrate“ "Ether" not only has the nature of electromagnetism, but also is the transmitter of electromagnetic effect, and also has the nature of mechanical mechanics. It is an absolutely static reference frame, and all movements are relative to it. In this way, the electromagnetic theory is consistent with Newtonian mechanics“ The concept that "Ether" is the common carrier of light, electricity and magnetism is generally accepted by people, forming a "etherology"
however, after confirming the existence of "Ether", a new problem arises: if the earth moves around the sun at the speed of 30 kilometers per second, it must encounter the wind of 30 kilometers per second. At the same time, it must also have an impact on the propagation of light. The emergence of this problem causes people to explore whether "yitaifeng" exists or not< In 1887, Michelson (1852-1931) cooperated with American chemist and physicist Murray (1838-1923) to carry out a famous experiment in Cleveland: "Michelson Murray experiment", namely "ether drift experiment". The experimental results show that no matter the direction of the earth's motion is the same as or opposite to the direction of light, the measured speed of light is the same, and there is no relative motion between the earth and the "Ether". Therefore, there is no "Ether" or "absolutely static space". Because this experiment is easy to understand in theory and accurate and reliable in method, there is no doubt that the experimental result denies the existence of "Ether"
the Michelson Morey experiment puts scientists in a dilemma. They may have to abandon the etheric theory that has explained many phenomena of electromagnetism and light. If they dare not give up ether, then they must give up Copernican's theory of earth movement, which is older than etherology. Classical physics is at a loss in the face of this famous experiment
the second dark cloud -- blackbody radiation and "ultraviolet disaster"
at the same temperature, the brightness and color (wavelength) of different objects are different. Dark objects have strong ability to absorb radiation. For example, the absorption rate of coal to electromagnetic wave can reach about 80%. The so-called "blackbody" refers to the ideal object that can absorb all external radiation without any reflection and transmission, and the absorptivity is 100%. There is no real blackbody, but a cavity with a small hole on its surface can be regarded as an approximate blackbody. Because the radiation entering the cavity through the small hole will not leak out from the small hole after many times of reflection and absorption in the cavity
at the end of the 19th century, lummer (1860-1925) and others' famous experiment blackbody radiation experiment found that the energy of blackbody radiation is not continuous, and its distribution according to wavelength is only related to the temperature of blackbody. From the perspective of classical physics, the results of this experiment are incredible
how to explain the results of blackbody radiation experiment? At that time, people started from classical physics to find the laws of experiments. Incorrect premise and starting point lead to failure in the end. For example, Wien, a German physicist, established a formula for the distribution of blackbody radiation energy according to wavelength, but this formula is only consistent with the experimental facts when the wavelength is relatively short and the temperature is relatively low. British physicist Rayleigh and physicist, astronomer King think that energy is a continuous change of physical quantity, establish the blackbody radiation formula which is more consistent with the experimental facts when the wavelength is longer and the temperature is higher. However, according to the Rayleigh gins formula, in the short wavelength region (ultraviolet region), the radiation intensity can increase endlessly with the shortening of the wavelength, which is far from the experimental data. So this failure was called "ultraviolet disaster" by Ellen fester. Its failure undoubtedly indicates the failure of classical physics theory in the problem of blackbody radiation, so it is also the "disaster" of the whole classical physics.
2. "blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. Following the explosion of artificial intelligence and bitcoin, blockchain technology is also on fire! Even in the next 2018, there will be signs of high fever. Why is it so hot all of a sudden? Although blockchain has defects, its advantages are more obvious. A lot of capital will flow into the blockchain, because compared with other concepts, the concept of blockchain is easier to hype "
blockchain is a technology implementation of distributed storage based on cryptography, and its significance is to ensure the security and reliability of information circulation process, but blockchain is not absolutely perfect, it depends on many factors
the benefits of blockchain. It has to be said that as a supplement to the social credit system, blockchain has natural advantages
1. Smart contract, which is the foundation of blockchain platform. With the help of smart contracts, rules can be applied safely when dealing with transactions. They can be used to automatically perform verification steps to encode conditions previously contained in signed physical contracts
2. Distributed storage, distributed storage system, is to store data in multiple independent devices. Traditional network storage system uses centralized storage server to store all data. Storage server becomes the bottleneck of system performance and the focus of reliability and security, which can not meet the needs of large-scale storage applications
3. The pursuit of capital and the pursuit of profit by capital are just like Satan's hell fire burning all the evil sources. The greed of capital will surely threaten all the hype concepts and reap the green of leeks. Good capital injection can also bring back the rapid development of the instry
"blockchain is the most popular fintech (Financial Technology). This innovative technology from bitcoin is subverting the financial instry and our lives. In 2015, blockchain became the highest financing sector in US venture capital, breaking through US $1 billion. This kind of hot financing scene only appears in foreign countries“ Few people in China really understand blockchain technology, "said a senior practitioner. This is the reality. In China, most of the companies that are known as blockchain technology are unwilling to give up the dividend of bitcoin and still stay in the primary stage of currency speculation; The transformation of the financial sector, more in essence, is just speculation concept stocks; There are few people who sincerely do technology. "
"blockchain is the underlying technology of bitcoin, which solves the process of bitcoin from 0 to 1. At this stage, blockchain has become a high-frequency word in the big and small science and technology summit, and its popularity is no less than that of "o2o" in the previous two years. When people are discussing blockchain, they are more concerned about how to use blockchain, and they have no doubt about the application value of blockchain. " Blockchain is a decentralized trust mechanism. In the past, blockchain was mainly used in bitcoin. Until the last half year, blockchain has graally started to have some other applications, especially in the financial field
blockchain is a technical solution to maintain a reliable database collectively through centralization and distrust. Generally speaking, blockchain technology refers to a way for the whole people to participate in bookkeeping. There is a database behind all the systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. So it's very important who keeps this account book. At present, whose system will keep accounts, wechat's account book is Tencent's account book, and Taobao's account book is Ali's account book. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system can have the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. If there is any data change in a certain period of time, everyone in the system can conct bookkeeping. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best bookkeeping in this period, write the content of his records into the account book, and send the content of the account book to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete account book. This way, we call it blockchain technology
bitcoin is one of the most successful applications of blockchain technology. Specifically, the blockchain is a series of data blocks generated by the use of cryptography Association, and each data block contains the information of effective confirmation of multiple bitcoin network transactions. The structure of blockchain storage data is a chain composed of "storage blocks" on the network. Each block contains all the information exchange data in the network within a certain period of time. Blockchain is the underlying technology of bitcoin, but its role is not limited to bitcoin. Through cluster or cloud mode operation, the nodes can expand horizontally, and continuously improve the overall network performance based on benign competition
bitcoin has no legal compensation and compulsion, and its circulation range is limited and unstable. Bitcoin also has strong substitutability, so it is difficult to be a general equivalent. No matter how skillful the blockchain technology is, it is impossible to proce a national currency, and the mass investors should not follow suit.
blockchain is a technology implementation of distributed storage based on cryptography, and its significance is to ensure the security and reliability of information circulation process, but blockchain is not absolutely perfect, it depends on many factors
the benefits of blockchain. It has to be said that as a supplement to the social credit system, blockchain has natural advantages
1. Smart contract, which is the foundation of blockchain platform. With the help of smart contracts, rules can be applied safely when dealing with transactions. They can be used to automatically perform verification steps to encode conditions previously contained in signed physical contracts
2. Distributed storage, distributed storage system, is to store data in multiple independent devices. Traditional network storage system uses centralized storage server to store all data. Storage server becomes the bottleneck of system performance and the focus of reliability and security, which can not meet the needs of large-scale storage applications
3. The pursuit of capital and the pursuit of profit by capital are just like Satan's hell fire burning all the evil sources. The greed of capital will surely threaten all the hype concepts and reap the green of leeks. Good capital injection can also bring back the rapid development of the instry
"blockchain is the most popular fintech (Financial Technology). This innovative technology from bitcoin is subverting the financial instry and our lives. In 2015, blockchain became the highest financing sector in US venture capital, breaking through US $1 billion. This kind of hot financing scene only appears in foreign countries“ Few people in China really understand blockchain technology, "said a senior practitioner. This is the reality. In China, most of the companies that are known as blockchain technology are unwilling to give up the dividend of bitcoin and still stay in the primary stage of currency speculation; The transformation of the financial sector, more in essence, is just speculation concept stocks; There are few people who sincerely do technology. "
"blockchain is the underlying technology of bitcoin, which solves the process of bitcoin from 0 to 1. At this stage, blockchain has become a high-frequency word in the big and small science and technology summit, and its popularity is no less than that of "o2o" in the previous two years. When people are discussing blockchain, they are more concerned about how to use blockchain, and they have no doubt about the application value of blockchain. " Blockchain is a decentralized trust mechanism. In the past, blockchain was mainly used in bitcoin. Until the last half year, blockchain has graally started to have some other applications, especially in the financial field
blockchain is a technical solution to maintain a reliable database collectively through centralization and distrust. Generally speaking, blockchain technology refers to a way for the whole people to participate in bookkeeping. There is a database behind all the systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. So it's very important who keeps this account book. At present, whose system will keep accounts, wechat's account book is Tencent's account book, and Taobao's account book is Ali's account book. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system can have the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. If there is any data change in a certain period of time, everyone in the system can conct bookkeeping. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best bookkeeping in this period, write the content of his records into the account book, and send the content of the account book to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete account book. This way, we call it blockchain technology
bitcoin is one of the most successful applications of blockchain technology. Specifically, the blockchain is a series of data blocks generated by the use of cryptography Association, and each data block contains the information of effective confirmation of multiple bitcoin network transactions. The structure of blockchain storage data is a chain composed of "storage blocks" on the network. Each block contains all the information exchange data in the network within a certain period of time. Blockchain is the underlying technology of bitcoin, but its role is not limited to bitcoin. Through cluster or cloud mode operation, the nodes can expand horizontally, and continuously improve the overall network performance based on benign competition
bitcoin has no legal compensation and compulsion, and its circulation range is limited and unstable. Bitcoin also has strong substitutability, so it is difficult to be a general equivalent. No matter how skillful the blockchain technology is, it is impossible to proce a national currency, and the mass investors should not follow suit.
3. My friends were cheated by 740000 together, which has saved today,
4. Bitcoin is a virtual encrypted digital currency in the form of P2P. Unlike all currencies, bitcoin does not rely on a specific currency institution to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of money circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total number of bitcoin is limited to 21 million, which is very scarce
for example, Panda Global provides secure, simple and reliable digital asset transactions for global users
for example, Panda Global provides secure, simple and reliable digital asset transactions for global users
5. After the central bank and other five ministries jointly issued the bitcoin risk notice at the end of 2013, bitcoin entered a downward adjustment period. The April 15 incident in 2014 was another turning point of bitcoin. Since then, bitcoin has completely entered a downturn. Although the good news continued, bitcoin still failed to thrive
for example, Dell, Microsoft and other technology giants accept bitcoin payments, the U.S. government classifies bitcoin as a commodity, the legitimacy of bitcoin in the U.S. goes a step further, and California recognizes the legitimacy of bitcoin, etc. However, these good news did not drive the rise of bitcoin. Of course, the financing scale of bitcoin related companies is also increasing, increasing by nearly US $1 billion. However, bitcoin has not made any improvement in its application, and killer applications have not appeared yet.
for example, Dell, Microsoft and other technology giants accept bitcoin payments, the U.S. government classifies bitcoin as a commodity, the legitimacy of bitcoin in the U.S. goes a step further, and California recognizes the legitimacy of bitcoin, etc. However, these good news did not drive the rise of bitcoin. Of course, the financing scale of bitcoin related companies is also increasing, increasing by nearly US $1 billion. However, bitcoin has not made any improvement in its application, and killer applications have not appeared yet.
6. The existing virtual currency is actually bitcoin, which gives people the opportunity to transfer money out of China and trade with international businesses and customers. For some students studying abroad, it's convenient to use bitcoin. It's very convenient to transfer bitcoin to or from abroad. Compared with the cumbersome examination and approval of banks, they prefer to use bitcoin platform, such as haobtc, okcoin and BTCC, which are relatively large bitcoin platforms in China. The above transactions are very convenient.
7. The central station takes the bus at 6 o'clock and the central station takes the bus at 7 o'clock. But it's too late. The bus at the terminus won't come in. It's better to go to wankelai or Jingguang road and wait for the bus. You can also get on at 8 o'clock
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