Technical problems of bitcoin
Publish: 2021-05-07 17:51:19
1.
The emergence of bitcoin is based on a set of "payment system", and its value was first born because of the choice of "forced and helpless". In the later stage, bitcoin develops in the direction of digital assets and digital gold. In addition, there is a blind area of legal supervision, which gives opportunities to some lawless elements and people and institutions who like to speculate, In addition, some people dream of becoming rich overnight, which sets off a prosperous currency circle. As the world's first digital currency, bitcoin's value has soared tens of thousands of times
After the birth of bitcoin, people didn't understand it at first, but with the development of technology, many people began to preach and preach its value when they knew how to use it, and it was in line with the needs of some people and institutions, With the participation of capital and institutions, it has been pushed to a new height. Combined with the rise and fall of the price of bitcoin in the past five years, almost every big fall has been caused by frequent cutting of leeks. Due to the lack of supervision and extremely serious privatization, many people have not made a fortune overnight through the coin circle, but lost everything2. The concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto on November 1, 2008, and was officially born on January 3, 2009. According to the idea of Nakamoto, the open source software is designed and released, and the P2P network on it is constructed. Bitcoin is a virtual encrypted digital currency in the form of P2P. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system. Unlike all currencies, bitcoin does not rely on a specific currency institution to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of money circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity
warm tips: according to the notice and announcement issued by the people's Bank of China and other departments, virtual currency is not issued by the monetary authority, does not have legal compensation and mandatory monetary attributes, is not a real currency, does not have the same legal status as currency, and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market, Citizens' investment and transaction of virtual currency are not protected by law
the above explanation is for reference only. Before investing, it is recommended that you first understand the risks existing in the project, and clearly understand the investors, investment institutions, chain activity and other information of the project, rather than blindly investing or mistakenly entering the capital market
investors should not use such information to replace their independent judgment or make decisions only based on such information, which does not constitute any investment operation
response time: January 12, 2021. Please refer to the official website of Ping An Bank for the latest business changes
[Ping An Bank I know] want to know more? Come and see "Ping An Bank I know" ~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html
warm tips: according to the notice and announcement issued by the people's Bank of China and other departments, virtual currency is not issued by the monetary authority, does not have legal compensation and mandatory monetary attributes, is not a real currency, does not have the same legal status as currency, and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market, Citizens' investment and transaction of virtual currency are not protected by law
the above explanation is for reference only. Before investing, it is recommended that you first understand the risks existing in the project, and clearly understand the investors, investment institutions, chain activity and other information of the project, rather than blindly investing or mistakenly entering the capital market
investors should not use such information to replace their independent judgment or make decisions only based on such information, which does not constitute any investment operation
response time: January 12, 2021. Please refer to the official website of Ping An Bank for the latest business changes
[Ping An Bank I know] want to know more? Come and see "Ping An Bank I know" ~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html
3. The following is from: http://bitcoin.org/zh_ Cn / about
historical background
bitcoin is one of the first currencies to realize the concept of "cryptocurrency". In 1998, Wei Dai first expounded the concept of "cryptocurrency" in cypherpunks mailing list. Based on the basic concept of money, which is used to pay for goods, services and debt or any form of records in a given country or economy, bitcoin is a new form of money. Its original design is to integrate the idea of not relying on the central authority, using the principle of cryptography to control the issuance and transaction of money
in 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto published the first bitcoin specification and its proof of concept in the cryptography mailing list. At the end of 2010, Nakamoto claimed that he had transferred to other affairs and left the project. The creator of bitcoin never revealed his true identity, but left his invention to the world. Today, the origin and motivation of the invention of bitcoin is still a mysterious story
since 2010, many developers have devoted themselves to this project, and the bitcoin community has grown rapidly. Between June and July 2011, bitcoin suddenly gained media attention, leading to large-scale buying. The resulting bubble led to the continued decline in the price of bitcoin in the second half of 2011. After that, the price of bitcoin graally rose to the height of 2011
in order to regulate, protect and promote the development of bitcoin, the bitcoin foundation was established on September 27, 2012. Nowadays, with the increasing number of bitcoin users, bitcoin economy is developing rapidly
technical features
any network like bitcoin has the following basic features:
bitcoin can be transferred between any node of the network
the transaction is irreversible
the use of block chain avoids the occurrence of double consumption
the transaction will spread out in a few seconds and pass validation in 10 to 60 minutes
transaction processing and currency issuance are carried out through mining
bitcoin can be received at any time whether it is online or not<
economic rules
the whole bitcoin network jointly implements the following rules:
the total amount of bitcoin issued is about 21 million
a bitcoin can be divided into 8 decimal places, with a total of about 21 × 1014 monetary units
transaction costs are very low and most of them are free
statistics
bitcoin network has been running continuously for more than 48 months. In the past year, bitcoin's security features have attracted attention and developed significantly. As of April 2013:
the longest block chain has more than 232000 blocks
one of the largest distributed computing networks in the world, with more than 65 trillion hashes per second
there are 50000 transactions every day, with a total amount of several million US dollars
the total value of bitcoin in circulation exceeds US $1.3 billion
there is only one major security incident in the protocol, which was resolved in August 2010
other information can be referred to:
Network: http://ke..com/view/5784548.htm
bitcoin official website: http://bitcoin.org/zh_ CN/
historical background
bitcoin is one of the first currencies to realize the concept of "cryptocurrency". In 1998, Wei Dai first expounded the concept of "cryptocurrency" in cypherpunks mailing list. Based on the basic concept of money, which is used to pay for goods, services and debt or any form of records in a given country or economy, bitcoin is a new form of money. Its original design is to integrate the idea of not relying on the central authority, using the principle of cryptography to control the issuance and transaction of money
in 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto published the first bitcoin specification and its proof of concept in the cryptography mailing list. At the end of 2010, Nakamoto claimed that he had transferred to other affairs and left the project. The creator of bitcoin never revealed his true identity, but left his invention to the world. Today, the origin and motivation of the invention of bitcoin is still a mysterious story
since 2010, many developers have devoted themselves to this project, and the bitcoin community has grown rapidly. Between June and July 2011, bitcoin suddenly gained media attention, leading to large-scale buying. The resulting bubble led to the continued decline in the price of bitcoin in the second half of 2011. After that, the price of bitcoin graally rose to the height of 2011
in order to regulate, protect and promote the development of bitcoin, the bitcoin foundation was established on September 27, 2012. Nowadays, with the increasing number of bitcoin users, bitcoin economy is developing rapidly
technical features
any network like bitcoin has the following basic features:
bitcoin can be transferred between any node of the network
the transaction is irreversible
the use of block chain avoids the occurrence of double consumption
the transaction will spread out in a few seconds and pass validation in 10 to 60 minutes
transaction processing and currency issuance are carried out through mining
bitcoin can be received at any time whether it is online or not<
economic rules
the whole bitcoin network jointly implements the following rules:
the total amount of bitcoin issued is about 21 million
a bitcoin can be divided into 8 decimal places, with a total of about 21 × 1014 monetary units
transaction costs are very low and most of them are free
statistics
bitcoin network has been running continuously for more than 48 months. In the past year, bitcoin's security features have attracted attention and developed significantly. As of April 2013:
the longest block chain has more than 232000 blocks
one of the largest distributed computing networks in the world, with more than 65 trillion hashes per second
there are 50000 transactions every day, with a total amount of several million US dollars
the total value of bitcoin in circulation exceeds US $1.3 billion
there is only one major security incident in the protocol, which was resolved in August 2010
other information can be referred to:
Network: http://ke..com/view/5784548.htm
bitcoin official website: http://bitcoin.org/zh_ CN/
4. It's OK to play. It's hard for you to recover the capital in a short time. You don't want to make money in a short time. Which miner will sell it to you? I g it myself
5. 1. MacOS version requirements: click from the top menu of the screen- About local system report... Open the system report app, find the "software" column in the left column and select it. View the system version column on the right:
system version: MacOS
10.12.1
(16b2657)
if your system version is less than 10.12.1, Please check the update and install it through app
store (or download the combined update installation image from Apple support website for manual installation). If you have installed 10.12.1 but the version number is less than 16b26xx, it means that the 10.12.1 you installed is not the latest version. You need to download the combined update installation image from Apple support website for manual installation
MacOS
10.12.1
update content: https://support.apple.com/zh-cn/ht206174
MacOS
10.12.1
combined update download: https://support.apple.com/kb/dl1897? viewlocale=zh_ cn&locale=zh_ Cn
2. To enable the native touch
bar function, you need to use your apple
ID to download Xcode from the app
store (about 15g of disk free space, if you are the developer of MacOS or IOS, Congratulations, you can continue). After installation, open Xcode and select
window show
touch
bar from the menu of Xcode at the top of the screen, You will find that the touch
bar is already displayed on the screen. At this time, you just need to keep Xcode on (which can be minimized). You can experience and use touch
bar as much as you want. Just like the entity touch
bar, you can open the system preferences app, customize your touch
bar display mode in the "keyboard" item, and also customize the buttons on the control bar. You can even choose display custom multi touch
bar from the menu of apps that support custom touch
bar to customize the application control bar. Yes, you now have the full function of touch
bar. The only difference is that touch
bar is directly displayed on the screen. Of course, you have to use the touch pad or mouse instead of touch and click. Finally, you need to find a suitable location for the touch
bar window on the screen
3. Another scenario: if I am an ordinary user and do not want to download Xcode, or the available disk space is not so large, can I not experience touch
bar
of course not. If you can't turn on this function directly, there will always be a big God who can transplant the function to make it run independently. Download a file called
touch é
app
note: the system should refer to point 1, otherwise it will not work. On the other hand, although the two look similar, Xcode turns on calling the native functions of the system,
touch é
it is the version transplanted by Dashen, and its reliability may be slightly poor. You can check the update from time to time to see if there is any repair or improvement (you can also turn on the automatic update function)
finally, of course, there is still a gap between the experience and the entity touch
bar, such as the lack of the function of word selection and association when inputting Chinese. Emoj can only choose the most commonly used one. If you want to have a perfect experience, you are recommended to use a touch
bar device.
system version: MacOS
10.12.1
(16b2657)
if your system version is less than 10.12.1, Please check the update and install it through app
store (or download the combined update installation image from Apple support website for manual installation). If you have installed 10.12.1 but the version number is less than 16b26xx, it means that the 10.12.1 you installed is not the latest version. You need to download the combined update installation image from Apple support website for manual installation
MacOS
10.12.1
update content: https://support.apple.com/zh-cn/ht206174
MacOS
10.12.1
combined update download: https://support.apple.com/kb/dl1897? viewlocale=zh_ cn&locale=zh_ Cn
2. To enable the native touch
bar function, you need to use your apple
ID to download Xcode from the app
store (about 15g of disk free space, if you are the developer of MacOS or IOS, Congratulations, you can continue). After installation, open Xcode and select
window show
touch
bar from the menu of Xcode at the top of the screen, You will find that the touch
bar is already displayed on the screen. At this time, you just need to keep Xcode on (which can be minimized). You can experience and use touch
bar as much as you want. Just like the entity touch
bar, you can open the system preferences app, customize your touch
bar display mode in the "keyboard" item, and also customize the buttons on the control bar. You can even choose display custom multi touch
bar from the menu of apps that support custom touch
bar to customize the application control bar. Yes, you now have the full function of touch
bar. The only difference is that touch
bar is directly displayed on the screen. Of course, you have to use the touch pad or mouse instead of touch and click. Finally, you need to find a suitable location for the touch
bar window on the screen
3. Another scenario: if I am an ordinary user and do not want to download Xcode, or the available disk space is not so large, can I not experience touch
bar
of course not. If you can't turn on this function directly, there will always be a big God who can transplant the function to make it run independently. Download a file called
touch é
app
note: the system should refer to point 1, otherwise it will not work. On the other hand, although the two look similar, Xcode turns on calling the native functions of the system,
touch é
it is the version transplanted by Dashen, and its reliability may be slightly poor. You can check the update from time to time to see if there is any repair or improvement (you can also turn on the automatic update function)
finally, of course, there is still a gap between the experience and the entity touch
bar, such as the lack of the function of word selection and association when inputting Chinese. Emoj can only choose the most commonly used one. If you want to have a perfect experience, you are recommended to use a touch
bar device.
6. In 018, the explosive development of blockchain technology was much like the Internet in 1997. I believe that the development of blockchain technology will certainly be faster than the Internet. If you don't take in some knowledge of blockchain, maybe you will fall behind an era. This article will answer several questions about bitcoin
question 1: how was bitcoin born
on November 1, 2008, a person who called himself Satoshi Nakamoto posted a statement on micro v-bq Er Wu Ba y on a secret cryptography review group (cryptopunk), stating his new idea of e-money bitcoin
question 2: how to proce bitcoin
bitcoin network generates new bitcoin through "mining". In essence, the so-called "mining" is to solve a complex mathematical problem with a computer to ensure the micro v-bq consistency of the bitcoin network distributed accounting system. Bitcoin generates a block every 10 minutes, which contains all the transaction information in the past 10 minutes. Whoever can work out the figures will get the right to keep accounts. After obtaining the accounting right, it will broadcast and store to the whole network. It's uncertain who gets the bookkeeping right. Of course, the stronger your computing ability is, the higher the probability of getting the bookkeeping right is. Then the bitcoin network will generate a certain amount of bitcoin as a reward to reward those who have the right to keep accounts
question 3: what are the characteristics of bitcoin
it is impossible to control the number of issues without a fully decentralized issuing institution. Bitcoin does not need a third-party organization, and it is a peer-to-peer transaction with mutual trust. The establishment of trust is no longer based on large institutions, but on cryptography and code. Bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin. The private key is needed to control bitcoin. It can be stored in any storage medium in isolation, and no one can get it except the user himself. As a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome limit of quota and proceres. You can pay when you know the address of the other party's bitcoin
question 4: can bitcoin be imitated
it is difficult for the cat to survive. Because bitcoin algorithm is completely open source, anyone can download the source code, modify some parameters, recompile, and create a new P2P currency. However, these counterfeit currencies are vulnerable to 51% attacks. Any indivial or organization, as long as it controls 51% of the computing power of a P2P currency network, can manipulate transactions and currency value at will, which will be a devastating blow to P2P currency. Many Shanzhai coins die in this link. The bitcoin network is robust enough. If you want to control 51% of the computing power of the bitcoin network, the number of CPUs / GPUs required will be astronomical
question 5: why is the total amount of bitcoin 21 million
when bitcoin was born in 2009, each reward was 50 bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first 50 bitcoins were generated, and the total amount of money at this time is 50. Then bitcoin grew at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty will be halved to 25. When the total amount reached 15.75 million (5.25 million new output, or 50% of 1050), the bounty was further halved to 12.5. And so on. According to its design principle, the total amount of bitcoin will continue to grow until it reaches 21 million more than 100 years later. However, the growth rate of bitcoin micro v-bq in the later period will be very slow. In short, bitcoin proction is halved every four years, and currently 12.5 bitcoins are proced every 10 minutes. In fact, 87.5% of bitcoin will be "g up" in the first 12 years. Moreover, 21 million is only theoretical data. In reality, e to the neglect of bitcoin in the early stage, many bitcoins were lost
question 6: what are the benefits of bitcoin miners
first of all, bitcoin will be rewarded directly after obtaining the bookkeeping right through calculation. But according to bitcoin's rules, as time goes on, the rewards will be less and less. In the future, the income will mainly come from the service charge generated by bitcoin transaction
question 7: why can't bitcoin be modified
for example, if a and B trade, a needs to pay B 100 bitcoins. But if a wants to default, he just wants to pay B a bitcoin. According to the rules of bitcoin, he has to obtain the bookkeeping right of the next 10 minute micro v-bq Er Wu Ba y before he can modify it; Similarly, he has to get another 10 minutes of bookkeeping rights, and so on. So modification is almost impossible
question 8: bitcoin transaction rate
theoretically, the bitcoin transaction rate is 7 transactions per second. In fact, bitcoin currently trades at only one transaction per second
question 9: why does bitcoin have such a strong vitality
if bitcoin is compared to a company, then it has no board of shareholders, board of directors, management, strict leadership, HR, Department Manager, staff, operating site and income. However, bitcoin has been running successfully for nine years without any problems, and its market value is hundreds of billions. The operation of the network relies on a set of mathematical algorithms, incentive mechanism and community for management and governance
question 10: what are the problems facing bitcoin
first, the transaction confirmation time is long. When bitcoin wallet is first installed with micro v-bq-y, it will consume a lot of time to download historical transaction data blocks. While bitcoin transaction, in order to confirm the accuracy of data, it will take some time to interact with P2P network, and the transaction will be completed only after the whole network is confirmed
Second, the public does not understand the principle, and the traditional financial practitioners resist. People who understand the principle know that bitcoin is not manipulated and controlled by a legal person. But the public doesn't understand, and many people can't even tell the difference between bitcoin and q-coin“ "No issuer" is the advantage of bitcoin, but in the view of traditional financial practitioners, "no issuer" currency is worthless.
question 1: how was bitcoin born
on November 1, 2008, a person who called himself Satoshi Nakamoto posted a statement on micro v-bq Er Wu Ba y on a secret cryptography review group (cryptopunk), stating his new idea of e-money bitcoin
question 2: how to proce bitcoin
bitcoin network generates new bitcoin through "mining". In essence, the so-called "mining" is to solve a complex mathematical problem with a computer to ensure the micro v-bq consistency of the bitcoin network distributed accounting system. Bitcoin generates a block every 10 minutes, which contains all the transaction information in the past 10 minutes. Whoever can work out the figures will get the right to keep accounts. After obtaining the accounting right, it will broadcast and store to the whole network. It's uncertain who gets the bookkeeping right. Of course, the stronger your computing ability is, the higher the probability of getting the bookkeeping right is. Then the bitcoin network will generate a certain amount of bitcoin as a reward to reward those who have the right to keep accounts
question 3: what are the characteristics of bitcoin
it is impossible to control the number of issues without a fully decentralized issuing institution. Bitcoin does not need a third-party organization, and it is a peer-to-peer transaction with mutual trust. The establishment of trust is no longer based on large institutions, but on cryptography and code. Bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin. The private key is needed to control bitcoin. It can be stored in any storage medium in isolation, and no one can get it except the user himself. As a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome limit of quota and proceres. You can pay when you know the address of the other party's bitcoin
question 4: can bitcoin be imitated
it is difficult for the cat to survive. Because bitcoin algorithm is completely open source, anyone can download the source code, modify some parameters, recompile, and create a new P2P currency. However, these counterfeit currencies are vulnerable to 51% attacks. Any indivial or organization, as long as it controls 51% of the computing power of a P2P currency network, can manipulate transactions and currency value at will, which will be a devastating blow to P2P currency. Many Shanzhai coins die in this link. The bitcoin network is robust enough. If you want to control 51% of the computing power of the bitcoin network, the number of CPUs / GPUs required will be astronomical
question 5: why is the total amount of bitcoin 21 million
when bitcoin was born in 2009, each reward was 50 bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first 50 bitcoins were generated, and the total amount of money at this time is 50. Then bitcoin grew at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty will be halved to 25. When the total amount reached 15.75 million (5.25 million new output, or 50% of 1050), the bounty was further halved to 12.5. And so on. According to its design principle, the total amount of bitcoin will continue to grow until it reaches 21 million more than 100 years later. However, the growth rate of bitcoin micro v-bq in the later period will be very slow. In short, bitcoin proction is halved every four years, and currently 12.5 bitcoins are proced every 10 minutes. In fact, 87.5% of bitcoin will be "g up" in the first 12 years. Moreover, 21 million is only theoretical data. In reality, e to the neglect of bitcoin in the early stage, many bitcoins were lost
question 6: what are the benefits of bitcoin miners
first of all, bitcoin will be rewarded directly after obtaining the bookkeeping right through calculation. But according to bitcoin's rules, as time goes on, the rewards will be less and less. In the future, the income will mainly come from the service charge generated by bitcoin transaction
question 7: why can't bitcoin be modified
for example, if a and B trade, a needs to pay B 100 bitcoins. But if a wants to default, he just wants to pay B a bitcoin. According to the rules of bitcoin, he has to obtain the bookkeeping right of the next 10 minute micro v-bq Er Wu Ba y before he can modify it; Similarly, he has to get another 10 minutes of bookkeeping rights, and so on. So modification is almost impossible
question 8: bitcoin transaction rate
theoretically, the bitcoin transaction rate is 7 transactions per second. In fact, bitcoin currently trades at only one transaction per second
question 9: why does bitcoin have such a strong vitality
if bitcoin is compared to a company, then it has no board of shareholders, board of directors, management, strict leadership, HR, Department Manager, staff, operating site and income. However, bitcoin has been running successfully for nine years without any problems, and its market value is hundreds of billions. The operation of the network relies on a set of mathematical algorithms, incentive mechanism and community for management and governance
question 10: what are the problems facing bitcoin
first, the transaction confirmation time is long. When bitcoin wallet is first installed with micro v-bq-y, it will consume a lot of time to download historical transaction data blocks. While bitcoin transaction, in order to confirm the accuracy of data, it will take some time to interact with P2P network, and the transaction will be completed only after the whole network is confirmed
Second, the public does not understand the principle, and the traditional financial practitioners resist. People who understand the principle know that bitcoin is not manipulated and controlled by a legal person. But the public doesn't understand, and many people can't even tell the difference between bitcoin and q-coin“ "No issuer" is the advantage of bitcoin, but in the view of traditional financial practitioners, "no issuer" currency is worthless.
7. Bitcoin is a distributed account book. There is no core server. As long as there are records in six blocks, the transaction records and accounts are legal
uniqueness is that your account is unique. Each user has only a portion of all user account records
those less than 1 bitcoin can also be traded. There is a bitcoin exchange and you can exchange them with any existing currency
the account is anonymous, just a string of codes
the essence of money is a credit certificate. You can understand it as an IOU. Bitcoin itself is not money, but because of its concealment and decentralization, it can act as a credit certificate for cross-border settlement, avoid the supervision of various rights, and facilitate money laundering. Therefore, bitcoin becomes money.
uniqueness is that your account is unique. Each user has only a portion of all user account records
those less than 1 bitcoin can also be traded. There is a bitcoin exchange and you can exchange them with any existing currency
the account is anonymous, just a string of codes
the essence of money is a credit certificate. You can understand it as an IOU. Bitcoin itself is not money, but because of its concealment and decentralization, it can act as a credit certificate for cross-border settlement, avoid the supervision of various rights, and facilitate money laundering. Therefore, bitcoin becomes money.
8. Bitcoin solves a technical problem, not an economic one
9. I also want to know your question. For the same question, I have worked out one. Doesn't it need to broadcast all over the network? Doesn't it need time to broadcast all over the network? What should we do if there is a conflict? Who decides the time? I see some information that it's a random choice. If it's a bifurcation, who will decide and merge? Looking forward to expert answers
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