Ripple bitcoin difference
Publish: 2021-05-09 17:42:16
1. Similar to bitcoin, lightcoin is the most successful digital currency to imitate bitcoin
all three major domestic exchanges can trade: bitcoin China BTCC, bank okcoin and currency network Huobi. In addition to bitcoin, only lightcoin can trade in these three exchanges. It can be seen that lightcoin is comparable to bitcoin in terms of security and recognition
whether you can invest or not depends on the specific situation of the indivial. You can't give specific suggestions
there will be an important upgrade of Leyte soon, and the K-line chart shows that the current price is at a historical low
finally, I would like to remind you that many MLM teams now see the value of bitcoin and lettercoin, such as global circulation, anonymity, decentralization and so on. We must carefully distinguish between bitcoin and lettercoin in the name of MLM.
all three major domestic exchanges can trade: bitcoin China BTCC, bank okcoin and currency network Huobi. In addition to bitcoin, only lightcoin can trade in these three exchanges. It can be seen that lightcoin is comparable to bitcoin in terms of security and recognition
whether you can invest or not depends on the specific situation of the indivial. You can't give specific suggestions
there will be an important upgrade of Leyte soon, and the K-line chart shows that the current price is at a historical low
finally, I would like to remind you that many MLM teams now see the value of bitcoin and lettercoin, such as global circulation, anonymity, decentralization and so on. We must carefully distinguish between bitcoin and lettercoin in the name of MLM.
2. What is a Leyte coin? To put it simply, litecoin (LTC)
was released on October 7, 2011. It is currently the highest market value counterfeit coin, about 1% of BTC's market value, or US $1000W. Compared with BTC, LTC is faster, with an average of 2.5 minutes and 6 confirmations per block in 15 minutes. In addition, the number of LTCs is four times that of BTCs, with a total of 8400w. At present, LTC uses scrypt algorithm, which needs a lot of memory support. The professional mining machine on the market can not be used for LTC mining, only the graphics card
what is the difference between lightcoin and bitcoin
1. Transaction: easier to use, larger volume and greater appreciation potential. The block confirmation time is shorter, which is four times faster than bitcoin. For example, pizza owners are more willing to accept LTC payment to save transaction time< Mining:
special algorithm creates the unique charm of LTC, which is also the key to stand out from Shanzhai coins. Scrypt algorithm uses sha256 as its subroutine, and scrypt itself needs a lot of memory, each hash is used as the input seed, and then needs a lot of memory to store another seed pseudo-random sequence, Generate pseudo-random points of sequence and output hash value. The key is that scrypt algorithm needs a lot of memory while sha256 algorithm does not. So in this era when BTC mining of graphics card is coming to an end, LTC mining is about to usher in a golden period of development. Because of the high cost of memory, any ASIC or FPGA has no advantage over graphics card mining. LTC has advantages, at least in the foreseeable future
3. The biggest threat of bitcoin is 51% attack:
some shanzhais are killed by 51% attack. To be honest, LTC is a worry for the development of LTC and BTC, of course. However, the specific problems they face are different: BTC can avoid 51% attack through technology upgrading (such as end block reconstruction, careful node upgrading, and calculation difficulty), However, there is no way to evade LTC technology. However, e to the scattered computing power of graphics card mining and the increasing difficulty, this problem needs to be paid attention to, but don't worry too much. With the use of ASIC in BTC, the risk of 51% attack is increasing. I hope BTC development team can solve this problem as soon as possible.
was released on October 7, 2011. It is currently the highest market value counterfeit coin, about 1% of BTC's market value, or US $1000W. Compared with BTC, LTC is faster, with an average of 2.5 minutes and 6 confirmations per block in 15 minutes. In addition, the number of LTCs is four times that of BTCs, with a total of 8400w. At present, LTC uses scrypt algorithm, which needs a lot of memory support. The professional mining machine on the market can not be used for LTC mining, only the graphics card
what is the difference between lightcoin and bitcoin
1. Transaction: easier to use, larger volume and greater appreciation potential. The block confirmation time is shorter, which is four times faster than bitcoin. For example, pizza owners are more willing to accept LTC payment to save transaction time< Mining:
special algorithm creates the unique charm of LTC, which is also the key to stand out from Shanzhai coins. Scrypt algorithm uses sha256 as its subroutine, and scrypt itself needs a lot of memory, each hash is used as the input seed, and then needs a lot of memory to store another seed pseudo-random sequence, Generate pseudo-random points of sequence and output hash value. The key is that scrypt algorithm needs a lot of memory while sha256 algorithm does not. So in this era when BTC mining of graphics card is coming to an end, LTC mining is about to usher in a golden period of development. Because of the high cost of memory, any ASIC or FPGA has no advantage over graphics card mining. LTC has advantages, at least in the foreseeable future
3. The biggest threat of bitcoin is 51% attack:
some shanzhais are killed by 51% attack. To be honest, LTC is a worry for the development of LTC and BTC, of course. However, the specific problems they face are different: BTC can avoid 51% attack through technology upgrading (such as end block reconstruction, careful node upgrading, and calculation difficulty), However, there is no way to evade LTC technology. However, e to the scattered computing power of graphics card mining and the increasing difficulty, this problem needs to be paid attention to, but don't worry too much. With the use of ASIC in BTC, the risk of 51% attack is increasing. I hope BTC development team can solve this problem as soon as possible.
3. The concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. According to Nakamoto's idea, open source software was designed and released, and P2P network was built on it. Bitcoin is a kind of P2P digital currency. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system
litecoin (abbreviated as LTC, currency symbol: Ł) It is a kind of network currency based on "peer-to-peer" technology. It is also an open source software project under MIT / X11 license. It can help users make instant payments to anyone in the world
lightcoin is inspired by bitcoin (BTC) and has the same implementation principle in technology. The creation and transfer of lightcoin is based on an open source encryption protocol and is not managed by any central organization. Lightcoin aims to improve bitcoin. Compared with bitcoin, lightcoin has three significant differences. First, the lightcoin network can process a block every 2.5 minutes (instead of 10 minutes), so it can provide faster transaction confirmation. Second, the lightcoin network is expected to proce 84 million lightcoins, four times the amount of money issued by bitcoin network. Thirdly, the scrypt encryption algorithm first proposed by Colin Percival is used in lightcoin's workload proof algorithm, which makes it easier to mine lightcoin on ordinary computer than bitcoin. Each Leyte is divided into 100000000 smaller units, defined by eight decimal places.
litecoin (abbreviated as LTC, currency symbol: Ł) It is a kind of network currency based on "peer-to-peer" technology. It is also an open source software project under MIT / X11 license. It can help users make instant payments to anyone in the world
lightcoin is inspired by bitcoin (BTC) and has the same implementation principle in technology. The creation and transfer of lightcoin is based on an open source encryption protocol and is not managed by any central organization. Lightcoin aims to improve bitcoin. Compared with bitcoin, lightcoin has three significant differences. First, the lightcoin network can process a block every 2.5 minutes (instead of 10 minutes), so it can provide faster transaction confirmation. Second, the lightcoin network is expected to proce 84 million lightcoins, four times the amount of money issued by bitcoin network. Thirdly, the scrypt encryption algorithm first proposed by Colin Percival is used in lightcoin's workload proof algorithm, which makes it easier to mine lightcoin on ordinary computer than bitcoin. Each Leyte is divided into 100000000 smaller units, defined by eight decimal places.
4. Litecoin (LTC, currency symbol: 321;) It is a kind of network currency based on "peer-to-peer" technology. It is also an open source software project under MIT / X11 license. It can help users make instant payments to anyone in the world< What's the difference between lightcoin and bitcoin:
1. Transaction:
it's easier to use, larger in volume and greater in appreciation potential. The block confirmation time is shorter, which is four times faster than bitcoin. For example, pizza owners are more willing to accept LTC payment to save transaction time< Mining:
special algorithm creates the unique charm of LTC, which is also the key to stand out from Shanzhai coins. Scrypt algorithm uses sha256 as its subroutine, and scrypt itself needs a lot of memory, each hash is used as the input seed, and then needs a lot of memory to store another seed pseudo-random sequence, Generate pseudo-random points of sequence and output hash value. The key is that scrypt algorithm needs a lot of memory while sha256 algorithm does not. So in this era when BTC mining of graphics card is coming to an end, LTC mining is about to usher in a golden period of development. Because of the high cost of memory, any ASIC or FPGA has no advantage over graphics card mining. LTC has advantages, at least in the foreseeable future
3. The biggest threat of bitcoin is 51% attack:
some shanzhais are killed by 51% attack. To be honest, LTC is a worry for the development of LTC and BTC, of course. However, the specific problems they face are different: BTC can avoid 51% attack through technology upgrading (such as end block reconstruction, careful node upgrading, and calculation difficulty), However, there is no way to evade LTC technology. However, e to the scattered computing power of graphics card mining and the increasing difficulty, this problem needs to be paid attention to, but don't worry too much. With the use of ASIC in BTC, the risk of 51% attack is increasing. I hope BTC development team can solve this problem as soon as possible.
1. Transaction:
it's easier to use, larger in volume and greater in appreciation potential. The block confirmation time is shorter, which is four times faster than bitcoin. For example, pizza owners are more willing to accept LTC payment to save transaction time< Mining:
special algorithm creates the unique charm of LTC, which is also the key to stand out from Shanzhai coins. Scrypt algorithm uses sha256 as its subroutine, and scrypt itself needs a lot of memory, each hash is used as the input seed, and then needs a lot of memory to store another seed pseudo-random sequence, Generate pseudo-random points of sequence and output hash value. The key is that scrypt algorithm needs a lot of memory while sha256 algorithm does not. So in this era when BTC mining of graphics card is coming to an end, LTC mining is about to usher in a golden period of development. Because of the high cost of memory, any ASIC or FPGA has no advantage over graphics card mining. LTC has advantages, at least in the foreseeable future
3. The biggest threat of bitcoin is 51% attack:
some shanzhais are killed by 51% attack. To be honest, LTC is a worry for the development of LTC and BTC, of course. However, the specific problems they face are different: BTC can avoid 51% attack through technology upgrading (such as end block reconstruction, careful node upgrading, and calculation difficulty), However, there is no way to evade LTC technology. However, e to the scattered computing power of graphics card mining and the increasing difficulty, this problem needs to be paid attention to, but don't worry too much. With the use of ASIC in BTC, the risk of 51% attack is increasing. I hope BTC development team can solve this problem as soon as possible.
5. Author: Feng Chiyu
link: https://www.hu.com/question/22023800/answer/22741288
source: Zhihu
the right belongs to the author. For commercial reprint, please contact the author for authorization. For non-commercial reprint, please indicate the source
the first conclusion: ripple is not a currency, but a payment network; XRP currency used in the network is a kind of currency. Compared with bitcoin, the former is a payment system, while the latter is money, which is not the same kind of things, so there is no substitutability
bitcoin has been fried rotten, and hushang's answer is close to saturation, so we don't need to repeat our work. Let's focus on ripple
what is ripple
ripple is an open payment network. Just like ripple, the word ripple emphasizes the flow and transmission of funds
in life, acquaintances borrow money from each other and may not write IOU. Sometimes, several friends borrow money from each other, generate multi angle debts, and may adjust the relationship of debts and creditor's rights according to the alienation of relatives. For example, a owes B 5 yuan, B owes C 5 yuan, and a and C are familiar with each other. Once three people discuss, they may directly ask a to repay C. In fact, not only between acquaintances, many small shops and small companies will allow acquaintances to write off on credit
that is to say, everyone is more willing to have debt relationship with the people they trust or are familiar with, and through the trust network between people, funds can flow smoothly
the above is the money network between people in the real world. If all this happens in the Internet world, it is the money flow system that ripple is trying to achieve
but in this network, the relationship between you and your trusted acquaintances is transformed into the relationship between you and your trusted gateway. As the name suggests, a gateway is a "gateway" between one network and another, that is, a network gateway. To go from one room to another, you have to go through a door. Similarly, to send information from one network to another, you have to go through a "gateway", which is the gateway. As the interface between network and network, network and the real world, gateway is like a bank counter, which converts your currency into a series of numbers in your account
what happens in ripple is just like the reality. When you change 100 RMB into FCY issued by gateway a through gateway a, you will have an extra amount of 100fcy in your ripple account. You can transfer the 100fcy to a stranger through gateway a, such as Xiao Ming, Xiaoming can exchange the money into real-world RMB through gateway a. In the whole process, the relationship between creditor's rights and debt changes as follows:
1. You deposit 100 RMB into gateway a, and gateway a owes you 100 RMB and gives you a 100fcy IOU
2. You pass the IOU of 100fcy to Xiaoming through gateway A. at this time, gateway a no longer owes you money, but owes Xiaoming RMB 100, because the IOU is in Xiaoming's hands
3. Xiao Ming takes the IOU to go to gateway a to cash RMB 100
in the whole process, you and Xiao Ming only establish a trust relationship with gateway a, but you and Xiao Ming do not need to establish a trust relationship
what is XRP coin
what is XRP coin at the beginning? Its main function is to pay transaction costs
XRP is a kind of cryptocurrency embedded in ripple system. Unlike bitcoin, ripple issued 100 billion XRP coins at the beginning of its establishment, and the total amount is no longer increasing, that is to say, it has g up the mine ahead of time. Each transaction (for example, you transfer 100fcy to Xiaoming) requires a small amount of XRP currency, which is technically destroyed directly. At the same time, XRP coins are also used as margin. When you open a ripple account, you need to put 50 XRP coins in it as a guarantee
according to opencoin, the issuing and maintenance company of ripple, the first 100 billion XRP coins will be given to investors and founders, 50 billion will be distributed free of charge (that is, opening accounts for free for a period of time), and the other 30 billion will be held by opencoin, which will be sold from time to time to make profits. Opencoin also admits that holding and selling XRP coins is the only way to make a profit<
ripple's influence
at the beginning of ripple's birth, rumors abound. Many people claim that ripple is more in line with the operation mode of money flow in reality, and will replace bitcoin in the future
but in fact, it is too early to judge whether ripple system can succeed. As soon as ripple started to operate, many problems have been exposed, including that its security is not as good as the official propaganda
at the beginning, ripple itself is just a new currency circulation system or payment network, and the essence of XRP currency is the lubricant to assist the currency circulation in the system. If this system is successful one day, it will only have a positive impact on the circulation of bitcoin. To say that "Ripple can replace bitcoin" is actually equivalent to saying that "Alipay can replace the renminbi" is wrong: the former is the payment system, the latter is the currency, not the same thing, so there is no replaceability. The emergence of Alipay has facilitated the payment and flow of RMB. Similarly, if the Ripple system is successful, its role is only to facilitate the payment and circulation of legal tender and bitcoin.
editor on February 22, 2014
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Huang Qi
the operation of not chasing new fans is not a good code farmer
included in the editor's recommendation · 78 people agreed with the answer
@ Feng Chiyu
only mentioned the scene of ripple when users and users pay, but ripple is far more than that. I add two points: trading system and automatic path search
through a gateway, you can deposit RMB, US dollars or virtual currencies, such as bitcoin and Leyte currency, into ripple wallet. And in this system, you can achieve any currency to buy or sell a single transaction. Trading here is better than trading platform. The transaction information of traditional trading platform is not open and opaque. In ripple, every order, cancellation and transaction record can be fully inquired. Through websocket interface, developers can also implement automatic trading program, and basically get real-time data in addition to network delay Network delay depends on the situation, the delay of using US server may be less than 0.1 second!) However, most of the traditional trading platforms have a certain cache time for the API interface. A few seconds of cache time may be fatal to the automatic trading program
with this trading market, ripple can realize a very advanced means of payment - automatic path search
to give a practical example, if I was a Chinese programmer working for a company in the United States, I might get us dollars through Western Union remittance or other ways before, and then I would go to the bank to exchange them for RMB. In the middle of this, the handling cost is relatively high. With ripple, I can do this now:
I trust a RMB gateway, such as ripplecn or ripplechina gateway, which is one of the best RMB gateways in China. Then American companies deposit bitcoin or US dollars through bitsmap gateway and send them to ripple. The service charge is only about 0.000012xrp, It is equivalent to about RMB 0.00000108. Then I will directly receive the CNY quota in the ripple system and withdraw it at the RMB gateway. The service charge for withdrawal is 3% for ripple CN gateway and 6% for ripple China gateway. It only takes a few seconds to complete the automatic exchange payment in ripple system
the full-automatic exchange in the payment step is the automatic path search of ripple, which is the essence of ripple system. Path automatic search relies on the above-mentioned hanging single transaction system. If the above American company deposits bitcoin, the system will complete the following calculation in a few seconds: query the amount of XRP after BTC / XRP exchange, and then the amount of CNY after XRP / CNY exchange. If there is a more appropriate path, such as BTC / USD - & gt; USD/XRP-> XRP / CNY, or BTC / USD - & gt; USD / CNY, the system will also automatically calculate and find the cheapest path for the sender to complete the exchange payment
once, I used ripplecn gateway CNY, and my friend only trusted ripplechina. He wanted me to give him 10 yuan, so I entered the sending interface to input 10 yuan, but the system showed that I only needed to send 9.9998 yuan. Because there is a price difference between the two gateways in the CNY / XRP trading market, the system automatically realizes the path search and provides me with the cheapest payment path
there will be many applications on ripple in the future, and ripple's second payment experience is excellent. If you have a ripple wallet, try clicking send in the wallet and the recipient enters it [email protected] perhaps [email protected] There will be a call fee and Q coin recharge interface, which is an application I made for ripple. You can use XRP, U.S. dollar, RMB, bitcoin and other currencies to purchase q-coin, and exchange it into RMB in seconds to complete the recharge request automatically
ripple is likely to go against the weather in the future. As for bitcoin? His role in the virtual currency instry is similar to that of legal currency, which is totally different from ripple's payment system<
editor on February 27, 2014
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1 person agreed with the answer
ripple basic concept and principle, others have answered, simply speaking, it is a payment network, anyone can become a node of this network to issue currency and then circulate throughout the network. There are some innovations
but in the long run, it must grow faster than bitcoin, otherwise it is likely to lose in the competition, because at present, most of its functions can be realized in bitcoin network
from a technical point of view, because bitcoin has "dyeing" technology, anyone can issue currency, stocks, funds and so on by becoming a node on the bitcoin network. Assuming that the bitcoin is fully legalized, Alipay will turn 1 bitcoin "dyed" into the one and only special bitcoin that is unique and unforgery in the bitcoin network. Then it will promise the public that the stained coin can be exchanged for Alipay by 1 yuan. So the public can use Renminbi to exchange Alipay's "bit yuan" for consumption and payment. So these special bitcoins have what experts call "guarantee" or "anchor". As long as Alipay is credible, these "bit yuan" will always be valuable and can be used safely. At the same time, as bitcoin transactions are open throughout the network, everyone can see how much Alipay has issued "bit yuan", whether it has spammed money and oversold its own assets to guarantee the currency. So the only advantage of ripple in technology is that it can transfer money quickly. It doesn't need bitcoin to wait for dozens of minutes. But in the long run, bitcoin can speed up the transfer speed to a few minutes in the future through technical upgrading
link: https://www.hu.com/question/22023800/answer/22741288
source: Zhihu
the right belongs to the author. For commercial reprint, please contact the author for authorization. For non-commercial reprint, please indicate the source
the first conclusion: ripple is not a currency, but a payment network; XRP currency used in the network is a kind of currency. Compared with bitcoin, the former is a payment system, while the latter is money, which is not the same kind of things, so there is no substitutability
bitcoin has been fried rotten, and hushang's answer is close to saturation, so we don't need to repeat our work. Let's focus on ripple
what is ripple
ripple is an open payment network. Just like ripple, the word ripple emphasizes the flow and transmission of funds
in life, acquaintances borrow money from each other and may not write IOU. Sometimes, several friends borrow money from each other, generate multi angle debts, and may adjust the relationship of debts and creditor's rights according to the alienation of relatives. For example, a owes B 5 yuan, B owes C 5 yuan, and a and C are familiar with each other. Once three people discuss, they may directly ask a to repay C. In fact, not only between acquaintances, many small shops and small companies will allow acquaintances to write off on credit
that is to say, everyone is more willing to have debt relationship with the people they trust or are familiar with, and through the trust network between people, funds can flow smoothly
the above is the money network between people in the real world. If all this happens in the Internet world, it is the money flow system that ripple is trying to achieve
but in this network, the relationship between you and your trusted acquaintances is transformed into the relationship between you and your trusted gateway. As the name suggests, a gateway is a "gateway" between one network and another, that is, a network gateway. To go from one room to another, you have to go through a door. Similarly, to send information from one network to another, you have to go through a "gateway", which is the gateway. As the interface between network and network, network and the real world, gateway is like a bank counter, which converts your currency into a series of numbers in your account
what happens in ripple is just like the reality. When you change 100 RMB into FCY issued by gateway a through gateway a, you will have an extra amount of 100fcy in your ripple account. You can transfer the 100fcy to a stranger through gateway a, such as Xiao Ming, Xiaoming can exchange the money into real-world RMB through gateway a. In the whole process, the relationship between creditor's rights and debt changes as follows:
1. You deposit 100 RMB into gateway a, and gateway a owes you 100 RMB and gives you a 100fcy IOU
2. You pass the IOU of 100fcy to Xiaoming through gateway A. at this time, gateway a no longer owes you money, but owes Xiaoming RMB 100, because the IOU is in Xiaoming's hands
3. Xiao Ming takes the IOU to go to gateway a to cash RMB 100
in the whole process, you and Xiao Ming only establish a trust relationship with gateway a, but you and Xiao Ming do not need to establish a trust relationship
what is XRP coin
what is XRP coin at the beginning? Its main function is to pay transaction costs
XRP is a kind of cryptocurrency embedded in ripple system. Unlike bitcoin, ripple issued 100 billion XRP coins at the beginning of its establishment, and the total amount is no longer increasing, that is to say, it has g up the mine ahead of time. Each transaction (for example, you transfer 100fcy to Xiaoming) requires a small amount of XRP currency, which is technically destroyed directly. At the same time, XRP coins are also used as margin. When you open a ripple account, you need to put 50 XRP coins in it as a guarantee
according to opencoin, the issuing and maintenance company of ripple, the first 100 billion XRP coins will be given to investors and founders, 50 billion will be distributed free of charge (that is, opening accounts for free for a period of time), and the other 30 billion will be held by opencoin, which will be sold from time to time to make profits. Opencoin also admits that holding and selling XRP coins is the only way to make a profit<
ripple's influence
at the beginning of ripple's birth, rumors abound. Many people claim that ripple is more in line with the operation mode of money flow in reality, and will replace bitcoin in the future
but in fact, it is too early to judge whether ripple system can succeed. As soon as ripple started to operate, many problems have been exposed, including that its security is not as good as the official propaganda
at the beginning, ripple itself is just a new currency circulation system or payment network, and the essence of XRP currency is the lubricant to assist the currency circulation in the system. If this system is successful one day, it will only have a positive impact on the circulation of bitcoin. To say that "Ripple can replace bitcoin" is actually equivalent to saying that "Alipay can replace the renminbi" is wrong: the former is the payment system, the latter is the currency, not the same thing, so there is no replaceability. The emergence of Alipay has facilitated the payment and flow of RMB. Similarly, if the Ripple system is successful, its role is only to facilitate the payment and circulation of legal tender and bitcoin.
editor on February 22, 2014
10428 comments
share
collection thanks put away
Huang Qi
the operation of not chasing new fans is not a good code farmer
included in the editor's recommendation · 78 people agreed with the answer
@ Feng Chiyu
only mentioned the scene of ripple when users and users pay, but ripple is far more than that. I add two points: trading system and automatic path search
through a gateway, you can deposit RMB, US dollars or virtual currencies, such as bitcoin and Leyte currency, into ripple wallet. And in this system, you can achieve any currency to buy or sell a single transaction. Trading here is better than trading platform. The transaction information of traditional trading platform is not open and opaque. In ripple, every order, cancellation and transaction record can be fully inquired. Through websocket interface, developers can also implement automatic trading program, and basically get real-time data in addition to network delay Network delay depends on the situation, the delay of using US server may be less than 0.1 second!) However, most of the traditional trading platforms have a certain cache time for the API interface. A few seconds of cache time may be fatal to the automatic trading program
with this trading market, ripple can realize a very advanced means of payment - automatic path search
to give a practical example, if I was a Chinese programmer working for a company in the United States, I might get us dollars through Western Union remittance or other ways before, and then I would go to the bank to exchange them for RMB. In the middle of this, the handling cost is relatively high. With ripple, I can do this now:
I trust a RMB gateway, such as ripplecn or ripplechina gateway, which is one of the best RMB gateways in China. Then American companies deposit bitcoin or US dollars through bitsmap gateway and send them to ripple. The service charge is only about 0.000012xrp, It is equivalent to about RMB 0.00000108. Then I will directly receive the CNY quota in the ripple system and withdraw it at the RMB gateway. The service charge for withdrawal is 3% for ripple CN gateway and 6% for ripple China gateway. It only takes a few seconds to complete the automatic exchange payment in ripple system
the full-automatic exchange in the payment step is the automatic path search of ripple, which is the essence of ripple system. Path automatic search relies on the above-mentioned hanging single transaction system. If the above American company deposits bitcoin, the system will complete the following calculation in a few seconds: query the amount of XRP after BTC / XRP exchange, and then the amount of CNY after XRP / CNY exchange. If there is a more appropriate path, such as BTC / USD - & gt; USD/XRP-> XRP / CNY, or BTC / USD - & gt; USD / CNY, the system will also automatically calculate and find the cheapest path for the sender to complete the exchange payment
once, I used ripplecn gateway CNY, and my friend only trusted ripplechina. He wanted me to give him 10 yuan, so I entered the sending interface to input 10 yuan, but the system showed that I only needed to send 9.9998 yuan. Because there is a price difference between the two gateways in the CNY / XRP trading market, the system automatically realizes the path search and provides me with the cheapest payment path
there will be many applications on ripple in the future, and ripple's second payment experience is excellent. If you have a ripple wallet, try clicking send in the wallet and the recipient enters it [email protected] perhaps [email protected] There will be a call fee and Q coin recharge interface, which is an application I made for ripple. You can use XRP, U.S. dollar, RMB, bitcoin and other currencies to purchase q-coin, and exchange it into RMB in seconds to complete the recharge request automatically
ripple is likely to go against the weather in the future. As for bitcoin? His role in the virtual currency instry is similar to that of legal currency, which is totally different from ripple's payment system<
editor on February 27, 2014
7832 comments
share
collection thank you put away
Zhihu user
1 person agreed with the answer
ripple basic concept and principle, others have answered, simply speaking, it is a payment network, anyone can become a node of this network to issue currency and then circulate throughout the network. There are some innovations
but in the long run, it must grow faster than bitcoin, otherwise it is likely to lose in the competition, because at present, most of its functions can be realized in bitcoin network
from a technical point of view, because bitcoin has "dyeing" technology, anyone can issue currency, stocks, funds and so on by becoming a node on the bitcoin network. Assuming that the bitcoin is fully legalized, Alipay will turn 1 bitcoin "dyed" into the one and only special bitcoin that is unique and unforgery in the bitcoin network. Then it will promise the public that the stained coin can be exchanged for Alipay by 1 yuan. So the public can use Renminbi to exchange Alipay's "bit yuan" for consumption and payment. So these special bitcoins have what experts call "guarantee" or "anchor". As long as Alipay is credible, these "bit yuan" will always be valuable and can be used safely. At the same time, as bitcoin transactions are open throughout the network, everyone can see how much Alipay has issued "bit yuan", whether it has spammed money and oversold its own assets to guarantee the currency. So the only advantage of ripple in technology is that it can transfer money quickly. It doesn't need bitcoin to wait for dozens of minutes. But in the long run, bitcoin can speed up the transfer speed to a few minutes in the future through technical upgrading
6.
Bitcoin is not the only digital currency on the Internet. There are also ripple, stellar, litecoin, Ethereum and other digital currencies. Of course, the most popular is still bitcoin. But many times, some developers, entrepreneurs or enterprises will let us know that we need better digital currency. A programmer named Jed McCaleb, the father of electric donkeys, developed the reborn coin, which should be better than the bitcoin. Later, he launched the star coin, which is better than the reborn coin. What is more gratifying is that he is not fighting alone
now there is a trend that the instry hopes to develop a technology that enables all these online digital currencies to flow to each other, which means that you can transfer money freely in different online digital currency systems in the future. This technology is known as "interleaver protocol (ILP)", initiated by ripote. However, in recent months, that is, after the company released this idea, they also got the support of many famous companies in the instry, including Microsoft and the world wide web. Obviously, Ruibo currency company wants to set the technical standard of digital currency on the Internet. They want to develop a single global network, which can not only unify all digital currencies, but also unify all enterprises and indivials who use these digital currencies
"we want to be on a higher level and extract the differences between various digital currencies," said Stephen Thomas, chief technology officer of ripple. "We are trying to develop a global standard for payment."
with the launch of this agreement, we hope to enable more people to use online digital currency, expand the scope of use of online digital currency, and let us transfer funds more efficiently. This is actually the goal of many existing projects. For example, the original intention of the design of reborn currency and star currency is to allow users to transfer money to these two digital currency accounts in any currency, and to enable these two digital currencies to be converted into other currencies correspondingly. You can send bitcoin, and then the other party gets it. You can also send us dollars, and the other party will get dogecoin. However, for businesses and the developer community, there are restrictions on their use of these ledgers, so there are some problems because you can't transfer money from one payment network to another. Now, however, the interleaver agreement hopes to change that
to some extent, after ten years of efforts, they hope to develop a new network protocol, which is commonly known as "money Internet". If we go back to the early 1990s, we know that the famous Marc Andreessen founded the Netscape web browser. Now, the project hopes to play a similar role. They want to establish a standard way to send funds on the Internet. In fact, the original Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP, which defined the basic standard of the network) contained code for payment. But this code has never been used. In recent years, many companies (such as coinbase, a bitcoin exchange, and stripe, a company that helps enterprises accept various online digital currencies) are at least trying to create a conventional standard for online digital currencies. In the future, we hope to be able to send and receive money online, just like sending short messages or e-mails. However, we still have a long way to go to this paradise, but at least now we are in the right direction
7. The main source of money for the legend of the turret is the expedition, the use of diamonds for gold, and the sale of materials that can be made through the replica of the gate of near time and space. Joining a trade union has good heroes who can be used as mercenaries and earn a lot of money
8. Should the payment system be highly centralized or completely distributed and decentralized? The hyperledger team believes that there should be a balance between the two - power is neither concentrated in one institution nor completely distributed, but reasonably and appropriately divided into several parts
decentralization, a political concept first proposed by the British philosopher John Locke, was used by hyperledger in the distribution of power in the payment system. As shown in the figure below, the first is the "centralized" network of general national and third-party payment systems, the third is the bitcoin type point-to-point "decentralized" network, and the second is the payment protocol system established by hyperledger
hyperledger is an open source platform that allows anyone to issue personal currency. Hyperledger open source payment protocol was first founded by Daniel Feichtinger from Hong Kong. He is the core developer of hyperledger and the inventor of distributed consensus mechanism. Dan o'prey, another member of hyperledger, joined in April as co-founder. Prior to that, o'prey founded a visible cloud computing tool, macdeyun. The company base is in Beijing to help developers use Amazon AWS more easily. It obtained $1.5 million from Sequoia Capital in the early stage. O'prey left his position as CEO three months ago. O'prey joined hyperledger in charge of marketing and business development. Currently, hyperledger's server and client code has been uploaded to GitHub
the proposal of hyperledger payment agreement is largely influenced by ripple. At the end of the Q & a page of the hyperledger website, the team said that hyperledger can be seen as an alternative or supplementary system to ripple
ripple is another promising digital currency after bitcoin. The biggest difference between ripple and bitcoin is that their logic is just the opposite. Bitcoin is first a digital currency, and then a means of payment based on it; Ripple's idea is to make payment easier. First of all, payment. In order to make payment more convenient and currency circulation, ripple created its own virtual currency XRP
in ripple payment network, you can transfer any currency, including US dollar, euro, RMB, Japanese yen or bitcoin, which is easy and fast. The transaction confirmation is completed within a few seconds, and the transaction cost is almost zero. There is no so-called cross-bank and cross-border payment fee
compared with bitcoin, the account book needs six confirmations, 10 minutes each time, and the total confirmation time is nearly one hour. Ripple introces a "consensus" mechanism, which can verify and confirm the transaction in a very short time through the voting of special nodes. Ripple's trade confirmation process can be completed in seconds. Hyperledger is similar to ripple "consensus" mechanism, and the consensus is reached through Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm mechanism
in addition, the ripple client does not need to download the blockchain (recording historical transaction data), it abandons the verified general ledger chain on the ordinary node, and only keeps the latest verified general ledger and a link to the historical general ledger, so the workload of synchronizing and downloading the general ledger is very small
the increasing volume of blockchain has become another big problem of bitcoin. Every time bitcoin wallet is installed, a lot of time is consumed to download data blocks. In the past year, with the increase in the number of transactions, especially the emergence of a large number of small transactions on gambling websites, the volume of block ring chain has doubled to 15GB
at the same time, under the general ledger and consensus mechanism, yingyunsheng ripple also has an absolutely accurate online IOU marking function, which hides a subversive idea that users can issue their own currency. Users can set the name of the IOU and the exchange ratio with us dollars or bitcoin. This is actually "personal currency". Its core is to subvert the currency with government credit as the core, and give users the choice of every trust
long verification time, growing block chain (recording historical transaction data) and increasing unreliable transactions are the problems bitcoin is facing now. These are also the problems hyperledger tries to solve. Hyperledger inherits the advantages of ripple. By introcing a consensus mechanism similar to ripple, it can shorten the verification time, remove the block ring chain, and use the voting mechanism (two-thirds agree) to automatically detect and remove the damaged nodes through transaction requirements
the concept of ripple appeared as early as 2004, and Ryan Fugger launched the first implementation version of ripple. Its goal is to build a decentralized virtual currency system that allows anyone to create their own currency. Money in ripple network is expressed as "debt", and all transactions show the change of account balance
the original intention of ripple project is to establish a distributed P2P clearing network: everyone is their own bank, which can issue and accept loans, and at the same time act as a lending channel (for example, a wants to borrow money from B, but they don't know each other, but they all know C, so C can act as a channel for a and B. C first borrows money from B, and then lends money to a, indirectly realizing that a borrows money from b)
ripple's design idea is based on acquaintance relationship and trust chain. If a person wants to use ripple network for remittance or loan, the premise is that his friends already exist in the network. Otherwise, it is impossible to establish a trust chain between the user and other users, so there are not many ripple users
the problem of limited users in small circles has been solved after the establishment of the new company opencoin. Opencoin has launched a new version of ripple, which introces two measures to solve the problem of isolated small circle: one is to launch ripple currency, XRP, as the base currency of ripple network, which can circulate in the whole network just like bitcoin, without being limited to the circle of acquaintances; The other is the introction of gateway system, which is similar to currency exchange institutions, allowing people to inject legal money into and withdraw from the ripple network, and can act as a bridge between borrowers and borrowers
What are the differences between hyperledger and ripple
according to the statement given by the hyperledger team:
? In concept, ripple focuses on forming a trust chain according to the reputation of the entity, and finding the simplest way to realize the transaction, which can be cross currency. The purpose of hyperledger is to make it easy for private entities to issue money and to have precise control over the amount of money issued< br />? Ripple and hyperledger share the same "consensus" mechanism and attach the same protocol, but the rules of membership and privacy are different< br />? Hyperledger does not issue a currency of its own in the system< At present, ripple's commercial business can be divided into two types:
one is that ripple directly provides remittance technology and underlying protocol to banking financial institutions, which is equivalent to replacing the original high-cost swift technology. Ripple only serves as the technology provider. Users can open the client of China Merchants Bank and choose to remit by swift or ripple in the remittance column, The significance of ripple is to use technological innovation to help banks rece costs
the other is direct consumer oriented business. Users can log in to ripple's website or download an app of ripple wallet, where they can freely make cross-border remittance, charge accounts or exchange between real currency and virtual currency. The network management can be a bank, a third-party payment enterprise, or even an indivial
how to participate in hyperledger? Its consensus pool is divided into four parts: testpool, mainpool, custompool and premierpool< br />? Testpool is open to everyone for free, in which you can publish your personal ledger (currency) or test third-party applications, or even try to attack the payment system and do what you want to do< br />? Mainpool is the basic pool. Each node in the pool requires a unique domain name and SSL certificate. Now it is added to the mailing list and will be notified as soon as hyperledger is released< br />? Custompool allows users to define pools, which can be limited to a country, a university, etc< br />? Premier pool is a commercial pool. There are more strict restrictions and requirements for operating a "consensus" node. Every request for ledger must be audited, and membership subscription fees must be paid. Specific rules need to be communicated with hyperledger team.
decentralization, a political concept first proposed by the British philosopher John Locke, was used by hyperledger in the distribution of power in the payment system. As shown in the figure below, the first is the "centralized" network of general national and third-party payment systems, the third is the bitcoin type point-to-point "decentralized" network, and the second is the payment protocol system established by hyperledger
hyperledger is an open source platform that allows anyone to issue personal currency. Hyperledger open source payment protocol was first founded by Daniel Feichtinger from Hong Kong. He is the core developer of hyperledger and the inventor of distributed consensus mechanism. Dan o'prey, another member of hyperledger, joined in April as co-founder. Prior to that, o'prey founded a visible cloud computing tool, macdeyun. The company base is in Beijing to help developers use Amazon AWS more easily. It obtained $1.5 million from Sequoia Capital in the early stage. O'prey left his position as CEO three months ago. O'prey joined hyperledger in charge of marketing and business development. Currently, hyperledger's server and client code has been uploaded to GitHub
the proposal of hyperledger payment agreement is largely influenced by ripple. At the end of the Q & a page of the hyperledger website, the team said that hyperledger can be seen as an alternative or supplementary system to ripple
ripple is another promising digital currency after bitcoin. The biggest difference between ripple and bitcoin is that their logic is just the opposite. Bitcoin is first a digital currency, and then a means of payment based on it; Ripple's idea is to make payment easier. First of all, payment. In order to make payment more convenient and currency circulation, ripple created its own virtual currency XRP
in ripple payment network, you can transfer any currency, including US dollar, euro, RMB, Japanese yen or bitcoin, which is easy and fast. The transaction confirmation is completed within a few seconds, and the transaction cost is almost zero. There is no so-called cross-bank and cross-border payment fee
compared with bitcoin, the account book needs six confirmations, 10 minutes each time, and the total confirmation time is nearly one hour. Ripple introces a "consensus" mechanism, which can verify and confirm the transaction in a very short time through the voting of special nodes. Ripple's trade confirmation process can be completed in seconds. Hyperledger is similar to ripple "consensus" mechanism, and the consensus is reached through Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm mechanism
in addition, the ripple client does not need to download the blockchain (recording historical transaction data), it abandons the verified general ledger chain on the ordinary node, and only keeps the latest verified general ledger and a link to the historical general ledger, so the workload of synchronizing and downloading the general ledger is very small
the increasing volume of blockchain has become another big problem of bitcoin. Every time bitcoin wallet is installed, a lot of time is consumed to download data blocks. In the past year, with the increase in the number of transactions, especially the emergence of a large number of small transactions on gambling websites, the volume of block ring chain has doubled to 15GB
at the same time, under the general ledger and consensus mechanism, yingyunsheng ripple also has an absolutely accurate online IOU marking function, which hides a subversive idea that users can issue their own currency. Users can set the name of the IOU and the exchange ratio with us dollars or bitcoin. This is actually "personal currency". Its core is to subvert the currency with government credit as the core, and give users the choice of every trust
long verification time, growing block chain (recording historical transaction data) and increasing unreliable transactions are the problems bitcoin is facing now. These are also the problems hyperledger tries to solve. Hyperledger inherits the advantages of ripple. By introcing a consensus mechanism similar to ripple, it can shorten the verification time, remove the block ring chain, and use the voting mechanism (two-thirds agree) to automatically detect and remove the damaged nodes through transaction requirements
the concept of ripple appeared as early as 2004, and Ryan Fugger launched the first implementation version of ripple. Its goal is to build a decentralized virtual currency system that allows anyone to create their own currency. Money in ripple network is expressed as "debt", and all transactions show the change of account balance
the original intention of ripple project is to establish a distributed P2P clearing network: everyone is their own bank, which can issue and accept loans, and at the same time act as a lending channel (for example, a wants to borrow money from B, but they don't know each other, but they all know C, so C can act as a channel for a and B. C first borrows money from B, and then lends money to a, indirectly realizing that a borrows money from b)
ripple's design idea is based on acquaintance relationship and trust chain. If a person wants to use ripple network for remittance or loan, the premise is that his friends already exist in the network. Otherwise, it is impossible to establish a trust chain between the user and other users, so there are not many ripple users
the problem of limited users in small circles has been solved after the establishment of the new company opencoin. Opencoin has launched a new version of ripple, which introces two measures to solve the problem of isolated small circle: one is to launch ripple currency, XRP, as the base currency of ripple network, which can circulate in the whole network just like bitcoin, without being limited to the circle of acquaintances; The other is the introction of gateway system, which is similar to currency exchange institutions, allowing people to inject legal money into and withdraw from the ripple network, and can act as a bridge between borrowers and borrowers
What are the differences between hyperledger and ripple
according to the statement given by the hyperledger team:
? In concept, ripple focuses on forming a trust chain according to the reputation of the entity, and finding the simplest way to realize the transaction, which can be cross currency. The purpose of hyperledger is to make it easy for private entities to issue money and to have precise control over the amount of money issued< br />? Ripple and hyperledger share the same "consensus" mechanism and attach the same protocol, but the rules of membership and privacy are different< br />? Hyperledger does not issue a currency of its own in the system< At present, ripple's commercial business can be divided into two types:
one is that ripple directly provides remittance technology and underlying protocol to banking financial institutions, which is equivalent to replacing the original high-cost swift technology. Ripple only serves as the technology provider. Users can open the client of China Merchants Bank and choose to remit by swift or ripple in the remittance column, The significance of ripple is to use technological innovation to help banks rece costs
the other is direct consumer oriented business. Users can log in to ripple's website or download an app of ripple wallet, where they can freely make cross-border remittance, charge accounts or exchange between real currency and virtual currency. The network management can be a bank, a third-party payment enterprise, or even an indivial
how to participate in hyperledger? Its consensus pool is divided into four parts: testpool, mainpool, custompool and premierpool< br />? Testpool is open to everyone for free, in which you can publish your personal ledger (currency) or test third-party applications, or even try to attack the payment system and do what you want to do< br />? Mainpool is the basic pool. Each node in the pool requires a unique domain name and SSL certificate. Now it is added to the mailing list and will be notified as soon as hyperledger is released< br />? Custompool allows users to define pools, which can be limited to a country, a university, etc< br />? Premier pool is a commercial pool. There are more strict restrictions and requirements for operating a "consensus" node. Every request for ledger must be audited, and membership subscription fees must be paid. Specific rules need to be communicated with hyperledger team.
9. Unknown_Error
10. Mathematicians have revealed that the Mebius belt has only one side,
if you want to divide it into two parts,
you will feel very funny,
because it is still a belt after separation< There are three wonders of Mobius ring:
first, Mobius ring has only one face< Second, if it is cut along the middle of the Mobius ring, it will form a ring (ring 0) which is twice the space of the original Mobius ring and has two positive and negative faces, instead of two Mobius rings or two other forms< Thirdly, if we cut along the middle of ring 0, we will form two rings with positive and negative faces, which are the same as ring 0, and the two rings are nested together (ring 1 and ring 2). From then on, if we cut along the middle of ring 1 and ring 2 and all the rings generated by cutting along the middle of ring 1 and ring 2, we will form two rings which are the same as ring 0 There is no end to rings with positive and negative faces... And all the rings generated will be nested together, which can never be separated, and can never exist independently without contact with other rings
mathematics can not only help shape design on the most grand scale, such as the three-and-a-half-story Easter egg, but also help design on a small scale. In this chapter, we will describe David H. Smith of the University of Colorado in Boulder, USA; The story of how wAlbA and his colleagues synthesized molecules in the strange Mabius band
the mysterious Mabius belt is the pet of mathematicians. You can use a narrow strip of paper to make a Mabius band. For example, take an adder tape, half twist it, and then connect the two ends of the tape to form a closed loop to form a Mabius band
the Mabius band has only one side and only one side. If you use a paintbrush to paint along the direction of the paper tape, you will find that when the paintbrush returns to the starting point, it has covered the whole surface of the paper tape. If you make a magic mark along one side of the tape, you will immediately believe that the tape has only one side
if you cut the Mabius belt in half along the direction of the paper tape, sure enough, it's still a belt, as the five line oil poem says
in 1858, a scientific association in Paris, France, awarded a prize for one of the best papers in mathematics. In the paper submitted in this competition, the mathematician of Leipzig, Germany, Auguste; Ferdinand; Mabius "discovered" this kind of surface, which is now named after him. Mebius only discussed his discovery from a purely mathematical point of view. For example, he did not discuss the possibility of the existence of Mebius band molecules in nature
it is true that Mabius would not have thought of the possibility of the existence of molecules such as Mabius band. This is because the science of organic chemistry at that time was still in its infancy, and people knew nothing about even the simplest molecular shape, let alone the complex molecules of mathematical significance. At the same time of the discovery of Mebius, Auguste & Chen of the University of Bonn, Germany; Kekuller announced his discovery: carbon atoms can be connected to form long chains, which will become the basis of organic chemistry
four years ago, kekuller first thought about the carbon chain in his fantasy on the London coach. "It was a fine summer night," he recalled. "I took the last coach home and sat on the" roof "seat as usual, passing through the pedestrian free streets of the big city. Normally, it was a vibrant city. I fall into fantasy and seem to see many atoms dancing before my eyes... I often see how two smaller atoms combine to form an even atom, how a larger atom embraces two smaller atoms; There's also how the bigger atoms hold on to three or even four smaller atoms, and how they all rotate in a dizzy dance. I've also seen how the larger atoms form chains... Anyway, I'm going to spend some night writing these imaginary shapes into my paper. "
eleven years later, in 1865, Kekule realized that carbon chains can rotate around to form rings. And dreams inspired him once again“ I sat writing textbooks, but there was no progress in my work, and my mind wandered. I turned my chair to the fireplace and dozed off. The atom danced before my eyes again. At this point, the smaller atoms stay cautiously on the substrate. My mind's eyes are more acute through this repetition, and now I can distinguish the larger structures of various forms, which are arranged in long lines and sometimes more closely joined together; The whole line twists and turns and moves like a snake. Look! What's that? A snake bit its own tail and whirled in front of me like a mockery. It woke me up like a flash of lightning... That night, I inferred the hypothetical conclusion. "
firstly, Kekule deced the structure of benzene, which is composed of six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. Kekule concluded that six carbon atoms form a hexagon, each with a hydrogen atom connected to each carbon atom
since Kekule identified the shape of benzene, organic chemists have, of course, discovered more complex molecular shapes in 120 years, such as double helix DNA molecules. But it is only in recent years that chemists have observed molecules in the form of mibius bands
the mibius molecule was not found in nature, but by David & Chen 8226; Wolba and his colleagues synthesized it in the lab. In the beginning, he used molecules shaped like a three-step ladder to synthesize Each step of the ladder is actually a carbon carbon double bond, which can be ignored here.) Then bend the ladder around and connect the two ends so that it actually forms a ring
half of the ring is only a ring, while in the other half, when its two ends are connected, half of it will twist to form a Mabius belt
like Mabius paper tape, Mabius band molecules have many mysterious properties. If all three carbon double bonds are broken, the molecule is still a single molecule. The breaking of the carbon double bond is equivalent to dividing the Mebius band into two parts along the middle line of the paper tape. For both the molecule and the tape, the result is a single band, only twice the perimeter
chemists have known for a long time that two compounds can have the same molecular formula (that is, compounds composed of the same chemical components strictly in the same proportion), but they exist as chemical entities with different properties. This phenomenon may occur if the same chemical components are bonded to each other in different ways or at different angles. However, two compounds with the same molecular formula, even with the same chemical bond, may have different chemical properties. How could this be possible
a branch of mathematics called topology can explain this phenomenon. It is a mathematical discipline that studies the properties of objects that remain unchanged when they are constantly deformed. Imagine that something is made of flexible rubber. Topologists want to know what properties remain unchanged when an object is pushed or pulled but not punctured or torn. This abstract concept can be vividly illustrated by the example of Mabius belt. Suppose you have a rubber Mabius belt, and you can stretch it in all possible ways. No matter how many ways you use, you can't deform it. The final shape is always one side. Therefore, only the properties of one side are concerned by topologists. When one shape can be continuously deformed into another shape, topologically, the two shapes are considered to be equivalent. Therefore, no matter what shape the mibius band is stretched into, they are also equivalent in terms of topological definition
now consider two Mabius belts, one is made of rubber belt twisted in one direction, and the other is also made of rubber belt twisted in the opposite direction
topologically, are the two Mabius bands equivalent? They are not equivalent. Neither can be deformed into another shape. If you look at one of the two bands in a mirror, you will see that its image is much like the other; The two bands mirror each other
here I have to stop and make a denial statement to avoid malicious attacks from mathematicians. Mathematicians are a group of geeks, and topologists don't confine themselves to three-dimensional space. But in four-dimensional space, they can prove that the Mabius belt in the mirror can transform each other. However, I will still insist on limiting our discussion to three dimensions, because the shape of the main object we explore is always observed in three dimensions. Therefore, I would like to reiterate that in three dimensions, the mirror image of the Mabius belt is topologically distinct
the reason why two chemical compounds with the same composition and same chemical bond have different properties is that topologically, there may be different mirror images
because both the right hand and the left hand are well-known mirror images, it is customary for people to call objects opposite to their mirror images left-handed or right-handed. In a pair of mirror images, which is called image is a matter of habit. Just as there is no absolute position on the right side of the street, it depends on where you are going. The two kinds of Mabius belts have been called right-handed and left-handed Mabius belts, but there is no need to worry about which is right-handed or which is left-handed. Molecules also have right-handed and left-handed forms. People call them chirality, which is borrowed from the Greek word "cheir"
both right-handed and left-handed Mabius bands are examples of mirror shape. Topologically, they are quite different in nature, but they have equivalent mirror shape. Taking a simple figure as an example, a circle is the mirror image of itself. Obviously, from the perspective of topology, a circle is equivalent to itself
another example is the letter R and its mirror image Я If the figure R is made of soft rubber, it can be transformed into its mirror image by topological deformation method
however, molecules are not made of soft rubber, and physical binding prevents them from deforming in any way. Nevertheless, the R-shaped molecule can be transformed into its mirror image without bending - indeed, without bending at all. This time, if the letter pattern r made of hard plastic and its mirror image Я Put it on the table, then, as long as you take it up and turn it over, you can make one of them become the other
this transformation is called rigid transformation because the object always keeps its rigidity
many organic molecules are rigid chiral molecules: they are very different from their mirror images in rigidity. The human body obviously prefers some chiral molecules. For example, most proteins are made up of left-handed amino acids and right-handed sugars. When chiral molecules are synthesized in human body, only chiral molecules with desired chirality can be proced
however, when chiral molecules, such as drugs, are synthesized by abiotic methods in the laboratory,
if you want to divide it into two parts,
you will feel very funny,
because it is still a belt after separation< There are three wonders of Mobius ring:
first, Mobius ring has only one face< Second, if it is cut along the middle of the Mobius ring, it will form a ring (ring 0) which is twice the space of the original Mobius ring and has two positive and negative faces, instead of two Mobius rings or two other forms< Thirdly, if we cut along the middle of ring 0, we will form two rings with positive and negative faces, which are the same as ring 0, and the two rings are nested together (ring 1 and ring 2). From then on, if we cut along the middle of ring 1 and ring 2 and all the rings generated by cutting along the middle of ring 1 and ring 2, we will form two rings which are the same as ring 0 There is no end to rings with positive and negative faces... And all the rings generated will be nested together, which can never be separated, and can never exist independently without contact with other rings
mathematics can not only help shape design on the most grand scale, such as the three-and-a-half-story Easter egg, but also help design on a small scale. In this chapter, we will describe David H. Smith of the University of Colorado in Boulder, USA; The story of how wAlbA and his colleagues synthesized molecules in the strange Mabius band
the mysterious Mabius belt is the pet of mathematicians. You can use a narrow strip of paper to make a Mabius band. For example, take an adder tape, half twist it, and then connect the two ends of the tape to form a closed loop to form a Mabius band
the Mabius band has only one side and only one side. If you use a paintbrush to paint along the direction of the paper tape, you will find that when the paintbrush returns to the starting point, it has covered the whole surface of the paper tape. If you make a magic mark along one side of the tape, you will immediately believe that the tape has only one side
if you cut the Mabius belt in half along the direction of the paper tape, sure enough, it's still a belt, as the five line oil poem says
in 1858, a scientific association in Paris, France, awarded a prize for one of the best papers in mathematics. In the paper submitted in this competition, the mathematician of Leipzig, Germany, Auguste; Ferdinand; Mabius "discovered" this kind of surface, which is now named after him. Mebius only discussed his discovery from a purely mathematical point of view. For example, he did not discuss the possibility of the existence of Mebius band molecules in nature
it is true that Mabius would not have thought of the possibility of the existence of molecules such as Mabius band. This is because the science of organic chemistry at that time was still in its infancy, and people knew nothing about even the simplest molecular shape, let alone the complex molecules of mathematical significance. At the same time of the discovery of Mebius, Auguste & Chen of the University of Bonn, Germany; Kekuller announced his discovery: carbon atoms can be connected to form long chains, which will become the basis of organic chemistry
four years ago, kekuller first thought about the carbon chain in his fantasy on the London coach. "It was a fine summer night," he recalled. "I took the last coach home and sat on the" roof "seat as usual, passing through the pedestrian free streets of the big city. Normally, it was a vibrant city. I fall into fantasy and seem to see many atoms dancing before my eyes... I often see how two smaller atoms combine to form an even atom, how a larger atom embraces two smaller atoms; There's also how the bigger atoms hold on to three or even four smaller atoms, and how they all rotate in a dizzy dance. I've also seen how the larger atoms form chains... Anyway, I'm going to spend some night writing these imaginary shapes into my paper. "
eleven years later, in 1865, Kekule realized that carbon chains can rotate around to form rings. And dreams inspired him once again“ I sat writing textbooks, but there was no progress in my work, and my mind wandered. I turned my chair to the fireplace and dozed off. The atom danced before my eyes again. At this point, the smaller atoms stay cautiously on the substrate. My mind's eyes are more acute through this repetition, and now I can distinguish the larger structures of various forms, which are arranged in long lines and sometimes more closely joined together; The whole line twists and turns and moves like a snake. Look! What's that? A snake bit its own tail and whirled in front of me like a mockery. It woke me up like a flash of lightning... That night, I inferred the hypothetical conclusion. "
firstly, Kekule deced the structure of benzene, which is composed of six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. Kekule concluded that six carbon atoms form a hexagon, each with a hydrogen atom connected to each carbon atom
since Kekule identified the shape of benzene, organic chemists have, of course, discovered more complex molecular shapes in 120 years, such as double helix DNA molecules. But it is only in recent years that chemists have observed molecules in the form of mibius bands
the mibius molecule was not found in nature, but by David & Chen 8226; Wolba and his colleagues synthesized it in the lab. In the beginning, he used molecules shaped like a three-step ladder to synthesize Each step of the ladder is actually a carbon carbon double bond, which can be ignored here.) Then bend the ladder around and connect the two ends so that it actually forms a ring
half of the ring is only a ring, while in the other half, when its two ends are connected, half of it will twist to form a Mabius belt
like Mabius paper tape, Mabius band molecules have many mysterious properties. If all three carbon double bonds are broken, the molecule is still a single molecule. The breaking of the carbon double bond is equivalent to dividing the Mebius band into two parts along the middle line of the paper tape. For both the molecule and the tape, the result is a single band, only twice the perimeter
chemists have known for a long time that two compounds can have the same molecular formula (that is, compounds composed of the same chemical components strictly in the same proportion), but they exist as chemical entities with different properties. This phenomenon may occur if the same chemical components are bonded to each other in different ways or at different angles. However, two compounds with the same molecular formula, even with the same chemical bond, may have different chemical properties. How could this be possible
a branch of mathematics called topology can explain this phenomenon. It is a mathematical discipline that studies the properties of objects that remain unchanged when they are constantly deformed. Imagine that something is made of flexible rubber. Topologists want to know what properties remain unchanged when an object is pushed or pulled but not punctured or torn. This abstract concept can be vividly illustrated by the example of Mabius belt. Suppose you have a rubber Mabius belt, and you can stretch it in all possible ways. No matter how many ways you use, you can't deform it. The final shape is always one side. Therefore, only the properties of one side are concerned by topologists. When one shape can be continuously deformed into another shape, topologically, the two shapes are considered to be equivalent. Therefore, no matter what shape the mibius band is stretched into, they are also equivalent in terms of topological definition
now consider two Mabius belts, one is made of rubber belt twisted in one direction, and the other is also made of rubber belt twisted in the opposite direction
topologically, are the two Mabius bands equivalent? They are not equivalent. Neither can be deformed into another shape. If you look at one of the two bands in a mirror, you will see that its image is much like the other; The two bands mirror each other
here I have to stop and make a denial statement to avoid malicious attacks from mathematicians. Mathematicians are a group of geeks, and topologists don't confine themselves to three-dimensional space. But in four-dimensional space, they can prove that the Mabius belt in the mirror can transform each other. However, I will still insist on limiting our discussion to three dimensions, because the shape of the main object we explore is always observed in three dimensions. Therefore, I would like to reiterate that in three dimensions, the mirror image of the Mabius belt is topologically distinct
the reason why two chemical compounds with the same composition and same chemical bond have different properties is that topologically, there may be different mirror images
because both the right hand and the left hand are well-known mirror images, it is customary for people to call objects opposite to their mirror images left-handed or right-handed. In a pair of mirror images, which is called image is a matter of habit. Just as there is no absolute position on the right side of the street, it depends on where you are going. The two kinds of Mabius belts have been called right-handed and left-handed Mabius belts, but there is no need to worry about which is right-handed or which is left-handed. Molecules also have right-handed and left-handed forms. People call them chirality, which is borrowed from the Greek word "cheir"
both right-handed and left-handed Mabius bands are examples of mirror shape. Topologically, they are quite different in nature, but they have equivalent mirror shape. Taking a simple figure as an example, a circle is the mirror image of itself. Obviously, from the perspective of topology, a circle is equivalent to itself
another example is the letter R and its mirror image Я If the figure R is made of soft rubber, it can be transformed into its mirror image by topological deformation method
however, molecules are not made of soft rubber, and physical binding prevents them from deforming in any way. Nevertheless, the R-shaped molecule can be transformed into its mirror image without bending - indeed, without bending at all. This time, if the letter pattern r made of hard plastic and its mirror image Я Put it on the table, then, as long as you take it up and turn it over, you can make one of them become the other
this transformation is called rigid transformation because the object always keeps its rigidity
many organic molecules are rigid chiral molecules: they are very different from their mirror images in rigidity. The human body obviously prefers some chiral molecules. For example, most proteins are made up of left-handed amino acids and right-handed sugars. When chiral molecules are synthesized in human body, only chiral molecules with desired chirality can be proced
however, when chiral molecules, such as drugs, are synthesized by abiotic methods in the laboratory,
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