Research on bitcoin expansion technology

1.

bitcoin, English name bitcoin, is a digital currency based on blockchain technology, which is composed of a series of computer-generated complex codes. Like RMB's ￥ and US dollar's $, bitcoin has its own symbol, the "B" in the figure below

The inventor of

bitcoin is Nakamoto. Satoshi Nakamoto is the creator of bitcoin protocol and its related software bitcoin QT. In 2008, he published a paper called "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system", describing an electronic currency and its algorithm that he called "bitcoin"

In 2009, he released the first bitcoin software and officially launched the bitcoin financial system

In 2010, he graally faded out and handed over the project to other members of the bitcoin community

Nakamoto is believed to hold about one million bitcoins. If the price of each bitcoin was $2W, it was worth $20 billion at one time. So far, his true identity is still unknown to the outside world, that is to say, no one knows who Nakamoto is

bitcoin appeared after the global financial crisis in 2008. In fact, before that, many people have tried electronic currency, digital currency and virtual currency, but they have not succeeded. There are not only technical reasons, but also social environment and economic background reasons. To some extent, it was the 2008 financial crisis that gave birth to bitcoin

2. Bitcoin isolation verification simply means that there is an additional side chain. The main chain and the side chain complement and support each other. Isolation verification is to solve the problem of bitcoin congestion. At the end of 2013, the problem of bitcoin congestion has appeared, and the expansion has become the consensus of the community, but there is no consensus on how to expand
in 2016, the community held a meeting in Hong Kong on capacity expansion. At the meeting, China's absenteeism and bitcoin core reached a consensus and proposed a compromise scheme, namely hard fork and isolation certification. This is the result of compromise between the two sides, but later the core went back on its words and forced absenteeism to accept the isolation scheme, but did not expand the capacity. China mostly opposes the exclusion of isolation verification.

3. Hanging order is the number of orders waiting to be bought and sold behind the five trading prices transmitted from the exchange ring the market trading period. Together with five trading prices, these ten data constitute the most original public data in the whole trading system

4. Slicing technology is one of the common methods used by developers to improve transaction throughput
in short, slicing is a partition method to divide computing power and storage workload in a point-to-point network. After slicing, each node no longer needs to deal with the transaction load of the whole network, It only needs to process the transactions in the partition (or partition)
just like the current blockchain, the information contained in the partition is jointly maintained by multiple nodes, thus ensuring the decentralization and security of the ledger. After the partition is enabled, everyone can still see all the information in the ledger, but people no longer need to process and store all the information

5. The size of each block is one megabyte, which can hold more than 1000 transaction information. If you watch it in the last bitcoin blockchain browser, you will find that each block is about one megabyte, which has reached the upper limit of the block capacity. If there are more and more transfers in bitcoin's network, Many transactions will not be packaged and confirmed in the first block after the transaction. It may take several blocks or a longer time. In the history of bitcoin, there have been several st attacks, among which many traders create a large number of small transfers in the exchange (currency exchange). The st attack is that someone creates a large number of small transfers, making a large number of transactions to be confirmed in the network, resulting in the normal transfer can not be confirmed, The confirmation time is delayed, which affects the normal operation of the network
many traders wait for two days or more before their transactions are confirmed. Although st attack is a very extreme example, the normal transfer volume of bitcoin network has far exceeded the maximum capacity it can bear. The size of each block is now one megabyte, so we should expand the capacity of bitcoin block and break through the existing limit of one megabyte, This process is called capacity expansion.

6. The core team has a great influence in the expansion of bitcoin. The core team has always been responsible for the development and maintenance of bitcoin system, and made outstanding contributions to the development of bitcoin in its early stage. However, with the passage of time, this group of technicians has become not so simple, utilitarian become stronger
now, two of the three core members of the core team are BS employees, which has been criticized by people all the time. In particular, the core team refused to expand the capacity of the main chain, set the block size of the main chain to 1m, and took on the function of the main chain through the side chain lightning network to solve the problem of bitcoin transaction congestion. This scheme is resisted in the bitcoin community. The side chain lightning network can only be used as a supplement to the main chain, and it is unacceptable to replace the main chain.

7. Capacity expansion is a means that when a container or load is not enough to support or carry the demand of existing things, we can expand the capacity of the container or load to meet the growing demand, so as to relieve the pressure on the current container or load
at the beginning of the birth of bitcoin, Ben Cong, the founder of bitcoin, did not deliberately limit the block size. The maximum block size was 32MB, and the average block size was 1-2kb at that time
at that time, there are few bitcoin users and the transaction volume is not so large, which will not cause block congestion. However, since 2013, with the price of bitcoin rising sharply, there are more and more users, resulting in network congestion of bitcoin and rising transaction costs of users
up to now, there is a backlog of hundreds of thousands of transactions on the bitcoin blockchain. The average transaction cost of bitcoin is 376 times higher than that in September 2010. The processing speed of seven transactions per second has obviously been unable to meet the needs of users. The bitcoin community has begun to explore how to "expand the capacity" of bitcoin
by modifying the underlying code of bitcoin, the transaction processing capacity can be improved
there are two development and design schemes for bitcoin expansion, namely, the first layer and the second layer expansion technology
· the first layer of capacity expansion technology is to improve the blockchain itself, to make the blockchain itself faster and larger. Generally speaking, it is to change the content of the consensus part of the blockchain
· the purpose of the second layer expansion technology is to move the computing to the lower chain, that is, to solve the problem through the side chain technology
expansion protocol and outcome
expansion protocol generally needs the support of miners, which can be roughly divided into modifying block size, soft fork, hard fork, isolation witness and so on
take bitcoin as an example:
bitcoin is now divided into big block bitcoin cash (BCH) and isolation witness. Isolated witness is now recognized as bitcoin in the market, while big block coin is named bitcash. It can be predicted that in the future, bitcoin will focus on off chain trading. Including lightning network and side chain. These two new things are not mature at present, but they are highly expected by many people
bitcoin will develop a large number of isolated witness transactions and make more derivative technologies on the basis of isolated witness. Most likely, bitcoin will be pushed forward by technology
bitcash will focus on the development of monetary function, rece transaction friction as the main way, and gain more extensive users on the chain as the main development direction
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8. Although we have put forward various plans for capacity expansion, they can be basically divided into two categories: long-term rule group and short-term shelving group. The long-term model is idealistic and regular. Once it is finalized, there will be no more twists and turns. If bip101 / 103, a typical representative, sets a growth rule, there will be no adjustment. The short-term faction thinks that the future is unpredictable, fixed rules are too simple, and violent solutions are needed. They hope to set up a short-term plan for several years, which will be avoided for the time being and shelved until the future solution. The representative is bip100. However, e to the complicated voting process, it is simplified to bip102 / 109, etc., while bip248 is postponed to 2020. In recent years, it has simply doubled its growth
since June 2015, after more than half a year of repeated discussion, the long-term rule school has basically failed. In December 2015, after Pieter wuille proposed segregated witness at the bitcoin Hong Kong expansion conference, the expansion problem has even been simplified to upgrade to 2MB, but it has fallen into the debate about the implementation time
a seemingly simple technical problem of capacity expansion has caused the bitcoin community to spend more than half a year holding several global technical conferences and fighting countless private spats, but there is still no clear conclusion. The deep reason behind this is that the increase of block limit value can not really solve the problem of bitcoin expansion
however, some projects do build their own blockchains, such as Ethereum and decent.

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but it's depressing to come back from there... You have to go straight right from the map of the central business district, go through several strange maps, and finally walk to a wharf where there is a woman with all question marks... You can come back

10. Sina UT is used for voice chat.
first you have to open a channel. Let your teammate get into your channel. Then adjust the settings of the speech.
do not control it. Open the game, for example, you set CTRL, that is to speak by CTRL+. As long as you can hear it on the channel.