Can bitcoin be made privately
bitcoin is a mathematical formula algorithm
anyone can make it if possible
take chestnut for example: mathematical formula 1 + 1 = 2, Zhang San can write, Wang Mazi can write, you can write
if you get or make an algorithm similar to bitcoin and modify the relevant parameters, you can make a similar "bitcoin". You can call it a-coin, c-coin, long Ao Tian coin, Zhao RI Tian coin and so on
as for whether it is legal or not: as a currency, it is certainly illegal. First, the purpose of this algorithm is to decentralize. How hard does a country want to lose the right to issue currency? So it must be a lie to say that virtue day admits the currency status of bitcoin. Bit2: people all over the world are constantly creating new wealth every day, but the number of bitcoins is only 21 million, which can not perform the function of currency and so on. So far, no country in the world has taken bitcoin as legal tender<
at present, his status in the world is just like game equipment, software and so on,
to put it bluntly, it is a virtual commodity.
It's not against the law to do bitcoin business, but don't use bitcoin to do illegal things
the following is the bitcoin risk notice issued by the central bank and other five ministries and commissions (bitcoin home has the full text):
the notice defines the nature of bitcoin, and holds that bitcoin is not issued by the monetary authority, has no monetary attributes such as legal compensation and mandatory, and is not a real currency. In terms of nature, bitcoin is a specific virtual commodity, which does not have the same legal status as currency and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market. However, bitcoin trading as a commodity trading behavior on the Internet, ordinary people have the freedom to participate at their own risk
It's not against the law to do bitcoin business, but don't use bitcoin to do illegal things
in China, the regulations on the administration of RMB prohibit the proction and sale of token tickets. Because there is no clear judicial interpretation of the definition of token ticket, if bitcoin is included in the "token ticket", the legal prospect of bitcoin in China will face uncertainty
the notice of the Ministry of culture and the Ministry of Commerce on strengthening the management of virtual currency of online games (Wen Shi Fa [2009] No. 20) on June 4, 2009 stated that the application scope of virtual currency of online games was defined for the first time, and the distinction between the current virtual currency of online games and the virtual props in the game was made; At the same time, the notice said that the "notice" stipulates that enterprises engaged in related services must be approved before they can operate
in China, some Taobao stores also began to accept the use of bitcoin, and the number of businesses will graally increase
in October 2013, the first bitcoin quarterly, one bit, was released
on October 15, 2013, the network accelerator service of the network announced its support for bitcoin
on October 26, 2013, btcmini reported that GBL was hacked
on October 31, 2013, Lei Teng, a famous Internet lawyer, proposed the event of "filing a case to investigate the closure of GBL bitcoin trading platform as soon as possible", analyzed the "value function" and "use function" of bitcoin, and bitcoin should be governed by relevant laws
on December 5, 2013, notice of the Ministry of instry and information technology of the people's Bank of China, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission on preventing bitcoin risk: bitcoin is a specific virtual commodity
as a commodity trading behavior on the Internet, ordinary people have the freedom to participate in bitcoin trading at their own risk
on September 4, 2017, announcement of the people's Bank of China Central Network Information Office, Ministry of instry and information technology, State Administration for Instry and commerce, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission on preventing the risk of token issuance financing: it is prohibited to engage in token issuance financing activities (ICO)
the trading platform shall not engage in the exchange business between legal tender and token, or virtual currency, or buy or sell token or virtual currency as a central counter party, or provide pricing, information intermediary and other services for token or virtual currency
on November 2, 2018, the people's Bank of China released the 12th topic of China financial stability report 2018, which talked about "encrypted assets"
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extended information:
currency transaction
purchase method
< P > users can buy bitcoin, and at the same time, they can use computers to "mine" bitcoin according to algorithms. When users "mine" bitcoin, they need to search for 64 bit numbers by computer and then, by repeatedly solving mysteries, compete with other gold miners to provide the required numbers for the bitcoin network. If the user's computer successfully creates a set of numbers, it will get 25 bitcoins
e to the decentralized programming of bitcoin system, only 25 bitcoins can be obtained every 10 minutes, and by 2140, the upper limit of bitcoins in circulation will reach 21 million. In other words, bitcoin system is able to achieve self-sufficiency, resist inflation through coding, and prevent others from destroying these codes
source of reference: network bitcoin
bitcoin is a virtual encrypted digital currency in the form of P2P, and point-to-point transmission means a decentralized payment system.
February 13, 2007: Wu Ying was detained by criminal law
Wu Ying, Zhejiang's "hundreds of millions of rich sisters in Dongyang", who had attracted attention at home and abroad for creating the myth of "overnight wealth", was recently detained by the Public Security Bureau of Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province. At present, Dongyang municipal government has started to check the assets and capital of Wu Ying's "Bense group". More than 700 employees of the group have been paid in advance by the municipal government, and the relevant disposal work is proceeding in an orderly manner
March 16, 2007: Wu Ying was approved for arrest
with the approval of Dongyang people's Procuratorate, Wu Ying, 26, chairman of Bense group, was arrested by Dongyang Public Security Bureau on March 16, Zhejiang Province after 37 days of criminal detention for suspected illegal absorption of public deposits< On February 25, 2008, Zhejiang court accepted the case of Wu Ying suspected of illegal fund-raising.
the people's Court of Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province, has formally accepted the prosecution against Wu Ying and Bense Holding Group Co., Ltd., which were accused of illegally absorbing more than 700 million yuan of public deposits. At the same time, Lin Weiping and other seven people were prosecuted< December 18, 2009: Wu Ying was sentenced to death for fund-raising fraud in the first instance
Jinhua intermediate people's court made a first instance judgment, sentenced the defendant Wu Ying to death for the crime of fund-raising fraud, deprived of political rights for life, and confiscated all his personal property
December 28, 2009: Wu Ying filed an appeal against the death sentence of the first instance
in the appeal petition, Wu Ying put forward five appeal reasons, believing that her behavior did not constitute the crime of fund-raising fraud, and hoped that the court of second instance could change the sentence according to law< On April 7, 2011, Wu Ying admitted the crime of illegally absorbing public deposits in the court of second instance
Zhejiang Provincial Higher People's court held a court session in Jinhua intermediate people's court to conct the second instance of Wu Ying case. In the second instance, Wu Ying's defense lawyer still defended her innocence. Wu Ying pleaded guilty in court, admitting that she had been prosecuted by Dongyang City procuratorate for the crime of illegally raising public deposits< January 18, 2012: the second instance of Zhejiang Higher People's Court upheld Wu Ying's death sentence
the higher people's Court of Zhejiang Province pronounced a sentence in the second instance of the Wu Ying case, ruled to reject the defendant Wu Ying's appeal, upheld the death sentence of the defendant Wu Ying, and submitted it to the Supreme People's court for review in accordance with the law< April 20, 2012: the Supreme People's court did not approve Wu Ying's death sentence and sent it back to Zhejiang high court for retrial
after the Supreme People's court accepted the review case of the defendant Wu Ying's capital raising fraud death sentence, it formed a collegial panel according to law, reviewed all the file materials and interrogated the defendant, and now the review has been completed. On April 20, the Supreme People's court ruled in accordance with the law not to approve Wu Ying's death penalty and sent the case back to the higher people's Court of Zhejiang Province for retrial< May 21, 2012: Wu Ying's death sentence was changed to a reprieve in the retrial of the case of fund-raising fraud
after the retrial, the Zhejiang Provincial Higher People's court made the final judgment on Wu Ying's case, sentenced the defendant Wu Ying to death for the crime of fund-raising fraud, suspended for two years, deprived of political rights for life, and confiscated all his personal property
on June 5, 2014, the Dongyang municipal government took the lead in setting up a "Wu Ying case asset disposal group" with personnel from the court, public security, land, housing management, state owned assets, instry and commerce as members of the disposal group and vice mayor Chen Jun as leader. At the same time, five creditors, including Lin Weiping, were invited to set up a Wu Ying case asset disposal supervision group to supervise the whole process of asset disposal
on July 23, 2014, Lin Wencai, Wu Ying's entrusted agent, applied to Dongyang municipal government for Chen Jun's withdrawal on the ground that Chen Jun had bribed Wu Ying for more than 100000 yuan before the accident
on September 4, 2014, Dongyang Procuratorate of Zhejiang Province made a decision not to approve the arrest of Wu Yongzheng and Lin Wencai for the crime of false accusation and frame up. The criminal compulsory measure of the two persons was changed to l pending trial< Latest progress:
on July 11, 2014, the commutation case of Wu Ying, Zhejiang's "hundred million rich sister", was tried in Zhejiang women's prison. The court ruled that Wu Ying's sentence was commuted from death sentence suspension to life imprisonment< On May 21, 2012, Wu Ying, the former legal representative of Zhejiang Bense Holding Group Co., Ltd., was sentenced to death by Zhejiang Provincial Higher People's Court (hereinafter referred to as Zhejiang Provincial High Court) with a two-year reprieve for the crime of fund-raising fraud< In order to determine whether Wu Ying meets the conditions of death sentence suspension and commutation stipulated in the eighth amendment to the criminal law, the court decided to hold a court session to hear her commutation case. According to the announcement (2014) zxzz No. 484 of Zhejiang Provincial High Court published by zhefa.com, the court session was held at 9:30 a.m. on July 11 in Zhejiang women's prison, and the trial method was open trial< According to the law, the death penalty is suspended. If there is no intentional crime ring the period of suspension of execution, it will be reced to life imprisonment after the expiration of the period. If there is a major meritorious performance, it will be reced to 25 years' imprisonment. If there is an intentional crime, the death penalty will be executed by the Supreme Court
according to the final judgment, the value of Wu Ying's property seized is 170 million yuan. However, Wu Ying thinks that the appraisal conclusion is obviously on the low side and many assets are missing
on February 20, 2013, Wu Ying's family submitted a criminal complaint to the Supreme People's court, demanding that the (2012) zhe Xing Er Chong Zi No. 1 criminal judgment made by the Zhejiang Provincial High People's court be annulled according to law, and that Wu Ying's assets can fully pay off her debts
according to the relevant provisions of the criminal procere law, if the Zhejiang Provincial High Court accepts the above appeal and files a case, it should make a decision within 3-6 months. However, Zhu Jianwei said that the Zhejiang Provincial High Court has not yet made an acceptance reply to the complaint, but has not told it that it will not accept it, which is still pending, making it impossible for them to take the next action. There are still several administrative and civil proceedings in the Wu Ying case, but there is no progress at present
on March 26, 2015, Wu Ying's lawyers Zhu Jianwei and LV Haibo went to Dongyang, Zhejiang province again. After discussing with Wu Ying's father Wu Yongzheng, they decided to submit a supplementary petition to Zhejiang Provincial High Court and other departments by express mail, which may usher in a new dawn for Wu Ying's case
at the same time, in early March, the State Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee issued the opinions on further standardizing the disposal of property involved in criminal proceedings, demanding to solve such prominent problems as unfair justice, corruption and perversion of the law in the process of disposal of property involved in criminal proceedings. Wu Ying's lawyers pointed out that there are many irregularities and even violations in the disposal of the assets involved in the case. They will urge the relevant parties to implement the spirit of the above documents.
is called ABIS port
BTS and MS
is called um port, that is, air interface
there are actually two interfaces between BSC and MSC, because there is also a TC mole, and the two interfaces are ater port and a port respectively.
the new BSC is basically optical port BSC. Go directly to SDH or PTN equipment on the transmission side, go to the base station side through the transmission network, and convert it into 2m electrical signal to the base station (BTS). Some base station equipment support the optical port, and may be directly inserted into the optical fiber.
bitcoin does not rely on a specific currency institution to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of money circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to 21 million.