Did bitcoin lie down
Publish: 2021-05-14 03:24:35
1. In order to understand the technical principle of bitcoin, we need to understand two important cryptographic techniques: hash code: it converts a long string into a fixed length string, and its conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from hash code. Sha256 is mainly used in bitcoin protocol
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
2. Mt. GOx, the operator of the world's largest bitcoin exchange, announced on February 28 that 850000 bitcoins on its trading platform had been stolen. This news is undoubtedly a big bomb for many investors. At a news conference yesterday, Mt. GOx executives acknowledged the shocking fact and revealed some details<
stolen
mark kalpler, chief executive of mt.gox, bowed his apology at a news conference held in Tokyo yesterday, saying that "the loss of bitcoin is e to a loophole in the company's system"
a lawyer for Mt. GOx said that almost all the bitcoins traded on the platform were stolen, including about 750000 bitcoins in the user's trading account and about 100000 bitcoins in Mt. GOx's own account. According to the trading on February 28, the loss is estimated to be about $467 million
according to media reports, mt.gox trading platform had more than 1 million accounts at its peak, mainly from customers outside Japan, including many users trading more than US $10000. Some bitcoin investors have rushed to Tokyo from overseas in an attempt to recover trading funds from Mt. GOx
on February 7, e to hacker attacks, mt.gox temporarily stopped the bitcoin extraction business, causing transaction confusion and user dissatisfaction. From the noon of February 25, users cannot log in to mt.gox trading platform. The home page of the website then pasted a "notice to customers" to suspend all transactions
Li, a native of Hefei, spent 140000 yuan to buy 124 bitcoins in October this year. Afterwards, Li joined some chat groups of bitcoin players to pay close attention to the bitcoin market. On October 22, a person named Michael in the group took the initiative to chat with Li and asked him if he was mining“ I won't, and I won't get any money. " Mr. Li replied. Michael repeatedly urged Li to have a try and sent him a "mining tool", claiming that he could use the tool to dig more bitcoin. In the subsequent chat, Michael constantly reminds Li to put bitcoin in his wallet, saying that the trading website is not safe“ From time to time, there are news that trading websites are closing down and running away. What he said is quite reasonable, so I believe him. " Li told Anhui Business Daily
100 bitcoins disappeared
Li received and installed mining tools. On the evening of October 26, he was inced by Michael to put 100 bitcoins in his wallet. However, when the bitcoin in the E-wallet just reached 100, it suddenly disappeared. Li suddenly panic God, and then contact Michael, the convenience of invisible disappeared
Li told reporters that at present, a bitcoin costs about 5000 or 6000 yuan, and 100 bitcoins are worth 500000 or 600000 yuan. Afterwards, Li reported the case to the police. However, to Li's disappointment, because bitcoin is a virtual currency, there is no relevant domestic law to regulate and protect its transactions. The police did not file a case“ Now, this man named Michael is still active on the Internet. He's just taking advantage of the law. " Li told Anhui Business Daily
there is a Trojan horse in "mining tools"
How could Li's bitcoin disappear? 360 security engineer contacted him and tested Michael's "mining tool", and found that this tool is a very popular "bitcoin robber" Trojan horse this year. According to the analysis of 360 security center, most of the "bitcoin thieves" Trojans are disguised as mining tools, simplified wallets and other compressed files. Once a player is recruited, the Trojan will automatically search for bitcoin wallets and steal them through e-mail, hacker remote control and other means.
stolen
mark kalpler, chief executive of mt.gox, bowed his apology at a news conference held in Tokyo yesterday, saying that "the loss of bitcoin is e to a loophole in the company's system"
a lawyer for Mt. GOx said that almost all the bitcoins traded on the platform were stolen, including about 750000 bitcoins in the user's trading account and about 100000 bitcoins in Mt. GOx's own account. According to the trading on February 28, the loss is estimated to be about $467 million
according to media reports, mt.gox trading platform had more than 1 million accounts at its peak, mainly from customers outside Japan, including many users trading more than US $10000. Some bitcoin investors have rushed to Tokyo from overseas in an attempt to recover trading funds from Mt. GOx
on February 7, e to hacker attacks, mt.gox temporarily stopped the bitcoin extraction business, causing transaction confusion and user dissatisfaction. From the noon of February 25, users cannot log in to mt.gox trading platform. The home page of the website then pasted a "notice to customers" to suspend all transactions
Li, a native of Hefei, spent 140000 yuan to buy 124 bitcoins in October this year. Afterwards, Li joined some chat groups of bitcoin players to pay close attention to the bitcoin market. On October 22, a person named Michael in the group took the initiative to chat with Li and asked him if he was mining“ I won't, and I won't get any money. " Mr. Li replied. Michael repeatedly urged Li to have a try and sent him a "mining tool", claiming that he could use the tool to dig more bitcoin. In the subsequent chat, Michael constantly reminds Li to put bitcoin in his wallet, saying that the trading website is not safe“ From time to time, there are news that trading websites are closing down and running away. What he said is quite reasonable, so I believe him. " Li told Anhui Business Daily
100 bitcoins disappeared
Li received and installed mining tools. On the evening of October 26, he was inced by Michael to put 100 bitcoins in his wallet. However, when the bitcoin in the E-wallet just reached 100, it suddenly disappeared. Li suddenly panic God, and then contact Michael, the convenience of invisible disappeared
Li told reporters that at present, a bitcoin costs about 5000 or 6000 yuan, and 100 bitcoins are worth 500000 or 600000 yuan. Afterwards, Li reported the case to the police. However, to Li's disappointment, because bitcoin is a virtual currency, there is no relevant domestic law to regulate and protect its transactions. The police did not file a case“ Now, this man named Michael is still active on the Internet. He's just taking advantage of the law. " Li told Anhui Business Daily
there is a Trojan horse in "mining tools"
How could Li's bitcoin disappear? 360 security engineer contacted him and tested Michael's "mining tool", and found that this tool is a very popular "bitcoin robber" Trojan horse this year. According to the analysis of 360 security center, most of the "bitcoin thieves" Trojans are disguised as mining tools, simplified wallets and other compressed files. Once a player is recruited, the Trojan will automatically search for bitcoin wallets and steal them through e-mail, hacker remote control and other means.
3.
The wealth of Cameron Winklevoss and Tyler Winklevoss twin brothers has increased significantly. In April 2013, they held $11 million of bitcoin, which was then priced at $120. At this week's price of $11500, these bitcoins are worth more than $1 billion
4. I don't know how many crystals flow, but 10000 crystals = 1 yuan RMB
however, mining is very slow. It's only half a month since I got the crystal qualification. I only have 20000 crystals. The proction capacity is very low. The fastest speed is 3000K and the cache is 40g. In the last three days, it's about three or four thousand a day. The speed is fast in the evening, and almost no speed in the daytime
my home's 20m optical fiber is very close to the base station. The download speed is 3.7m/s, and the upload speed is about 2.4m/s.
however, mining is very slow. It's only half a month since I got the crystal qualification. I only have 20000 crystals. The proction capacity is very low. The fastest speed is 3000K and the cache is 40g. In the last three days, it's about three or four thousand a day. The speed is fast in the evening, and almost no speed in the daytime
my home's 20m optical fiber is very close to the base station. The download speed is 3.7m/s, and the upload speed is about 2.4m/s.
5. I was once cheated by bitcoin. At that time, I invested a little money, and then bitcoin fell. After that, China banned the trading of bitcoin
6. If you believe it, you won't come here to advertise, which means you don't believe it yourself
7. What is bitcoin< p> The concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto on November 1, 2008, and was officially born on January 3, 2009
this is the first public transaction of bitcoin and the exchange rate at that time, 10000 bitcoin = US $25
if he had kept the 10000 bitcoins at that time, he would have $270 million now, achieving wealth freedom
you know, there are only 21 million bitcoins in total, and he ate 1 / 2100 of the market value with a pizza
officially, this public transaction was exposed on the Internet, which made the capital begin to pay attention to the value of bitcoin, because it can generate transactions
As a result, the value of bitcoin began to risethe reason why the value of bitcoin is rising is that more and more people are involved in mining, and the proction of bitcoin is limited, so the cost of mining is increased
8.
1. The beginning, history and current situation of bitcoin can be represented by a K-line, as shown in the figure below
2. People who play in this market will know what bull market and bear market are. This market is small and easy to rise and fall. Because of 7x24 hours trading, unlimited rise and fall, and leverage trading, bitcoin is so crazy. This is very normal. Space limitation, we will not expand here
if you have any questions in this regard, please let me know in private
9. Unknown_Error
10. Part of it is the original 21 million bitcoin, which was first g up by miners and then sold on the exchange before flowing. The other part is the handling fee you pay when you transfer bitcoin to others. If 21 million bitcoins are g out one day, the miners will be rewarded with handling charges after that
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