Bitcoin 1911
Publish: 2021-05-14 05:11:41
1. In order to understand the technical principle of bitcoin, we need to understand two important cryptographic techniques: hash code: it converts a long string into a fixed length string, and its conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from hash code. Sha256 is mainly used in bitcoin protocol
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
2. Every other time, the bitcoin system will generate a random code on the system node. All computers in the Internet can search for this code. Whoever finds this code will generate a block and get a bitcoin. This process is often called mining
at present, one bitcoin is divided into eight decimal places, namely 0.00000001btc, based on the current data structure. The smallest unit of bitcoin g by miners is 0.00000001btc
generally speaking, bitcoin is like a gold mountain composed of 21 million gold coins. To get it, players need to use the computing power of the computer to calculate a group of numbers that conform to specific rules according to the existing algorithms.
at present, one bitcoin is divided into eight decimal places, namely 0.00000001btc, based on the current data structure. The smallest unit of bitcoin g by miners is 0.00000001btc
generally speaking, bitcoin is like a gold mountain composed of 21 million gold coins. To get it, players need to use the computing power of the computer to calculate a group of numbers that conform to specific rules according to the existing algorithms.
3. In order to understand the technical principle of bitcoin, we need to understand two important cryptographic techniques: hash code: it converts a long string into a fixed length string, and its conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from hash code. Sha256 is mainly used in bitcoin protocol
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
hope to solve your problem.
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
hope to solve your problem.
4.
A new P2P transport protocol on the Internet
BT is a new P2P transmission protocol on the Internet, which is called & quot; BitTorrent"， Chinese full name: & quot; Bitstream & quot;. BT is a kind of transport protocol which can download files smoothly without the high processing speed and bandwidth of the file publisher
extended materials:
advantages
the advantages of BT download are obvious. Two way transmission breaks through the limit of server bandwidth. Even if there are many people downloading, there is no need to worry about the download speed
the breakthrough of BT download for bandwidth makes it possible for personal computer to publish resources. BT download can successfully publish files without the high processing speed and bandwidth of the file publisher
source: Internet - BT download
5. Want to know what he means. You can use the small function of wechat: translation to solve it.
6. Unknown_Error
7. Zheng Yuanjie's pipiru story, Andersen's Andersen's fairy tales, William Hoff's fairy tales, E.B. White's Charlotte's net, elf mouse, Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, brothers Green's fairy tales, Oscar Wilde's Fairy Tales (there are many), Selma raglov, Niles on the goose, Nesbitt, five children and a monster, George Selden the cricket in Times Square, Roald Dahl James and the peach, Charles Perot the cat in boots, St. Exupery the little prince, Lyman Frank Baum the wizard of Oz, swift Gulliver's travels, and Cody the adventures of puppets
8. There is an Internet TV PPLive, which has (1911 reread Xinhai)
this is the PPLive download address: http://www.pplive.com/zh-cn/download.html
after downloading, open the software and enter the software. There is program search on the top left of the software
write 1911 in the search program, reread 1911, and then click search to find la
after finding it, double-click it, and then wait until it is buffered.
this is the PPLive download address: http://www.pplive.com/zh-cn/download.html
after downloading, open the software and enter the software. There is program search on the top left of the software
write 1911 in the search program, reread 1911, and then click search to find la
after finding it, double-click it, and then wait until it is buffered.
9. According to the majority α Particles can penetrate the gold foil without changing the original direction of motion; It shows that there is a large space in the gold atom, and the atom is not a solid sphere< Br > a small part α The particle changes its original direction of motion; It shows that there are positively charged particles in the nucleus< Br > there are a few α When the particles are bounced back, it shows that the gold nucleus is small in size and large in mass< It can be seen that: a. the volume of nucleus is very small, which is correct< Br > B. the nucleus is positively charged and correct< Br > C. There is a large space inside the atom< Br > D. the atom is a solid sphere, which is wrong< So the wrong understanding of the atomic structure is that the atom is a solid sphere, so D
10. Bit refers to a bit in a binary number, which is the smallest unit of information. Bit is the abbreviation of binary digit. It is the smallest unit of information processed by a computer. Specifically specify one of the two options to require 1 bit of information. Generally speaking, the amount of information of N bits can be expressed as a choice up to n factorial of 2. For example, the amount of information necessary to represent 26 Latin letters is 5 bits (because 16 & lt; 26< 32)< Atom: atom is the smallest particle in chemical change No shell) is the most classic and widely used basic hypothesis of human beings. The atomic hypothesis can be used to accurately explain almost all aspects of physics, such as mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics and so on, as well as biology (from the perspective of physicists, all biological processes are the movement of atoms), chemistry (chemistry can be explained by quantum mechanics and so on), which are also natural sciences, It may extend to various disciplines
the hypothesis of atoms is based on the intuitive sense of human beings - the particle nature of matter. But we can also find its shadow magically in material volatility. Perhaps it is because of the atomic hypothesis that physics has achieved such brilliant results
atoms can be seen as a ping-pong ball in a gymnasium the size of the earth (the atomic radius is on the order of 10-10 power). The method of studying atoms is just like placing a ping-pong ball on the order of 10-23 power in this gymnasium and making these balls keep beating
the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, and the outer layer is surrounded by electrons
atom is the basic unit of all kinds of elements in nature, which is composed of atomic nucleus and extranuclear orbital electrons (also known as bound electrons or orbiting electrons). The size of the atom is very small, the diameter is only 10-8 cm, and the mass of the atom is also very small. For example, the mass of the hydrogen atom is 1.673 56 * 10-24g, and the nuclear mass accounts for more than 99% of the atomic mass. The center of the atom is the nucleus, and its diameter is much smaller than that of the atom
the nucleus is positively charged and the bound electron is negatively charged. The two charges are equal and the sign is opposite. Therefore, the atom itself is neutral. Bound electrons move around the nucleus according to a certain orbit. When the atom absorbs the external energy and makes the orbital electrons move freely away from the attraction of the nucleus, the atom will lose the electron and become an ion
atom is the smallest unit of elements and a level of material structure. The word "atom" comes from Greek, "meaning indivisible." In the 4th century B.C., Democritus, an ancient Greek physicist, proposed this concept and regarded it as the smallest unit of matter. However, Aristotle and others at the same time opposed the atomic view of this kind of matter. They thought that matter was continuous. This view was dominant in the middle ages. However, with the progress of science and the development of experimental technology, the concept of "continuous matter" was widely used, The atomic view of matter has been accepted by people since the 16th century. Galileo, Descartes, Newton and other famous scholars all support this view. The periodic law discovered by Mendeleev, a famous Russian chemist, points out that the nature of the correlation between atoms of various chemical elements is a guiding principle in the establishment of atomic structure theory, Atom is just a level of material structure, which is between molecule and nucleus.
data structure
refers to the part that constitutes the data structure and is considered to be indivisible.
atom is the smallest component unit of chemical element and the basic unit of molecule and substance, which has the chemical properties of the element. An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron moving in the Coulomb field of the nucleus. The nuclear charge number or atomic number Z is the number of protons that make up the nucleus. Atoms are very tiny particles. Assuming that the atom is a sphere, the diameter of a typical atom is about 10-8 cm and the mass is about 10-23 G
the concept of atom was first proposed by British chemist John Dalton. In 1803, he published "the theory of atom", proposing that all matter is made up of atoms<
atomic composition
the center of an atom is a tiny nucleus composed of nucleons (protons and neutrons: quarks), which occupies most of the mass of the whole atom
the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are closely stacked together, so the density of the nucleus is very high. The masses of protons and neutrons are roughly equal, and neutrons are slightly higher. Protons are positively charged and neutrons are electrically neutral. So the whole nucleus is positively charged. Even compared with atoms, nuclei are very small - 100000 times smaller. The size of an atom is mainly determined by the size of the outermost electron layer. If an atom is a football field, the nucleus is a mung bean in the middle of the field. So the atom is almost empty, occupied by electrons
electrons are negatively charged. They are much lighter than protons and neutrons, and their mass is only about 1 / 1836 of that of protons. They move around the nucleus at high speed. The orbits of electrons around the nucleus are not all the same. They move around the nucleus in regions called the electron layer, those closest to the nucleus in one layer and those farther away in another. Each layer has a number. The innermost layer is layer 1, the outer layer is layer 2, and so on. Each layer can hold a maximum number of electrons. Layer 1 can hold two, layer 28, layer 318 and layer 432. The more electrons you go to the outer layer, the more electrons you can hold
if the number of layers is n, the number of electrons in the n-th layer is 2n2. There are no more than 8 electrons in the outermost layer and no more than 18 electrons in the nearest outermost layer, but there are some special cases
in an electrically neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons is the same. On the other hand, the number of neutrons does not necessarily equal the number of protons. Charged atoms are called ions. Atoms with fewer electrons than protons are positively charged and are called cations. The opposite atom is negatively charged, which is called anion. The outermost electrons of metal elements are generally less than four, and they are easy to lose electrons in the reaction, tend to reach a stable structure and become cations
generally, there are more than four electrons in the outermost layer of non-metallic elements, which are easy to get electrons in the chemical reaction and tend to reach a stable structure and become anions
the atomic order determines which group or type of element the atom is. For example, carbon atoms are those with six protons. All atoms with the same atomic order have the same physical properties and show the same chemical reactions. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons is called the mass number. The number of neutrons has no effect on the elements of the atom - there are different members in the same element, each with the same atomic order but different mass numbers. These members are called isotopes. The name of an element is expressed by its element name followed by its mass number, such as carbon 14 (each atom contains six protons and eight neutrons)
only 94 kinds of atoms are natural (the rest are artificially made in the laboratory). Each atom has a name, and each name has an abbreviation
according to the chemical properties of different atoms, Russian chemist Mendeleev arranged them in a table, which is the periodic table of elements. In memory of Mendeleev, element 101 was named "Mendeleev"
the first 20 atoms (or elements) are hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, argon, potassium and calcium. Their abbreviations are h, he, Li, be, B, C, N, O, F, NE, Na, Mg,. Al., Si., P., s,. Cl, AR, K, ca<
the history of atomic structure
four hundred years ago, the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed the concept of atom< In 1803, British physicist John Dalton put forward the theory of atom< In 1833, the British physicist Faraday proposed Faraday's law of electrolysis, which showed that the atom was charged and the electricity might exist as discontinuous particles< In 1874, Stoner suggested that the particles exchanged in the electrolysis process were called electrons< In 1879, crux discovered cathode rays from discharge tubes (vacuum tubes with high voltage and low pressure)< In 1886, Goldstein discovered the anode ray in the discharge tube< In 1897, Thomson, a British physicist, confirmed that cathode ray is the high-speed electron flow released from cathode materials, and measured the charge mass ratio of electrons. e/m=1.7588 × In 1909, American physicist Millikan's oil drop experiment measured the charge of electrons and strengthened the concept of "electrons are particles"< In 1911, British physicist Rutherford α In the particle scattering experiment, it is found that the atom has a nucleus, which is positively charged, massive and small. It is found that most of the particles (99.9%) penetrate the gold foil directly, and a few of them deflect at a large angle, even a few are reversed (1 / 100000)
in 1913, British physicist Moseley analyzed the X-ray identification spectra of elements and established the concept of atomic number< In 1913, Thomson's mass spectrometer measured mass and discovered isotopes< In 1919, Rutherford discovered protons. Its utilization α The particle collides with the nucleus of the nitrogen atom and discovers the proton, then uses the α Protons can also be proced when particles collide with shed (b), fluorine (f), aluminum (A1) and phosphorus (P) nuclei, so it is inferred that "protons" are the common components of the nuclei of elements< In 1932, Chadwick, a British physicist, made use of α The particle hit the beryllium nucleus and found the neutron< In 1935, Japanese physicist Yukawa Xiushu established the meson theory
atom anecdote: 400000 radioactive atoms in the human body degenerate into other atoms every second. Each cell in the human body has an average of 90 trillion atoms, 225 million times more than 400000.
the hypothesis of atoms is based on the intuitive sense of human beings - the particle nature of matter. But we can also find its shadow magically in material volatility. Perhaps it is because of the atomic hypothesis that physics has achieved such brilliant results
atoms can be seen as a ping-pong ball in a gymnasium the size of the earth (the atomic radius is on the order of 10-10 power). The method of studying atoms is just like placing a ping-pong ball on the order of 10-23 power in this gymnasium and making these balls keep beating
the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, and the outer layer is surrounded by electrons
atom is the basic unit of all kinds of elements in nature, which is composed of atomic nucleus and extranuclear orbital electrons (also known as bound electrons or orbiting electrons). The size of the atom is very small, the diameter is only 10-8 cm, and the mass of the atom is also very small. For example, the mass of the hydrogen atom is 1.673 56 * 10-24g, and the nuclear mass accounts for more than 99% of the atomic mass. The center of the atom is the nucleus, and its diameter is much smaller than that of the atom
the nucleus is positively charged and the bound electron is negatively charged. The two charges are equal and the sign is opposite. Therefore, the atom itself is neutral. Bound electrons move around the nucleus according to a certain orbit. When the atom absorbs the external energy and makes the orbital electrons move freely away from the attraction of the nucleus, the atom will lose the electron and become an ion
atom is the smallest unit of elements and a level of material structure. The word "atom" comes from Greek, "meaning indivisible." In the 4th century B.C., Democritus, an ancient Greek physicist, proposed this concept and regarded it as the smallest unit of matter. However, Aristotle and others at the same time opposed the atomic view of this kind of matter. They thought that matter was continuous. This view was dominant in the middle ages. However, with the progress of science and the development of experimental technology, the concept of "continuous matter" was widely used, The atomic view of matter has been accepted by people since the 16th century. Galileo, Descartes, Newton and other famous scholars all support this view. The periodic law discovered by Mendeleev, a famous Russian chemist, points out that the nature of the correlation between atoms of various chemical elements is a guiding principle in the establishment of atomic structure theory, Atom is just a level of material structure, which is between molecule and nucleus.
data structure
refers to the part that constitutes the data structure and is considered to be indivisible.
atom is the smallest component unit of chemical element and the basic unit of molecule and substance, which has the chemical properties of the element. An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron moving in the Coulomb field of the nucleus. The nuclear charge number or atomic number Z is the number of protons that make up the nucleus. Atoms are very tiny particles. Assuming that the atom is a sphere, the diameter of a typical atom is about 10-8 cm and the mass is about 10-23 G
the concept of atom was first proposed by British chemist John Dalton. In 1803, he published "the theory of atom", proposing that all matter is made up of atoms<
atomic composition
the center of an atom is a tiny nucleus composed of nucleons (protons and neutrons: quarks), which occupies most of the mass of the whole atom
the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are closely stacked together, so the density of the nucleus is very high. The masses of protons and neutrons are roughly equal, and neutrons are slightly higher. Protons are positively charged and neutrons are electrically neutral. So the whole nucleus is positively charged. Even compared with atoms, nuclei are very small - 100000 times smaller. The size of an atom is mainly determined by the size of the outermost electron layer. If an atom is a football field, the nucleus is a mung bean in the middle of the field. So the atom is almost empty, occupied by electrons
electrons are negatively charged. They are much lighter than protons and neutrons, and their mass is only about 1 / 1836 of that of protons. They move around the nucleus at high speed. The orbits of electrons around the nucleus are not all the same. They move around the nucleus in regions called the electron layer, those closest to the nucleus in one layer and those farther away in another. Each layer has a number. The innermost layer is layer 1, the outer layer is layer 2, and so on. Each layer can hold a maximum number of electrons. Layer 1 can hold two, layer 28, layer 318 and layer 432. The more electrons you go to the outer layer, the more electrons you can hold
if the number of layers is n, the number of electrons in the n-th layer is 2n2. There are no more than 8 electrons in the outermost layer and no more than 18 electrons in the nearest outermost layer, but there are some special cases
in an electrically neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons is the same. On the other hand, the number of neutrons does not necessarily equal the number of protons. Charged atoms are called ions. Atoms with fewer electrons than protons are positively charged and are called cations. The opposite atom is negatively charged, which is called anion. The outermost electrons of metal elements are generally less than four, and they are easy to lose electrons in the reaction, tend to reach a stable structure and become cations
generally, there are more than four electrons in the outermost layer of non-metallic elements, which are easy to get electrons in the chemical reaction and tend to reach a stable structure and become anions
the atomic order determines which group or type of element the atom is. For example, carbon atoms are those with six protons. All atoms with the same atomic order have the same physical properties and show the same chemical reactions. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons is called the mass number. The number of neutrons has no effect on the elements of the atom - there are different members in the same element, each with the same atomic order but different mass numbers. These members are called isotopes. The name of an element is expressed by its element name followed by its mass number, such as carbon 14 (each atom contains six protons and eight neutrons)
only 94 kinds of atoms are natural (the rest are artificially made in the laboratory). Each atom has a name, and each name has an abbreviation
according to the chemical properties of different atoms, Russian chemist Mendeleev arranged them in a table, which is the periodic table of elements. In memory of Mendeleev, element 101 was named "Mendeleev"
the first 20 atoms (or elements) are hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, argon, potassium and calcium. Their abbreviations are h, he, Li, be, B, C, N, O, F, NE, Na, Mg,. Al., Si., P., s,. Cl, AR, K, ca<
the history of atomic structure
four hundred years ago, the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed the concept of atom< In 1803, British physicist John Dalton put forward the theory of atom< In 1833, the British physicist Faraday proposed Faraday's law of electrolysis, which showed that the atom was charged and the electricity might exist as discontinuous particles< In 1874, Stoner suggested that the particles exchanged in the electrolysis process were called electrons< In 1879, crux discovered cathode rays from discharge tubes (vacuum tubes with high voltage and low pressure)< In 1886, Goldstein discovered the anode ray in the discharge tube< In 1897, Thomson, a British physicist, confirmed that cathode ray is the high-speed electron flow released from cathode materials, and measured the charge mass ratio of electrons. e/m=1.7588 × In 1909, American physicist Millikan's oil drop experiment measured the charge of electrons and strengthened the concept of "electrons are particles"< In 1911, British physicist Rutherford α In the particle scattering experiment, it is found that the atom has a nucleus, which is positively charged, massive and small. It is found that most of the particles (99.9%) penetrate the gold foil directly, and a few of them deflect at a large angle, even a few are reversed (1 / 100000)
in 1913, British physicist Moseley analyzed the X-ray identification spectra of elements and established the concept of atomic number< In 1913, Thomson's mass spectrometer measured mass and discovered isotopes< In 1919, Rutherford discovered protons. Its utilization α The particle collides with the nucleus of the nitrogen atom and discovers the proton, then uses the α Protons can also be proced when particles collide with shed (b), fluorine (f), aluminum (A1) and phosphorus (P) nuclei, so it is inferred that "protons" are the common components of the nuclei of elements< In 1932, Chadwick, a British physicist, made use of α The particle hit the beryllium nucleus and found the neutron< In 1935, Japanese physicist Yukawa Xiushu established the meson theory
atom anecdote: 400000 radioactive atoms in the human body degenerate into other atoms every second. Each cell in the human body has an average of 90 trillion atoms, 225 million times more than 400000.
Hot content