How to control the total amount of bitcoin
Publish: 2021-05-14 11:57:05
1. In order to understand the technical principle of bitcoin, we need to understand two important cryptographic techniques: hash code: it converts a long string into a fixed length string, and its conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from hash code. Sha256 is mainly used in bitcoin protocol
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
2. 1. The number of bitcoin is limited, because the original intention of the design is to have a currency with a fixed circulation, so that the final number can not be increased or decreased, so as to eliminate the inflation and deflation risks caused by man-made money printing. The specific number is determined according to the block and block reward principle:
the assumption is that six data blocks can be generated every hour in the world, and 210000 data blocks can be generated every four years; Then it makes a decreasing payment for the return of data blocks, 50 bitcoin for each data block in the first four years, 25 bitcoin for each data block in the second four years, 12.5 bitcoin for each data block in the third four years, and so on... Finally, the total number of bitcoins is -
210000 x (50 + 25 + 12.5 + 6.25 + 3.125 +...) = 21 million
the cumulative sum in brackets is close to 100 and will never exceed 100, so the total number of bitcoins is 21 million
currently in the second four-year period, each calculated data block contains 25 bitcoins
2. There is no loss of wealth. Many people at home and abroad are digging for bitcoin, and they are also speculating in bitcoin. Computer and Internet speed can only determine the speed of bitcoin digging, but not the value of bitcoin. Even if you say that we dig abroad, we fry. Now we buy a bitcoin for $300, and there will be no bitcoin to dig in the future. Maybe a bitcoin will sell for $3000, and then we sell it again, won't we make a profit? Where is the loss of wealth? Of course, maybe a bitcoin will be worth $3 at that time. Who can say that it is not born by the central banks
3. In addition to bitcoin, there are several similar virtual currencies such as lightcoin. However, they all adopt similar design principles. Therefore, in the future, there will inevitably be a problem that the currency will eventually be widely recognized, and other currencies that are not recognized will be eliminated. Otherwise, a new virtual currency can pop up at any time. It's not the same as printing money, which completely goes against their original design intention.
the assumption is that six data blocks can be generated every hour in the world, and 210000 data blocks can be generated every four years; Then it makes a decreasing payment for the return of data blocks, 50 bitcoin for each data block in the first four years, 25 bitcoin for each data block in the second four years, 12.5 bitcoin for each data block in the third four years, and so on... Finally, the total number of bitcoins is -
210000 x (50 + 25 + 12.5 + 6.25 + 3.125 +...) = 21 million
the cumulative sum in brackets is close to 100 and will never exceed 100, so the total number of bitcoins is 21 million
currently in the second four-year period, each calculated data block contains 25 bitcoins
2. There is no loss of wealth. Many people at home and abroad are digging for bitcoin, and they are also speculating in bitcoin. Computer and Internet speed can only determine the speed of bitcoin digging, but not the value of bitcoin. Even if you say that we dig abroad, we fry. Now we buy a bitcoin for $300, and there will be no bitcoin to dig in the future. Maybe a bitcoin will sell for $3000, and then we sell it again, won't we make a profit? Where is the loss of wealth? Of course, maybe a bitcoin will be worth $3 at that time. Who can say that it is not born by the central banks
3. In addition to bitcoin, there are several similar virtual currencies such as lightcoin. However, they all adopt similar design principles. Therefore, in the future, there will inevitably be a problem that the currency will eventually be widely recognized, and other currencies that are not recognized will be eliminated. Otherwise, a new virtual currency can pop up at any time. It's not the same as printing money, which completely goes against their original design intention.
3. The concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. According to Nakamoto's idea, open source software was designed and released, and P2P network was built on it. Bitcoin is a kind of P2P digital currency. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system
bitcoin network generates new bitcoin through "mining". In essence, the so-called "mining" is to use computers to solve a complex mathematical problem to ensure the consistency of bitcoin network distributed accounting system.
bitcoin network generates new bitcoin through "mining". In essence, the so-called "mining" is to use computers to solve a complex mathematical problem to ensure the consistency of bitcoin network distributed accounting system.
4. No, the transaction that belongs to you, that is, your utxo will be saved to your bitcoin wallet file, and each payment will be found from your wallet database. If you lose the contents of your wallet, you can use your key information to access the service node to retrieve your utxo. If you lose the key, don't worry.
5. A mining Trojan named wanna miner uses & quot; Eternal Blue & quot; Loopholes spread in the local area network, the infected machine will be built into a robust Botnet, support intranet self-renewal, long-term latent in the computer to dig Monroe money.. Tencent security Royal see Threat Intelligence Center reminds enterprise users to be vigilant, and can choose Tencent computer manager security & quot; Imperial point & quot; Defense against such attacks.
6. The development is OK. I think it is more stable than other platforms.
7.
bitcoin has no way to carry out traditional valuation, because it has no reference. It is a virtual currency. Traditional valuation is based on instry comparison of profits, and bitcoin does not generate profits. Traditional valuation methods can not be used at all. Bitcoin valuation is based on subjective valuation of security, risk aversion and scarcity
the wealth legend created by bitcoin surprised many people. It has increased tens of thousands of times in more than ten years, which no one can believe. However, it happened in real life. There is a lot of controversy about bitcoin, and many people think it is a fraud. After all, virtual currency has not been recognized by many countries, and this value is virtual value, But many people recognize the value of bitcoin, because its innovation has brought us many benefits. Its security, risk aversion and scarcity are priceless. Bitcoin itself does not proce value, so it has no way to evaluate. This is also the reason why many people do not recognize the rise of bitcoin
Third, bitcoin valuation is based on subjective security, risk aversion and scarcitybitcoin is a virtual currency. Because it can't generate profits, without reference, it can't be valued by traditional models. But bitcoin is an emerging instry. For emerging instries, our valuation is based on security, risk aversion and scarcity. There is no model for this kind of valuation, so everyone has different opinions on the valuation of bitcoin, Many people think that it will continue to rise to more than $40000, and many people think that it will fall back to less than $30000. Everyone's subjective valuation leads to significant fluctuations in bitcoin, which is also the reason why bitcoin often rises and falls sharply. Because there is no unified model for valuation, we can only calculate its total market value according to the current price, It may also be a way of valuing
Fourthly, the valuation method of the total market value of bitcoinas we all know, the price of bitcoin is constantly changing, and its total market value is also constantly changing. There are 21 million bitcoins in the world. Now the price of bitcoin is 32000 US dollars, the total market value = the price of bitcoin * the total number, and the total market value = 32000 * 21000000 = 6.72 trillion
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