BTC capsule
Publish: 2021-04-06 06:01:34
1.
The basic components of drugs are mainly detected and determined in combination with the indicators in the drug instructions and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The basic components of different drugs are different
the basic components of a drug are the components that play a major role in drug efficacy, and the others are auxiliary components, which are basically for the sake of drug forming or stable addition, and have no pharmacological effect
drugs are used to prevent, treat and diagnose human diseases, purposefully regulate human physiological functions, and specify substances with indications or functions, usage and dosage, including Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese herbal pieces, Chinese patent medicine, chemical raw materials and their preparations, antibiotics, biochemical drugs, radioactive drugs, serum, vaccines, blood procts and diagnostic drugs
extended information:
according to different jurisdictions, drugs can be divided into OTC and POM. The subtle differences between prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs vary according to the legal definitions of different countries
in some areas, BTC (behind the counter) drugs can be purchased without a doctor's prescription, but they need to be placed in the area that customers can't see directly in the pharmacy, and can only be sold by pharmacists. Doctors may also prescribe off label use of prescription drugs, that is, uses that have not been recognized by the medical authorities
for patented drugs, countries will require the owner or agent of a certain drug to license the manufacture of drugs under certain circumstances. In most cases, when some urgent infectious diseases are prevalent, or to ensure that some countries with low income can also afford the treatment drugs for diseases such as AIDS drugs
2. Girls are relatively rare, the ratio of men and women is 9:1. And although ankylosing spondylitis has certain heredity, it is not a genetic disease, so even if the test hlb-27 is positive, as long as you usually pay attention to observe whether she has symptoms, ankylosing spondylitis key is early detection and early treatment, three points of treatment and seven points of maintenance, generally does not affect life
3. Don't lose heart. Everyone has the right to seek happiness. If you meet someone who loves you, she won't care about your illness. As long as you really care about her, she will accompany you to the end of time. So, come on, I wish you happiness!
4. You'd better go to a regular hospital to take an X-ray and make a diagnosis,
to see if there is any damage to the meniscus.
to see if there is any damage to the meniscus.
5. Ankylosing spondylitis (as) is also known as rheumatoid spondylitis. This disease is an aggressive inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues of the spine. Generally, sacroiliac joint is invaded first, and then, e to the development of the disease, the lumbar spine, thoracic spine and cervical spine are graally involved, and the small joint space is blurred, the fusion disappears, the vertebral osteoporosis is destroyed, and the ligaments are ossified, resulting in spinal ankylosis or hunchback fixation. The main symptoms were pain and limited activity. It is a common disease of unknown etiology
symptoms:
the onset is slow, the systemic symptoms are mild, and there may be fatigue in the early stage, the signs are relieved, or nausea, fever, etc. Graally appear low back pain, muscle spasm and stiffness, symptoms often worsen after rest, rece after activity. After that, typical sacroiliac joint pain graally appeared, and the spine was involved upward. The affected parts were painful, tender, stiff, limited in movement, and flexion deformity graally appeared. The symptoms were increased in cloudy days or after fatigue, and relieved in warm days or after rest. Recurrent iritis often coexists, and some patients may have sciatica. If the lesion affects the costal vertebral joint, there may also be limited or loss of chest expansion ring breathing and intercostal neuralgia
in late stage patients with spinal ankylosis in abnormal position, neck and waist can't rotate, and the whole body must rotate when looking sideways, which can lead to serious hunchback deformity and can't look forward. Sometimes the disease can also affect the hip and knee joints, and when the hip joint is involved, it shows a swing gait. With the bone ankylosis, pain and other symptoms of the affected parts graally disappear, leaving a lifelong deformity
what is ankylosing spondylitis?
symptoms:
the onset is slow, the systemic symptoms are mild, and there may be fatigue in the early stage, the signs are relieved, or nausea, fever, etc. Graally appear low back pain, muscle spasm and stiffness, symptoms often worsen after rest, rece after activity. After that, typical sacroiliac joint pain graally appeared, and the spine was involved upward. The affected parts were painful, tender, stiff, limited in movement, and flexion deformity graally appeared. The symptoms were increased in cloudy days or after fatigue, and relieved in warm days or after rest. Recurrent iritis often coexists, and some patients may have sciatica. If the lesion affects the costal vertebral joint, there may also be limited or loss of chest expansion ring breathing and intercostal neuralgia
in late stage patients with spinal ankylosis in abnormal position, neck and waist can't rotate, and the whole body must rotate when looking sideways, which can lead to serious hunchback deformity and can't look forward. Sometimes the disease can also affect the hip and knee joints, and when the hip joint is involved, it shows a swing gait. With the bone ankylosis, pain and other symptoms of the affected parts graally disappear, leaving a lifelong deformity
what is ankylosing spondylitis?
6. Ankylosing spondylitis
[overview]
ankylosing spondylitis; AS It is a kind of chronic progressive inflammatory disease which mainly invades the spine and can involve sacroiliac joint and peripheral joint in varying degrees. The disease is also known as Marie str ü Mpell's disease, von Bechterew's disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, deformed spondylitis, rheumatoid central type and so on are all called as. As is characterized by inflammation and ossification of the lumbar, cervical, thoracic spinal joints and ligaments as well as sacroiliac joints. The hip joint is often involved, and other peripheral joints may also have inflammation. This disease is generally negative for rheumatoid factor, so it belongs to seronegative spondylosis with Reiter syndrome, psoriasis arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, etc< In fact, ankylosing spondylitis is a very old disease. Evidence of ankylosing spondylitis was found in the bones of ancient Egyptians thousands of years ago. Two thousand years ago, Hippocrates, a famous Greek doctor, described a disease in which patients had pain in the sacrum, spine and cervical spine< In 1893, the disease was first described in detail by Russian btchterev. In 1897 and 1898, strumpell and Marie reported the disease in detail respectively, so they named it as berteleev's disease and Ma Shi Er's disease. More than 2000 years ago, the emperor's Canon of internal medicine, Su Wen Bi Lun Pian, recorded that "those with kidney Bi are good at distension, Jiji replaces heel and Ji replaces head", describing the pathogenesis and symptoms of the disease. This disease has been called rheumatoid spondylitis or central rheumatoid arthritis in China since 1950s. In recent years, with the development of medicine, the understanding of this disease has been deepened. It is found that this disease is different from rheumatoid arthritis in terms of age, sex, location, pathological characteristics and various laboratory tests, There is no rheumatoid factor in the serum of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, but the positive rate of HLA-B27 is very high, which indicates that the disease is completely different from rheumatoid arthritis. So in 1963, the international anti rheumatism alliance named the disease as ankylosing spondylitis< In 1982, the first Chinese rheumatism Symposium affirmed the international unified name of ankylosing spondylitis. The diagnostic names of rheumatoid spondylitis and central rheumatoid arthritis have been discontinued. In the latest classification of rheumatism, it has been classified as seronegative spondyloarthropathy. But at present, some domestic experts believe that this name is not very accurate, because the involved tissues and organs are not limited to the spine, hip, knee, ankle, wrist, shoulder and other limb joints can be involved, and the eyes, heart, lung, kidney and other organs are often involved, which should be a systemic disease, but this diagnostic name is still commonly used at home and abroad
[diagnosis]
according to the history, inflammatory spondylopathy should be considered if there are the following manifestations [28]: ① occult low back discomfort; ② Age < 40 years old; ③ Lasting for more than 3 months; ④ Stiff in the morning; ⑤ Activity symptoms improved. Having the above-mentioned history and X-ray signs of sacroiliac arthritis, it was confirmed as spondylosis; If psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease or Reiter's syndrome arthritis are further excluded, the diagnosis of primary as can be made, rather than waiting for obvious ankylosis of the spine< At present, the commonly used diagnostic criteria for as are New York diagnostic criteria proposed in 1965:
1
2< The fourth rib space was measured horizontally, and the expansion was less than or equal to 2.5cm
according to the above clinical criteria and X-ray changes of sacroiliac arthritis
(1) the diagnosis of as was: ① bilateral sacroiliac arthritis grade III or IV, with at least one of the above clinical criteria; ② Unilateral sacroiliac arthritis grade III or IV, or bilateral sacroiliac arthritis grade II, with clinical standard item I, or with clinical standard item 2 item 3
(2) suspected as: bilateral sacroiliac arthritis grade III or IV, but does not meet any of the clinical criteria< Because of the unknown etiology, there is no effective treatment to prevent the progression of as. Fortunately, many patients with sacroiliac arthritis developed to grade II or III and did not continue to develop [15]. Only a few patients developed to complete ankylosis
the purpose of as treatment is to control inflammation, rece light work, relieve symptoms, maintain normal posture and optimal functional position, and prevent deformity. In order to achieve the above goal, early diagnosis and early treatment should be carried out, and comprehensive measures should be taken, including ecation of patients and their families, physical therapy, physiotherapy, drug and surgical treatment< (1) the treatment of this disease starts from ecating the patients and their families to understand the nature of the disease, the general course of disease, the possible measures and the prognosis in the future, so as to enhance the confidence and patience of disease resistance and obtain their understanding and close cooperation
2. Pay attention to maintain normal posture and activity ability in daily life, such as chest retraction when walking, sitting and standing, sleep without pillow or thin pillow, sleep in hardwood bed, take supine position or prone position, and lie on your stomach for half an hour in the morning and evening every day; Labor and sports activities within the capacity of the kidney; Pay attention to posture and prevent spinal deformity
3. Keep optimistic mood and eliminate the psychology of tension, anxiety, depression and fear; Smoking cessation alcohol; Work and rest on time, kidney medical physical exercise< (4) understand the drug effects and side effects, learn to adjust the drug dose and deal with the drug side effects, so as to cooperate with the treatment and achieve better results< 2. Physical therapy
physical therapy is good for all kinds of chronic diseases, especially for as. It can keep the physiological curvature of spine and prevent deformity; Maintain the range of motion of my body and maintain normal respiratory function; Maintain bone density and strength, prevent osteoporosis and limb disuse muscle atrophy, specific can do the following exercise< (1) deep breathing: take regular deep breathing exercise every morning, ring work break time and before going to bed. Deep breathing can maintain the maximum range of motion of the chest and maintain good respiratory function< (2) cervical spine movement: the head and neck can be rotated forward, backward, left and right, and the head can be rotated to maintain the normal range of motion of cervical spine< (3) lumbar movement: do lumbar movement, forward flexion, backward tilt, lateral bending and left and right body rotation every day to maintain normal range of motion of lumbar spine< (4) physical exercise: push up, diagonal support, lower limb flexion and extension, chest expansion and swimming. Swimming is not only concive to limb movement, but also helps to increase lung function and maintain physiological curvature of spine, which is the most suitable whole body exercise for as
the patient can take appropriate exercise mode and amount according to his own situation. Muscle and joint pain or discomfort may appear at the beginning of exercise, but he can recover after a short rest after exercise. If the new pain can not be recovered for more than 2 hours, it indicates excessive exercise, and the amount of exercise should be reced or the mode of exercise should be adjusted appropriately< Physical therapy can be used in general, such as hot water bath, water bath or shower, mineral spring bath, etc., to increase local blood circulation, relax muscles, relieve pain, help joint activity, maintain normal function and prevent deformity< Drug therapy
according to the report of gram and Husby [28] in 1992, the drugs for the treatment of as can be divided into three categories: ① drugs that inhibit the activity of the disease and affect the progress of the disease, such as sulfasalazine. It is suitable for active as, as with peripheral arthritis and newly discovered as. ② NSAIDs are suitable for patients with severe pain and stiffness at night. They can be taken before going to bed. ③ Analgesics and muscle relaxants, such as Zhentong Xin and qiangtongding jishuping, are commonly used in patients who have no response to long-term use of NSAIDs< The commonly used drugs are as follows:
1. NSAIDs can relieve pain, stiffness and muscle spasm. ① Baotaisong (0.1g) was taken orally three times a day. In the past, it was commonly used, but the side effects such as edema and hematuria were found, so it is not recommended to use it at present. ② Indomethacin (indomethacin) 25-50 mg, 3-4 times a day, is commonly used as the first choice. ③ The others were naproxen 0.25g twice a day; 1 g ibuprofen, 3 times a day; Yantongxikang 20mg once a day can be used. ④ Oxaprozin [29] alts 600-1200 mg, once a day, oral, children 10-20 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. The side effects were gastrointestinal reaction, kidney damage and bleeding time. Ibuprofen is the first choice for pregnant and lactating women [22]< (2) sulfasalazine (SSZ) is an azo complex of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and SULFAPYRIDINE (SP). It has been used in the treatment of as since 1980s. The dosage of SSZ is increased from 0.25g three times a day to 1.0g three times a day. The effective rate was 71% in half a year, 85% in one year and 90% in two years. The patient's symptoms were improved, and the laboratory indexes and radiation signs were improved or stable. The main side effects were gastrointestinal symptoms, rash, hemogram and liver function changes, but they were rare. The blood picture should be checked regularly ring medication< (3) it is reported that the efficacy of MTX is similar to that of SSZ. Low dose pulse therapy is the same as once a week, 0.5-5mg in the first week, 2.5mg in the next week and 10-15mg in the last week. The efficacy of oral and intravenous drugs is similar. The side effects include gastrointestinal reaction, bone marrow suppression, stomatitis, alopecia, etc. the liver function and blood picture should be checked regularly ring medication, and alcohol should be avoided< In general, adrenocortical hormone (CS) is not used in the treatment of as, but when NSAIDs is ineffective in the treatment of acute iritis or peripheral arthritis, CS can be injected locally or orally. Peters [30] and others respectively applied methylprednisolone 1000 mg / time a day and 375 mg / time intravenous drip to treat 17 and 59 cases of acute active as, which were invalid to other drugs. After 3 days of continuous use, they achieved long-term remission. The effect of high-dose group was slightly better, and it had obvious effect on controlling pain and improving spinal activity, but there was no statistical significance between the two groups< (5) Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook (code named T2) was initially used in the treatment of as in China. It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. 12% Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook (15-30ml) was used daily after meals for three times. After the disease was controlled (about 3-6 months), the maintenance dose was changed to 5-10ml daily or every other day. In the future, take Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside tablet (T2) 20mg, three times a day, the curative effect is better than tincture, and it is convenient to take. The side effects included gastrointestinal reaction, leucopenia, menstrual disorder and decreased sperm motility< (6) Fengshikang capsule was used to treat 120 cases of as in Guilin Rheumatology Research Center, and indomethacin was used as control. Fengshikang is composed of Flos Daturae, semen Strychni, Panax quinquefolium, Herba Epimedii and other traditional Chinese medicines. Each capsule contains 0.25g, generally 8 capsules per day, for 3-6 months. The recent control of the disease was 10.8%, markedly effective 40%, improved 44.2%, ineffective 5%, and the total effective rate was 95%. The effective rate was 96.7%; Secondly, the flexion, extension and scoliosis were improved
[overview]
ankylosing spondylitis; AS It is a kind of chronic progressive inflammatory disease which mainly invades the spine and can involve sacroiliac joint and peripheral joint in varying degrees. The disease is also known as Marie str ü Mpell's disease, von Bechterew's disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, deformed spondylitis, rheumatoid central type and so on are all called as. As is characterized by inflammation and ossification of the lumbar, cervical, thoracic spinal joints and ligaments as well as sacroiliac joints. The hip joint is often involved, and other peripheral joints may also have inflammation. This disease is generally negative for rheumatoid factor, so it belongs to seronegative spondylosis with Reiter syndrome, psoriasis arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, etc< In fact, ankylosing spondylitis is a very old disease. Evidence of ankylosing spondylitis was found in the bones of ancient Egyptians thousands of years ago. Two thousand years ago, Hippocrates, a famous Greek doctor, described a disease in which patients had pain in the sacrum, spine and cervical spine< In 1893, the disease was first described in detail by Russian btchterev. In 1897 and 1898, strumpell and Marie reported the disease in detail respectively, so they named it as berteleev's disease and Ma Shi Er's disease. More than 2000 years ago, the emperor's Canon of internal medicine, Su Wen Bi Lun Pian, recorded that "those with kidney Bi are good at distension, Jiji replaces heel and Ji replaces head", describing the pathogenesis and symptoms of the disease. This disease has been called rheumatoid spondylitis or central rheumatoid arthritis in China since 1950s. In recent years, with the development of medicine, the understanding of this disease has been deepened. It is found that this disease is different from rheumatoid arthritis in terms of age, sex, location, pathological characteristics and various laboratory tests, There is no rheumatoid factor in the serum of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, but the positive rate of HLA-B27 is very high, which indicates that the disease is completely different from rheumatoid arthritis. So in 1963, the international anti rheumatism alliance named the disease as ankylosing spondylitis< In 1982, the first Chinese rheumatism Symposium affirmed the international unified name of ankylosing spondylitis. The diagnostic names of rheumatoid spondylitis and central rheumatoid arthritis have been discontinued. In the latest classification of rheumatism, it has been classified as seronegative spondyloarthropathy. But at present, some domestic experts believe that this name is not very accurate, because the involved tissues and organs are not limited to the spine, hip, knee, ankle, wrist, shoulder and other limb joints can be involved, and the eyes, heart, lung, kidney and other organs are often involved, which should be a systemic disease, but this diagnostic name is still commonly used at home and abroad
[diagnosis]
according to the history, inflammatory spondylopathy should be considered if there are the following manifestations [28]: ① occult low back discomfort; ② Age < 40 years old; ③ Lasting for more than 3 months; ④ Stiff in the morning; ⑤ Activity symptoms improved. Having the above-mentioned history and X-ray signs of sacroiliac arthritis, it was confirmed as spondylosis; If psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease or Reiter's syndrome arthritis are further excluded, the diagnosis of primary as can be made, rather than waiting for obvious ankylosis of the spine< At present, the commonly used diagnostic criteria for as are New York diagnostic criteria proposed in 1965:
1
2< The fourth rib space was measured horizontally, and the expansion was less than or equal to 2.5cm
according to the above clinical criteria and X-ray changes of sacroiliac arthritis
(1) the diagnosis of as was: ① bilateral sacroiliac arthritis grade III or IV, with at least one of the above clinical criteria; ② Unilateral sacroiliac arthritis grade III or IV, or bilateral sacroiliac arthritis grade II, with clinical standard item I, or with clinical standard item 2 item 3
(2) suspected as: bilateral sacroiliac arthritis grade III or IV, but does not meet any of the clinical criteria< Because of the unknown etiology, there is no effective treatment to prevent the progression of as. Fortunately, many patients with sacroiliac arthritis developed to grade II or III and did not continue to develop [15]. Only a few patients developed to complete ankylosis
the purpose of as treatment is to control inflammation, rece light work, relieve symptoms, maintain normal posture and optimal functional position, and prevent deformity. In order to achieve the above goal, early diagnosis and early treatment should be carried out, and comprehensive measures should be taken, including ecation of patients and their families, physical therapy, physiotherapy, drug and surgical treatment< (1) the treatment of this disease starts from ecating the patients and their families to understand the nature of the disease, the general course of disease, the possible measures and the prognosis in the future, so as to enhance the confidence and patience of disease resistance and obtain their understanding and close cooperation
2. Pay attention to maintain normal posture and activity ability in daily life, such as chest retraction when walking, sitting and standing, sleep without pillow or thin pillow, sleep in hardwood bed, take supine position or prone position, and lie on your stomach for half an hour in the morning and evening every day; Labor and sports activities within the capacity of the kidney; Pay attention to posture and prevent spinal deformity
3. Keep optimistic mood and eliminate the psychology of tension, anxiety, depression and fear; Smoking cessation alcohol; Work and rest on time, kidney medical physical exercise< (4) understand the drug effects and side effects, learn to adjust the drug dose and deal with the drug side effects, so as to cooperate with the treatment and achieve better results< 2. Physical therapy
physical therapy is good for all kinds of chronic diseases, especially for as. It can keep the physiological curvature of spine and prevent deformity; Maintain the range of motion of my body and maintain normal respiratory function; Maintain bone density and strength, prevent osteoporosis and limb disuse muscle atrophy, specific can do the following exercise< (1) deep breathing: take regular deep breathing exercise every morning, ring work break time and before going to bed. Deep breathing can maintain the maximum range of motion of the chest and maintain good respiratory function< (2) cervical spine movement: the head and neck can be rotated forward, backward, left and right, and the head can be rotated to maintain the normal range of motion of cervical spine< (3) lumbar movement: do lumbar movement, forward flexion, backward tilt, lateral bending and left and right body rotation every day to maintain normal range of motion of lumbar spine< (4) physical exercise: push up, diagonal support, lower limb flexion and extension, chest expansion and swimming. Swimming is not only concive to limb movement, but also helps to increase lung function and maintain physiological curvature of spine, which is the most suitable whole body exercise for as
the patient can take appropriate exercise mode and amount according to his own situation. Muscle and joint pain or discomfort may appear at the beginning of exercise, but he can recover after a short rest after exercise. If the new pain can not be recovered for more than 2 hours, it indicates excessive exercise, and the amount of exercise should be reced or the mode of exercise should be adjusted appropriately< Physical therapy can be used in general, such as hot water bath, water bath or shower, mineral spring bath, etc., to increase local blood circulation, relax muscles, relieve pain, help joint activity, maintain normal function and prevent deformity< Drug therapy
according to the report of gram and Husby [28] in 1992, the drugs for the treatment of as can be divided into three categories: ① drugs that inhibit the activity of the disease and affect the progress of the disease, such as sulfasalazine. It is suitable for active as, as with peripheral arthritis and newly discovered as. ② NSAIDs are suitable for patients with severe pain and stiffness at night. They can be taken before going to bed. ③ Analgesics and muscle relaxants, such as Zhentong Xin and qiangtongding jishuping, are commonly used in patients who have no response to long-term use of NSAIDs< The commonly used drugs are as follows:
1. NSAIDs can relieve pain, stiffness and muscle spasm. ① Baotaisong (0.1g) was taken orally three times a day. In the past, it was commonly used, but the side effects such as edema and hematuria were found, so it is not recommended to use it at present. ② Indomethacin (indomethacin) 25-50 mg, 3-4 times a day, is commonly used as the first choice. ③ The others were naproxen 0.25g twice a day; 1 g ibuprofen, 3 times a day; Yantongxikang 20mg once a day can be used. ④ Oxaprozin [29] alts 600-1200 mg, once a day, oral, children 10-20 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. The side effects were gastrointestinal reaction, kidney damage and bleeding time. Ibuprofen is the first choice for pregnant and lactating women [22]< (2) sulfasalazine (SSZ) is an azo complex of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and SULFAPYRIDINE (SP). It has been used in the treatment of as since 1980s. The dosage of SSZ is increased from 0.25g three times a day to 1.0g three times a day. The effective rate was 71% in half a year, 85% in one year and 90% in two years. The patient's symptoms were improved, and the laboratory indexes and radiation signs were improved or stable. The main side effects were gastrointestinal symptoms, rash, hemogram and liver function changes, but they were rare. The blood picture should be checked regularly ring medication< (3) it is reported that the efficacy of MTX is similar to that of SSZ. Low dose pulse therapy is the same as once a week, 0.5-5mg in the first week, 2.5mg in the next week and 10-15mg in the last week. The efficacy of oral and intravenous drugs is similar. The side effects include gastrointestinal reaction, bone marrow suppression, stomatitis, alopecia, etc. the liver function and blood picture should be checked regularly ring medication, and alcohol should be avoided< In general, adrenocortical hormone (CS) is not used in the treatment of as, but when NSAIDs is ineffective in the treatment of acute iritis or peripheral arthritis, CS can be injected locally or orally. Peters [30] and others respectively applied methylprednisolone 1000 mg / time a day and 375 mg / time intravenous drip to treat 17 and 59 cases of acute active as, which were invalid to other drugs. After 3 days of continuous use, they achieved long-term remission. The effect of high-dose group was slightly better, and it had obvious effect on controlling pain and improving spinal activity, but there was no statistical significance between the two groups< (5) Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook (code named T2) was initially used in the treatment of as in China. It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. 12% Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook (15-30ml) was used daily after meals for three times. After the disease was controlled (about 3-6 months), the maintenance dose was changed to 5-10ml daily or every other day. In the future, take Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside tablet (T2) 20mg, three times a day, the curative effect is better than tincture, and it is convenient to take. The side effects included gastrointestinal reaction, leucopenia, menstrual disorder and decreased sperm motility< (6) Fengshikang capsule was used to treat 120 cases of as in Guilin Rheumatology Research Center, and indomethacin was used as control. Fengshikang is composed of Flos Daturae, semen Strychni, Panax quinquefolium, Herba Epimedii and other traditional Chinese medicines. Each capsule contains 0.25g, generally 8 capsules per day, for 3-6 months. The recent control of the disease was 10.8%, markedly effective 40%, improved 44.2%, ineffective 5%, and the total effective rate was 95%. The effective rate was 96.7%; Secondly, the flexion, extension and scoliosis were improved
7. Good effect in the morning
beauty, nourishing the face, tonifying the kidney, strengthening the liver, strengthening the stomach, immune regulation, anti fatigue, strengthening the body, delaying aging and other functions
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beauty, nourishing the face, tonifying the kidney, strengthening the liver, strengthening the stomach, immune regulation, anti fatigue, strengthening the body, delaying aging and other functions
Northeast specialty Taobao Mall ginseng, snow clam, velvet antler
if you are not satisfied, you can return it to avoid your worries< br /> http://lbtc.mall.taobao.com/
all kinds of gift boxes of ginseng, velvet antler and snow clam
buy a beautiful mouse pad!
8. The writing format, process and writing skills of graation thesis
in a broad sense, all works that discuss the content of science and technology are called scientific works, such as original treatises (Papers), briefs, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, reviews, monographs, compilations, textbooks and popular science books. However, only the original works and their briefs are original, primary and primary, involving the creation and invention of intellectual property rights. Others, of course, are also important, but they are processed, developed, and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is just the writing of the paper to talk about some experience. When discussing thesis writing, we are not prepared to talk about the rules and regulations of manuscript writing. It mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to occur in thesis writing, as well as the standardization of thesis writing morality and writing content
the requirements of thesis writing
the following are described in the order of thesis structure.
in a broad sense, all works that discuss the content of science and technology are called scientific works, such as original treatises (Papers), briefs, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, reviews, monographs, compilations, textbooks and popular science books. However, only the original works and their briefs are original, primary and primary, involving the creation and invention of intellectual property rights. Others, of course, are also important, but they are processed, developed, and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is just the writing of the paper to talk about some experience. When discussing thesis writing, we are not prepared to talk about the rules and regulations of manuscript writing. It mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to occur in thesis writing, as well as the standardization of thesis writing morality and writing content
the requirements of thesis writing
the following are described in the order of thesis structure.
9. The writing requirements, process and writing skills of the graation thesis of drug management
in a broad sense, all the works that discuss the content of science and technology are called scientific works, such as original treatises (Papers), briefs, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, reviews, monographs, compilations, textbooks and popular science books. However, only the original works and their briefs are original, primary and primary, involving the creation and invention of intellectual property rights. Others, of course, are also important, but they are processed, developed, and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is just the writing of the paper to talk about some experience. When discussing thesis writing, we are not prepared to talk about the rules and regulations of manuscript writing. It mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to occur in thesis writing, as well as the standardization of thesis writing morality and writing content
the requirements of thesis writing
the following are described in the order of thesis structure
(1) papers - scientific papers have their own titles, so they should not be "Untitled". The title of the paper is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, try not to set up subtitles, do not use the first report, the second report and so on. The titles of scientific papers should be stated directly without exclamation marks or question marks, and they should not be written in advertising or news reports
(2) papers - signed scientific papers should be signed with their real names and work units. It mainly reflects the responsibility, the ownership of achievements and is convenient for future generations to follow up and study. Strictly speaking, the author of a paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, establishment method, experimental operation, data arrangement, summary, writing, etc., and should be able to answer the relevant questions of the paper. Now we tend to list all the people who take part in the work, so we should rank them in order of contribution. The signature of the paper shall be approved by the author. According to the actual situation, the academic director can be listed as the author of the paper or give general thanks. Executive leaders generally do not sign their names
(3) the introction is a fascinating word of the paper, which is very important and should be written well. A good introction can help readers understand the development of your job and your position in this research field. It is necessary to write the basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. We should review the necessary literature and write down the development of the problem. The words should be concise< (4) materials and methods: according to the regulations, write down the experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, write down the experimental methods, indicators, judgment standards, etc., and write down the experimental design, grouping, statistical methods, etc. These articles can be submitted according to the regulations of the journal< (5) the experimental results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and logically presented. We should get rid of the rough and the fine, remove the false and retain the true, but we should not make a subjective choice because it does not conform to our own intention, let alone resort to fraud. Only the data obtained in the period of unskilled technology or unstable instrument, the data obtained in the case of technical failure or wrong operation, and the data obtained in the case of failure to meet the experimental conditions can be discarded. Moreover, the reason must be indicated on the original record when the problem is found, and it can't be eliminated arbitrarily e to abnormality in the summary processing. When discarding such data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions and in the same period, not just those who do not agree with us
the arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper, but can be used for other purposes, instead of being hard pieced together into a paper. Professional terms should be used as far as possible. Those who can use tables should not use charts, and those who can not use charts should not use charts, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. The text, table and figure are not repeated. The accidental phenomena and accidents in the experiment should be explained as necessary, and should not be discarded at will< (6) discussion is an important and difficult part of a paper. We should take a comprehensive view of the whole situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. The results of the experiment should be analyzed and reasoned rather than repeated. We should focus on the discussion of the results and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposite views should not be avoided. In the discussion of this paper, we can put forward the hypothesis and the development assumption of this topic, but the propriety should be appropriate, not "science fiction" or "imagination"< (7) conclusion or conclusion the conclusion of a paper should give clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written one by one. Don't use vague words like "summary"< (8) thesis reference is an important and problematic part of the thesis. The purpose of listing references is to let readers understand the context of the thesis research proposition, which is easy to find. At the same time, it is also to respect the previous work and have an accurate positioning of their own work. Therefore, there are not only technical problems, but also scientific moral problems
there are almost all references in a paper. For example, the most important and directly related literature should be cited in the introction; In the method, we should use the method we used or used for reference; In the results, sometimes the data compared with the literature should be cited; In the discussion, various supporting or contradictory results or opinions related to the paper should be cited
all carelessness, do not check the literature; Deliberately do not lead, self innovation; Belittle others and elevate oneself; It's wrong to avoid the heavy and take the light and pretend to be a posture. And this phenomenon is still seen from time to time in many papers, which should be regarded as the taboo of researchers. Among them, mistakes such as not looking up literature, missing important literature, deliberately not quoting other people's literature or intentionally belittling other people's work are relatively obvious and easy to find. Some of the rules are hidden, such as those that should be cited in the introction, and those that should be cited in the discussion. This will be the basis or forerunner of your paper, and put on an equal footing with your paper. Another example is that scientific research is always developed graally, and your work is always developed on the basis of previous work. The correct way to write it should be, what results someone has made on this topic in a certain year, and what results someone has made on this basis in a certain year. Now I have completed this research on the basis of them. It's a matter of fact attitude. This expression will not damage your contribution at all. Some paper authors do not express it in this way, but say that one year someone has done this problem and failed to do it, another year someone has done this problem and still failed to do it, now I have done it. This is not an attitude of seeking truth from facts. In this way, some laymen who don't know the truth can sometimes be fooled, but the paper tiger will be broken as soon as the layman pokes it. As a result, it will become self defeating and lose credibility. This phenomenon is not uncommon in real life< (9) paper - the director, technical assistant, special reagent or equipment provider, financial supporter and important proposal giver of the paper are all the objects of thanks. The paper thanks should be sincere, real, not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general or others. Before writing a paper to express thanks, the consent of the person to be acknowledged should be obtained, and the flag should not be used as tiger skin< (x) abstract or abstract: a brief summary of the whole paper in about 200 words. Often put the first chapter. The abstract should be carefully written and attractive. To let readers read the abstract is like seeing the miniature of the paper, or want to continue to read the relevant parts of the paper after reading the abstract. In addition, several key words should be given. The key words should be the real academic words, not the general words.
in a broad sense, all the works that discuss the content of science and technology are called scientific works, such as original treatises (Papers), briefs, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, reviews, monographs, compilations, textbooks and popular science books. However, only the original works and their briefs are original, primary and primary, involving the creation and invention of intellectual property rights. Others, of course, are also important, but they are processed, developed, and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is just the writing of the paper to talk about some experience. When discussing thesis writing, we are not prepared to talk about the rules and regulations of manuscript writing. It mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to occur in thesis writing, as well as the standardization of thesis writing morality and writing content
the requirements of thesis writing
the following are described in the order of thesis structure
(1) papers - scientific papers have their own titles, so they should not be "Untitled". The title of the paper is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, try not to set up subtitles, do not use the first report, the second report and so on. The titles of scientific papers should be stated directly without exclamation marks or question marks, and they should not be written in advertising or news reports
(2) papers - signed scientific papers should be signed with their real names and work units. It mainly reflects the responsibility, the ownership of achievements and is convenient for future generations to follow up and study. Strictly speaking, the author of a paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, establishment method, experimental operation, data arrangement, summary, writing, etc., and should be able to answer the relevant questions of the paper. Now we tend to list all the people who take part in the work, so we should rank them in order of contribution. The signature of the paper shall be approved by the author. According to the actual situation, the academic director can be listed as the author of the paper or give general thanks. Executive leaders generally do not sign their names
(3) the introction is a fascinating word of the paper, which is very important and should be written well. A good introction can help readers understand the development of your job and your position in this research field. It is necessary to write the basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. We should review the necessary literature and write down the development of the problem. The words should be concise< (4) materials and methods: according to the regulations, write down the experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, write down the experimental methods, indicators, judgment standards, etc., and write down the experimental design, grouping, statistical methods, etc. These articles can be submitted according to the regulations of the journal< (5) the experimental results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and logically presented. We should get rid of the rough and the fine, remove the false and retain the true, but we should not make a subjective choice because it does not conform to our own intention, let alone resort to fraud. Only the data obtained in the period of unskilled technology or unstable instrument, the data obtained in the case of technical failure or wrong operation, and the data obtained in the case of failure to meet the experimental conditions can be discarded. Moreover, the reason must be indicated on the original record when the problem is found, and it can't be eliminated arbitrarily e to abnormality in the summary processing. When discarding such data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions and in the same period, not just those who do not agree with us
the arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper, but can be used for other purposes, instead of being hard pieced together into a paper. Professional terms should be used as far as possible. Those who can use tables should not use charts, and those who can not use charts should not use charts, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. The text, table and figure are not repeated. The accidental phenomena and accidents in the experiment should be explained as necessary, and should not be discarded at will< (6) discussion is an important and difficult part of a paper. We should take a comprehensive view of the whole situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. The results of the experiment should be analyzed and reasoned rather than repeated. We should focus on the discussion of the results and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposite views should not be avoided. In the discussion of this paper, we can put forward the hypothesis and the development assumption of this topic, but the propriety should be appropriate, not "science fiction" or "imagination"< (7) conclusion or conclusion the conclusion of a paper should give clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written one by one. Don't use vague words like "summary"< (8) thesis reference is an important and problematic part of the thesis. The purpose of listing references is to let readers understand the context of the thesis research proposition, which is easy to find. At the same time, it is also to respect the previous work and have an accurate positioning of their own work. Therefore, there are not only technical problems, but also scientific moral problems
there are almost all references in a paper. For example, the most important and directly related literature should be cited in the introction; In the method, we should use the method we used or used for reference; In the results, sometimes the data compared with the literature should be cited; In the discussion, various supporting or contradictory results or opinions related to the paper should be cited
all carelessness, do not check the literature; Deliberately do not lead, self innovation; Belittle others and elevate oneself; It's wrong to avoid the heavy and take the light and pretend to be a posture. And this phenomenon is still seen from time to time in many papers, which should be regarded as the taboo of researchers. Among them, mistakes such as not looking up literature, missing important literature, deliberately not quoting other people's literature or intentionally belittling other people's work are relatively obvious and easy to find. Some of the rules are hidden, such as those that should be cited in the introction, and those that should be cited in the discussion. This will be the basis or forerunner of your paper, and put on an equal footing with your paper. Another example is that scientific research is always developed graally, and your work is always developed on the basis of previous work. The correct way to write it should be, what results someone has made on this topic in a certain year, and what results someone has made on this basis in a certain year. Now I have completed this research on the basis of them. It's a matter of fact attitude. This expression will not damage your contribution at all. Some paper authors do not express it in this way, but say that one year someone has done this problem and failed to do it, another year someone has done this problem and still failed to do it, now I have done it. This is not an attitude of seeking truth from facts. In this way, some laymen who don't know the truth can sometimes be fooled, but the paper tiger will be broken as soon as the layman pokes it. As a result, it will become self defeating and lose credibility. This phenomenon is not uncommon in real life< (9) paper - the director, technical assistant, special reagent or equipment provider, financial supporter and important proposal giver of the paper are all the objects of thanks. The paper thanks should be sincere, real, not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general or others. Before writing a paper to express thanks, the consent of the person to be acknowledged should be obtained, and the flag should not be used as tiger skin< (x) abstract or abstract: a brief summary of the whole paper in about 200 words. Often put the first chapter. The abstract should be carefully written and attractive. To let readers read the abstract is like seeing the miniature of the paper, or want to continue to read the relevant parts of the paper after reading the abstract. In addition, several key words should be given. The key words should be the real academic words, not the general words.
10. Some topics of pharmaceutical papers are provided for reference
1. Preparation technology of capsules
2. Preparation technology of dispersible tablets
3. Improvement of injection preparation technology
4. Extraction and transformation of several substances
5. Preparation technology of oral liquid
6. Preparation technology of granules
7. Preparation technology of tablets
8. Preparation technology of suppositories
9. Quality standard of tablets
10 Study on quality standard of capsule
11, study on quality standard of oral liquid
12, study on quality standard of granule
13, study on quality standard of suppository
14, study on separation and purification of traditional Chinese medicine components with macroporous resin
15, study on Extraction Technology of traditional Chinese medicine
16, determination of preparation content by ultraviolet spectrophotometry
17, determination of preparation content by HPLC
18 Improvement of preparation determination method in drug standard
19. Improvement of proction process of a drug
20. Improvement of synthesis process of a drug
21. Study on efficacy of preparation
22. Study on irritation of preparation
23. Study on stability of preparation
24. Improvement of prescription dispensing in hospital
25 Improvement of hospital drug management
26 exploration of new process for drug biotransformation proction
27 exploration of process route for drug proction by enzymatic reaction
28 research on Application of BTC in chemical proction
29 research on pharmacodynamics of new drug development
30 research on toxicity of new drug
1. Preparation technology of capsules
2. Preparation technology of dispersible tablets
3. Improvement of injection preparation technology
4. Extraction and transformation of several substances
5. Preparation technology of oral liquid
6. Preparation technology of granules
7. Preparation technology of tablets
8. Preparation technology of suppositories
9. Quality standard of tablets
10 Study on quality standard of capsule
11, study on quality standard of oral liquid
12, study on quality standard of granule
13, study on quality standard of suppository
14, study on separation and purification of traditional Chinese medicine components with macroporous resin
15, study on Extraction Technology of traditional Chinese medicine
16, determination of preparation content by ultraviolet spectrophotometry
17, determination of preparation content by HPLC
18 Improvement of preparation determination method in drug standard
19. Improvement of proction process of a drug
20. Improvement of synthesis process of a drug
21. Study on efficacy of preparation
22. Study on irritation of preparation
23. Study on stability of preparation
24. Improvement of prescription dispensing in hospital
25 Improvement of hospital drug management
26 exploration of new process for drug biotransformation proction
27 exploration of process route for drug proction by enzymatic reaction
28 research on Application of BTC in chemical proction
29 research on pharmacodynamics of new drug development
30 research on toxicity of new drug
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