BTC manual

1. In order to understand the technical principle of bitcoin, we need to understand two important cryptographic techniques: hash code: it converts a long string into a fixed length string, and its conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from hash code. Sha256 is mainly used in bitcoin protocol
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC

2. 1. Bitcoin white paper: a peer-to-peer e-cash system, written by Tsung Nakamoto. Read this white paper first, and then consider other contents
2 FORTRAN 95 programming, written by Peng Guolun
3 Introction to FORTRAN 77 and 90 / 95 programming, written by Ding Zejun
4. Out of control: the new biology of machines, society and economy
5. Necessity, written by Kevin Kelly, mentions 12 inevitable trends in the next 20 years
6. Master bitcoin, this book will provide you with the necessary knowledge to guide you into the bitcoin world
7. blockchain revolution, written by don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott, tells how the underlying technology of bitcoin has changed money, business and the world
8. Blueprint and guide of blockchain new economy, written by Melanie Swann
9. Blockchain: the concept of quantum wealth, written by Han Feng / Zhang Xiaomei
10. Logic of finance, The author is Chen Zhiwu. The work starts from the cultural and institutional genes of wealth in simple terms, so as to tell readers what the logic of finance is
related books include principles of economics, blockchain: technology driven finance, blockchain Revolution: how bitcoin's underlying technology can change money Business and the world, blockchain technology guide, illustrated blockchain, how blockchain will redefine the world, digital currency: bitcoin data reporting and operation guide, blockchain: from digital currency to credit society, intelligent age, etc. to be honest, blockchain is still a hot resource. It's mainly about judgment (whether it's valuable) and action (to get in early)
recommends a block chain related APP, called golden finance, recommends a public official account, called "Xiao Ke online". The article is rich in materials;

3. Did you ask freebtc
or did you say freebitcoin
this is related to bitcoin. It is estimated that this file is a bitcoin related program, mainly about the content of the notice file. I guess you don't like it. They all have special technical column posts to share
if you are in operation and maintenance, you can take a look at Linux and try it. It's suggested that we take a look at a column in "Linux should learn like this". It's a column that Linux command Encyclopedia (manual) joins our group

4. The postcode of Yingbin West Road, Datong City, Shanxi Province is 037008

5. This article will not deal with the details of algorithms and protocols. I plan to write another article on the principle of bitcoin from the perspective of programmers, where I will explain some key data structures, algorithms and protocols in the bitcoin system from the perspective of technicians
in this article, I will give a virtual village called "bitcoin village". The whole article will tell you the motivation of bitcoin, what problems it has solved, and the goals and design schemes of some key components step by step in the way of storytelling
question
let's start with the motivation of bitcoin< In this world, there is a small village called bitcun, which has hundreds of families. The village is almost isolated from the world and lives on its own. Because there is no large-scale trade, the villagers of Biti village have been living a barter life. That is to say, there is no unified currency among the villagers. The trade between the villagers is basically that Lao Zhang's family exchanges a bag of flour for Lao Li's family's sheep, and Wang's sister-in-law exchanges a basket of wild fruits for Aunt Liu's two feet of cloth. The villagers have been living a simple life<

physical currency
finally one day, the villagers felt it was too inconvenient to barter all the time, so the whole village held a meeting to discuss how to solve this problem. It is suggested that, as a general equivalent, the corresponding relationship between other items and gold should be compiled into a table, such as one gram of gold corresponds to a sheep, one gram of gold corresponds to a bag of flour and so on. At this time, Lao Zhang no longer has to carry a bag of flour and pant to Lao Li's house to exchange sheep. He just needs to get a gram of gold from his home, You can go to Lao Li's house and bring back a sheep. Lao Li can exchange this gram of gold for a bag of flour from anyone who is willing to sell flour. Of course, he can also exchange it for anything equivalent to a gram of gold
at this time, bitcun entered the era of physical currency
symbolic currency
the good times are not long. After a period of time, the disadvantages of physical currency also appear. Because there are not many gold mines near bit village, it takes too much time and effort to mine and smelt gold. With the use of gold, it will be worn, lost or deliberately hoarded. Once again, the whole village sat together and began to discuss countermeasures. At this time, someone said that in fact, we don't have to really use gold. Just find a piece of paper and write "one gram of gold". As long as the whole village agrees that this piece of paper is equal to one gram of gold, the problem will be solved. Others agree, but at the same time, there are new problems: the real gold needs to be mined and smelted, and the gold mine is limited, so mining and smelting also need costs, so no one can make a lot of gold out of thin air in a short time, but writing is different. As long as I have enough paper and pen, I can write as much as I like, then it becomes who has more paper, Maybe ten thousand pieces of paper can be exchanged for a sheep (in fact, there will be inflation in Economics)
I think so. However, at this time, someone proposed a solution: This paper is not effective for everyone. We only know the words written by the respected old village head in the village, and everyone knows the words of the old village head. The old village head wrote some paper and gave everyone the same amount of paper according to the gold stock of each family. For example, when Lao Zhang's family had two hundred grams of gold, the old village head gave Lao Zhang 200 pieces of paper with "one gram of gold" written on it, and took Lao Zhang's gold as collateral. In this way, the old village head collected all the gold in the village into his own home, and gave the equivalent amount of paper with words according to the amount of gold handed in by each family. At this time, the villagers can trade with the paper as gold, and everyone can recognize the words of the old village head, and others can't forge them. In addition, if someone's paper is worn too seriously, he can get it to the old village head to exchange for the new equivalent paper. In addition, the old village head promises that if anyone wants to exchange for gold, he will return the equivalent gold to that person as long as he takes the paper back. Because the amount of gold in the paper written by the old village head is the same as that in the real home, so as long as the principle of destroying as many paper as new paper is strictly followed, every effective paper can always be exchanged for the corresponding real gold
at this time, bitcun entered the era of symbolic currency (paper money). The old village head took on the role of the government and the bank<

virtual currency of the central system
a few years later, the old village head has to check a large number of old banknotes every day, write new banknotes, and record various accounts carefully. One comes and two goes. The old village head is overworked and unfortunately drives to the West
bitcun held another plenary meeting to discuss what to do. At this time, er Gouzi, the son of the old village head, volunteered to take over his father's pen and assume the responsibility of currency issuance. The young village head Er Gouzi was very clever. He did it for a few days and found that he didn't really need to write so much paper. It can be done like this: Villagers hand in all the banknotes and destroy them, but Er Gouzi will record the amount of banknotes handed in by each household. If you want to pay later, for example, if Lao Zhang wants to exchange a gram of gold for Lao Li for a sheep, you should call Er Gouzi together to explain that you want to put a gram of gold in Lao Zhang's name under Lao Li's name. Er Gouzi takes out the account book to see if Lao Zhang has a gram of gold in his name. If so, you can subtract one gram from Lao Zhang's name and add one gram to Lao Li's name. In this way, the payment is completed, At this time, Lao Li heard Er Gouzi confirm that the transfer was completed on the phone, so he could rest assured that Lao Zhang would lead the sheep away
at this time, bitcun entered the era of central system virtual currency. Every villager doesn't need to pay in kind. The payment process becomes the change of the number in the account book maintained by Er Gouzi<

distributed virtual currency
the new two dogs are smart, but sometimes they are smart but they are mistaken for smart. One day, er Gouzi was staring at the account book, thinking that how much money each household in the village has is what I say, then I'm not. So his mind a hot, privately from the old Zhang's account to draw ten grams of gold to his name
I thought it would be perfect, but I didn't expect that Lao Zhang also had the habit of keeping accounts. One day, when he was about to pay, er Gouzi told him that his account was out of money. Lao Zhang checked his account book. It was clear that there were still ten grams left, so he took the account book to find Er Gouzi. This check found the transfer without Lao Zhang's consent
east window incident! Bit village is boiling. The impeachment of Er Gouzi is inevitable, but through this incident, we found that the account book is concentrated in one person's hands:
this system completely depends on the personal credit of the account book holder. If this person does not obey the rules and tampers with the account book at will, then the whole monetary system will collapse
if this family is on fire or the account book is stolen, It will also bring a devastating blow to the whole system.
just when people are at a loss, an otaku scientist named Nakamoto came to the stage and told everyone that he has designed a virtual currency system called bitcoin, which does not rely on any central processor, to solve the above problems. Then he spoke slowly about his plan
let's take a look at how Tsung Nakamoto designed this system<
infrastructure construction
account book disclosure mechanism
Nakamoto first explained that the existing account book should be transformed as follows:
the account book will no longer record the balance of each villager, but only record each transaction. That is to record the payer, payee and payment amount of each transaction. As long as the initial state of the account book is determined, each transaction record is reliable and chronological, how much money each person currently holds can be calculated
the account book is changed from private to public, so that any villager can obtain the current complete account book as long as they need it. The account book records all the transaction records from the creation of the account book to the current
as soon as this remark is made, it will be fried immediately. The first one doesn't matter, but the second one is simply unacceptable, because the account book records all the villagers' transactions, so that everyone's privacy is not completely exposed
Nakamoto is in no hurry and takes out a pair of strange things
identity and signature mechanism (public key encryption system)
Mr. Nakamoto said, don't panic. Under his system, no one trades with his real identity, but with a unique code name
he showed the magic things in his hand and said that these two things were called secret seal and seal scanner respectively. Later, he will give each household in the village a secret seal and a seal scanner. The functions of the two are as follows:
the secret seal can be stamped with a seal on the paper. The seal of each seal implies a unique string of characters in the whole village, but it can't be seen by the naked eye. We can't make the corresponding seal through observation
the seal scanner can scan a sealed seal, read out the hidden information, and display a string of characters on the LCD screen
with these two magical things, you can trade without revealing your real identity, and the string of characters implied in the seal is the code of the family. How to use secret seal and seal scanner to trade will be described in detail below<
establish a virtual miner Organization (Mining Group)
next, Nakamoto Tsung recruits virtual miners for the whole village. The recruitment requirements are as follows:
miners are divided into groups, one group can be a single family, or several families can be combined into a group
becoming a miner does not affect the normal use of currency
miners spend a certain amount of time every day engaged in bitcoin "mining" activities, However, unlike gold mining, virtual miners can complete their work at home without taking tools to do field work.
miners have a certain possibility of getting paid. The more efforts they make in mining activities, the more likely they are to get paid.
miners can quit at any time, or new miners can join in at any time.
soon, About a fifth of the villagers join bitcoin miners and are divided into seven groups
set up the initial account book (Genesis block)
next, Nakamoto announced that according to the account book in ergouzi's hand, all the gold mortgaged will be returned to each villager according to the balance recorded in the account book, and then the account book will be completely destroyed
then, Nakamoto takes out a new account book and records some transaction records on the first page of the account book. In particular, the payer column of these records is "system", while the payee is the hidden character corresponding to each seal, representing the initial time. The system allocates a certain number of bitcoins to each household by default, but the number is very small, only a few, Even some unfortunate villagers didn't get bitcoin
then Mr. Nakamoto said that since there are very few bitcoins on the market, you can go back to the era of using gold as currency. Since I'm not the village head, I don't have the right to force you to recognize bitcoin. You can decide whether to accept bitcoin or not. However, with the flow of bitcoin and the activities of miners, bitcoin will graally increase
payment and transaction

6.

Dec (decreement) minus 1 instruction

format: Dec OPR / / byte / word

execute operation: (OPR) & lt- Opr-1) / / except for the CF flag, all the other flag bits are affected

The

instruction subtracts the contents of the operand by one, and then returns the operand. The operands can be register operands or memory operands

For example: 1. Dec self decreasing function

1. Dec (I, n)// i,n:integer; N is self decrement

equivalent to I: = i-n

2.deci// i:integer;

is equivalent to I: = I-1

for example: 2. Dec is a decreasing function

I: = 100

dec(i);

If it is Dec (I, 30),

then I = 100-30 = 70

{rrrrrrr}

< H2 > extended data:

data transfer instruction

this part of instruction includes general data transfer instruction MOV, conditional transfer instruction cmovcc, stack operation instruction

push / push / push / Pop / PopA / POPAD, exchange instruction xchg / xlat / bswap Address or segment descriptor selection sub transfer instructions lea / LDS / LES / LFS / LGS / LSS, etc

note that cmovcc is not a specific instruction, but an instruction cluster, including a large number of instructions, which are used to decide whether to execute the specified transfer operation according to some bit states of EFLAGS register

integer and logic operations instructions

these instructions are used to perform arithmetic and logic operations, including add instruction add / ADC, subtract instruction sub / SBB, add instruction Inc, subtract instruction Dec, compare operation instruction CMP, multiply instruction mul / imul,

division instruction div / IDIV, symbol extension instruction CBW / CWDE / cdqe, decimal adjustment instruction DAA / Das / AAA / AAS Logic operation instruction not / and / or / XOR / test, etc

shift instructions

these instructions are used to move a register or memory operand a specified number of times. It includes logical shift left instruction SHL, logical shift right instruction SHR, arithmetic shift left instruction Sal, arithmetic shift right instruction SAR, cyclic shift left instruction rol, cyclic shift right instruction ror, etc

bit operation instructions

these instructions include bit test instruction BT, bit test and set instruction BTS, bit test and reset instruction BTR, bit test and reverse instruction BTC, bit forward scan instruction BSF, bit backward scan instruction BSR, etc

condition setting instruction

this is not a specific instruction, but an instruction cluster, including about 30 instructions, which is used to set an 8-bit register or memory operand according to some bit states of EFLAGS register. For example, Sete / setne / setge and so on

control transfer instruction

this part includes unconditional transfer instruction JMP, conditional transfer instruction JCC / jcxz, loop instruction loop / loop / loop ne, procere call instruction call, subprocess return instruction RET, interrupt instruction INTN, int3, into, IRET, etc

note that JCC is an instruction cluster, which contains many instructions and is used to decide whether to transfer or not according to some bit states of EFLAGS register; Int n is the soft interrupt instruction, and N can be a number between 0 and 255 to indicate the interrupt vector number

string operation instruction

these instructions are used to operate data strings, including string transfer instruction MOVs, string comparison instruction CMPs, string scanning instruction scans, string loading instruction LODs, string saving instruction STOs. These instructions can selectively use the prefix of Rep / Rep / repz / repne and repnz to operate continuously

I / O instructions

these instructions are used to exchange data with peripheral devices, including port input instructions in / INS and port output instructions out / outs

high level language auxiliary instructions

these instructions provide convenience for high-level language compiler, including the instruction enter to create stack frame and the instruction lead to release stack frame

control and privilege instructions

this part includes NOP, HLT, wait / mwait, ESC, lock, bound, lgdt / sgdt, LIDT / sidt, lldt / sldt

descriptor segment threshold load instruction LSR, descriptor access read instruction LAR, task register operation instruction LTR / str, request privilege level adjustment instruction arpl, task switch flag clear instruction CLTS, control register and debug register data transfer instruction MOV,

cache control instruction invd / wbinvd / invlpg Model related register read and write instruction rdmsr / wrmsr, processor information acquisition instruction CPUID, timestamp read instruction rdtsc, etc

floating point and multimedia instructions

these instructions are used to accelerate the operation of floating-point data, and SIMD and its extended ssex instructions are used to accelerate multimedia data processing. This part of the instruction data is very large, can not be listed one by one, please refer to the Intel manual

These instructions include invest / invvpid / vmcall / vmclear / vmlaunch / vmresume / vmptrld / vmptrst / vmread / vmwrite / vmxoff / vmon, etc

Network -- assembly language (machine oriented programming language)

7. I think Python basic course is better. In fact, which one you read is better.

8. SSE AVX these are extended instruction sets. Traditional x86 those are basic instruction sets. Use the software called CPUID to test which instruction sets your machine supports. Why don't you use these? You can use it. It's written in the Intel manual, but few people study it. They usually do special optimization, such as video decoding and game adoption.

9. Python introction to proficient learning books recommended< The basic course of python (the second revision)
"basic course of python (the second revision)" includes all aspects of Python programming, and covers a wide range of contents. It can not only lay a solid foundation for beginners, but also help programmers improve their skills, which is suitable for Python developers at all levels
2. Python Programming: from introction to practice
this book is an introction to Python for all levels of Python readers. The book is divided into two parts: the first part introces the basic concepts of programming in Python; The second part puts the theory into practice. This book is suitable for readers at any level who are interested in Python
3. Python core programming (3rd Edition)
Python core programming (3rd Edition) is a new upgraded version of the classic best-selling book Python core programming (2nd Edition), which is divided into three parts
Part 1 explains some general applications of Python; The second part explains the topics related to web development; The third part is a supplementary / experimental chapter, including text processing and other contents Python core programming (3rd Edition) is suitable for Python developers with certain experience
4. Data analysis with Python
data analysis with Python is a software and hardware development book published by China Machine Press in 2013, written by McKinney. Starting from the data analysis tools of panda library, this paper uses high-performance tools, matpiotlib, panda's groupby function to process all kinds of time series data< This book is suitable for beginners who study Python 3, and also for friends who know nothing about programming but are eager to change the world with programming! This book advocates understanding first and application first. Although this is an introctory book, the "ambition" of this book is not limited to "elementary level" teaching
6. Write a web crawler in Python
as an excellent guide for crawling network data in Python, this paper explains the method of crawling data from static pages and the method of using cache to manage server load
this book is written for developers who want to build reliable data crawling solutions. It assumes that the reader has some python programming experience. Of course, readers with experience in developing other programming languages can also read this book and understand the concepts and principles involved in the book< br />7、O' Reilly: Python learning manual (4th Edition)
7. O & # 39; Reilly: each chapter of the python learning manual (4th Edition) contains a separate lesson on the key elements of the python language, and includes a unique "exercises" section with practical exercises and tests so that you can practice new skills and test your understanding as you learn. You'll find lots of annotated examples and diagrams that will help you get started with Python 3.0
8. Fluent Python
fluent Python is dedicated to helping Python developers explore the high-quality features of this language and related libraries, avoid repetitive work, and write simple, fluent, easy to read, easy to maintain code with authentic Python style< br />9、O' Reilly: in simple terms, python (Chinese version)
O & # 39; Reilly: in simple terms, python (Chinese version) is a classic Python book. It is a unique secret of junior high school python, covering Python 3.0. Instead of boring and rigid preaching, it teaches you to learn Python in the form of vivid ppt< "Stupid way" to learn python (3rd Edition with a CD)
this book "stupid way" to learn Python "is written in a unique way. It starts with chapter exercises and guides the readers to input code and explain. It's not very difficult to follow each chapter. This book is not very thick, but after reading this book, you will definitely have a thorough understanding of Python language, It is the sublimation of a book from thin to thick. Python beginners are advised to buy reading
these ten books are very suitable for Xiao to get started with Python and graally study it in depth. You can calm down and choose the one that is most suitable for you.