Bitcoin rookie
Publish: 2021-04-12 11:43:22
1.
What is the prospect of blockchain technology? The following is just personal experience and opinions, for reference and learning only
I have been in touch with the blockchain instry for many years, and I have my own views and understanding from its ups and downs. I personally think blockchain technology is still very good. The reasons are as follows:
first, blockchain technology as a rookie after the Internet, the Internet is the transmission of information, and blockchain is the exchange of value. The development trend of blockchain is similar to that of Internet
2. After the blockchain has gone through great waves and been widely misunderstood, there are still many blockchain explorers and practitioners in the instry making continuous efforts
Third, with the attention of the country and other countries to the blockchain instry, governments all over the country have set up blockchain development funds to promote the development of the local blockchain instry, so as to occupy the highland of the blockchain instry Fourthly, the Internet of things is the development trend in the future. In the face of the growing demand of the Internet of things ecosystem, the computing power of the central server is severely challenged, and decentralization becomes the key to solve this problemthe above content is only a new point of view, or it needs specific analysis of specific issues. After all, practice is the only standard to test the truth
2. As an old miner, after years of comparison, Xinxiu mine and omiyun mine are good, not only with high income, but also with good service
3.
The real digital currency is issued by the state, based on the national credit, and stored in the form of electronic data. This is the national legal currency that can be circulated. So far, no country has issued digital currency, so has China. Therefore, anyone claiming to be a digital currency issued by the state is a fraud
the mode of digital currency trading through operating companies is as follows: take Ruibo coin as an example, Ruibo coin is operated by professional operating company opencoin, ripple protocol was originally designed based on means of payment, and the design idea is based on acquaintance network and trust chain. To use ripple network for remittance or loan
the premise is that in the network, the payee and the payer must be friends, or have common friends (through the transmission of friends to form a trust chain), otherwise the trust chain between the user and other users cannot be established, and the transfer cannot be carried out
extended data:
transaction mode:
at present, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because it lacks a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, and its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, so it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investors
trading platforms act as trading agents, and some of them act as market makers. The profits of these trading platforms come from investors' transaction or withdrawal fees and premium income from holding digital currency. Bitstamp, gathub, ripple Singapore, snapswap, Japan's Mt. GOx and China's new star Ruihu are the platforms with large trading volume
4. A lot of people are still alive with fun step. There are still people playing in the fun bar. The GEC environmental protection currency is still rising as a benchmark. I think many small organizations and many public security official account are all water army statements. They are not credible. br />
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as shown in the picture above, some people even blame Xiaobian for revealing secrets. In 17, GEC only paid 7 cents a piece. And now there are thousands. Unfortunately, in the 17 years, I haven't written the official account, so I didn't delay the gamblers' financial resources. At that time, you can make money by buying bitcoin, buying a house, and buying a lot of blue chip stocks, such as Maotai. Even now, there are many investment channels, so why play a fraud
there are so many articles revealing that GEC environmental protection currency is a fraud on the Internet. Many people watch GEC currency rising. Some people regret playing it, and some new people rush into it. It's obviously a Ponzi scheme. Why can't it fail after three years? Not only can it fail, but also can it appreciate
a city goes to the countryside, promotes secretly, and the fresh blood is increasing<
take a look first, pyramid selling "GEC environmental protection coin" focuses on rural areas in Henan Province
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" a0sf4-0-0"& gt;<
in less than three years, GEC has developed members in Yunnan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, advocating that "GEC price will surpass bitcoin". GEC, which is in internal trading, has also been regulated from US $0.01 to US $200 in three years. Now, the project has begun to attract members in some rural areas of Henan Province&# 8203;<
the three-year secret promotion now appears in Henan
at present, judging from the number of registered users officially announced by GEC of 2 million, its scale has surpassed the previous capital market plustoken which swept the world and then collapsed. As early as June 2019, the world environmental protection foundation, the initiator of GEC, was identified as an illegal social organization by Zhejiang Provincial Department of civil affairs< br />
ntenteditable=" false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 3lpfg-0-0"& gt;<
the world environmental entrepreneurship foundation is listed as an illegal organization
in fact, since 2017, mainstream media have been exposing the deceptive nature of the project, but the promotion track of the project has graally shifted from Yunnan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to inland areas in three years.
there are many readers in the city, who know much about it, but it is not easy to cheat, Now this kind of MLM fund is permeating every small city, town and country crazily
after brainwashing, the members of the second ring coin protection group become mad demons, pull up prices and throw money to buy coins:
▋ one of the crazy members: selling blood to buy coins
in the circle of GEC coins, there is a story of "heroine" selling blood to buy coins< br />
ntenteditable=" false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" cr76-0-0"& gt;< br />
ntenteditable=" false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 6kj54-0-0"& gt;<
if you are really a heroine...
▋ one of the crazy members: divorce your wife in order to buy money
some people divorce their wife directly because their wife opposes GEC:
enteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 1thcq-0-0"& gt;<
▋ crazy members: selling factories to buy money
some people have stopped doing business and sold factories to buy money. By the way, they continue to advertise for GEC in their circle of friends:
nteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" agqgj-0-0"& gt;< br />
ntenteditable=" false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 4b10j-0-0"& gt;
do you think they are crazy
their relatives and friends feel the same way:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 8eoqv-0-0"& gt;<
there are also those who have been cut off from the mother daughter relationship by the mother engaged in GEC:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" bclfi-0-0"& gt;
some people's relatives said that "even if a capital crime is committed, it should be done":
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" o3bn-0-0"& gt;<
someone's relative has sold a house for this:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" ce2qc-0-0"& gt;<
the three project parties reced their expenditures, and various strict rules were issued:
GEC environmental protection coin has the most stringent Title Regulation in history:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 3bbj-0-0"& gt;
if you don't log in for 30 days, you will be blocked...
once you are blocked, all the assets inside will be frozen and can't be taken out
does it sound unheard of and unreasonable
some people said with a smile that you spent dozens of yuan to buy bitcoin for N years and then found yourself a multimillionaire. And if you spend tens of millions to buy GEC environmental protection coin, 30 days without online, it will be cleared! Ha ha ha ha. How real< Four, players are very humble and can only ask for unsealing:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" ak5iq-0-0"& gt;
all kinds of methods limit users to sell money, and the project side operates the price to attract new people< br /> The above points are the reason why the environmental protection coin can live for three years. The most terrible thing is that they actually go deep into the seven or eight tier small cities, deep into the countryside, deceive the elderly, sell houses, take out coffin books, and even students' tuition fees! How heartless
if you can be down-to-earth, you will think about it. Where does the money come from when there are so many people making money in the environmental protection coin? What services does eco coin provide? If you don't have a complete business activity, you can invest money. That's gambling
if one day the Huanhe coin collapses, these crazy people will become poor people, and this is the hatefulness of these poor people< br />
ntenteditable=" false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 5rcjo-0-0"& gt;
as shown in the picture above, some people even blame Xiaobian for revealing secrets. In 17, GEC only paid 7 cents a piece. And now there are thousands. Unfortunately, in the 17 years, I haven't written the official account, so I didn't delay the gamblers' financial resources. At that time, you can make money by buying bitcoin, buying a house, and buying a lot of blue chip stocks, such as Maotai. Even now, there are many investment channels, so why play a fraud
there are so many articles revealing that GEC environmental protection currency is a fraud on the Internet. Many people watch GEC currency rising. Some people regret playing it, and some new people rush into it. It's obviously a Ponzi scheme. Why can't it fail after three years? Not only can it fail, but also can it appreciate
a city goes to the countryside, promotes secretly, and the fresh blood is increasing<
take a look first, pyramid selling "GEC environmental protection coin" focuses on rural areas in Henan Province
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" a0sf4-0-0"& gt;<
in less than three years, GEC has developed members in Yunnan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, advocating that "GEC price will surpass bitcoin". GEC, which is in internal trading, has also been regulated from US $0.01 to US $200 in three years. Now, the project has begun to attract members in some rural areas of Henan Province&# 8203;<
the three-year secret promotion now appears in Henan
at present, judging from the number of registered users officially announced by GEC of 2 million, its scale has surpassed the previous capital market plustoken which swept the world and then collapsed. As early as June 2019, the world environmental protection foundation, the initiator of GEC, was identified as an illegal social organization by Zhejiang Provincial Department of civil affairs< br />
ntenteditable=" false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 3lpfg-0-0"& gt;<
the world environmental entrepreneurship foundation is listed as an illegal organization
in fact, since 2017, mainstream media have been exposing the deceptive nature of the project, but the promotion track of the project has graally shifted from Yunnan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to inland areas in three years.
there are many readers in the city, who know much about it, but it is not easy to cheat, Now this kind of MLM fund is permeating every small city, town and country crazily
after brainwashing, the members of the second ring coin protection group become mad demons, pull up prices and throw money to buy coins:
▋ one of the crazy members: selling blood to buy coins
in the circle of GEC coins, there is a story of "heroine" selling blood to buy coins< br />
ntenteditable=" false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" cr76-0-0"& gt;< br />
ntenteditable=" false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 6kj54-0-0"& gt;<
if you are really a heroine...
▋ one of the crazy members: divorce your wife in order to buy money
some people divorce their wife directly because their wife opposes GEC:
enteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 1thcq-0-0"& gt;<
▋ crazy members: selling factories to buy money
some people have stopped doing business and sold factories to buy money. By the way, they continue to advertise for GEC in their circle of friends:
nteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" agqgj-0-0"& gt;< br />
ntenteditable=" false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 4b10j-0-0"& gt;
do you think they are crazy
their relatives and friends feel the same way:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 8eoqv-0-0"& gt;<
there are also those who have been cut off from the mother daughter relationship by the mother engaged in GEC:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" bclfi-0-0"& gt;
some people's relatives said that "even if a capital crime is committed, it should be done":
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" o3bn-0-0"& gt;<
someone's relative has sold a house for this:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" ce2qc-0-0"& gt;<
the three project parties reced their expenditures, and various strict rules were issued:
GEC environmental protection coin has the most stringent Title Regulation in history:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" 3bbj-0-0"& gt;
if you don't log in for 30 days, you will be blocked...
once you are blocked, all the assets inside will be frozen and can't be taken out
does it sound unheard of and unreasonable
some people said with a smile that you spent dozens of yuan to buy bitcoin for N years and then found yourself a multimillionaire. And if you spend tens of millions to buy GEC environmental protection coin, 30 days without online, it will be cleared! Ha ha ha ha. How real< Four, players are very humble and can only ask for unsealing:
ntenteditable = & quot; false" data-block=" true" data-editor=" ie7b" data-offset-key=" ak5iq-0-0"& gt;
all kinds of methods limit users to sell money, and the project side operates the price to attract new people< br /> The above points are the reason why the environmental protection coin can live for three years. The most terrible thing is that they actually go deep into the seven or eight tier small cities, deep into the countryside, deceive the elderly, sell houses, take out coffin books, and even students' tuition fees! How heartless
if you can be down-to-earth, you will think about it. Where does the money come from when there are so many people making money in the environmental protection coin? What services does eco coin provide? If you don't have a complete business activity, you can invest money. That's gambling
if one day the Huanhe coin collapses, these crazy people will become poor people, and this is the hatefulness of these poor people< br />
5. Arrangement management is a basic management of modern large supermarket chain. It not only maintains the cleanness, beauty and fullness of our arrangement, but also plays an important role in the specification of replenishment and price tag. Therefore, we need to attach great importance to the management of arrangement, and formulate the relevant regulations of arrangement management. The store will number all the display positions (including pile head, end rack, hanging net and other special display positions) according to the class group, define the management personnel in charge of the display position, and publicize them in the responsible display area with the display management card (the management card includes the employee's photo, job number, the display number, service supervision telephone number and group purchase consultation telephone number)
the people's Bank of China has been studying legal digital currency since 2014. According to the relevant person in charge of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China, at present, the research and development of digital RMB is steadily advancing. Under the premise of adhering to double-layer operation, currency (M0) substitution in circulation and controllable anonymity, the digital RMB system has basically completed the top-level design, standard formulation, function research and development, joint debugging and testing, etc., and followed the principles of steady, safe, controllable, innovative and stable development The principle of practicality
the relevant person in charge of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China stressed that the current online transmission of DC / EP information is the test content in the process of technology research and development, which does not mean the official launch of digital RMB. The current closed test of digital RMB will not affect the commercial operation of listed companies, nor will it affect the RMB issuance and circulation system, financial market and social economy outside the test environment< In short, the digital currency of the people's Bank of China is the electronic version of RMB
when it comes to digital currency, your first reaction may be bitcoin or Libra, which Facebook plans to launch< However, unlike these so-called digital currencies, the digital currency to be launched by the Central Bank of China has national credit endorsement, which can be said to be the electronic version of RMB. Therefore, the digital currency of the central bank has the nature of legal compensation
more importantly, with the endorsement of the state, the value of the central bank's digital currency will be more stable. Bitcoin and other so-called virtual currencies can not guarantee the stability of currency value, so it is common to be "cut leeks"
from the perspective of usage scenarios, the central bank's digital currency does not pay interest, and can be used in small, retail and high-frequency business scenarios, which is no different from paper money. At the same time, the use should comply with all the existing regulations on cash management, anti money laundering and anti-terrorism financing.
the people's Bank of China has been studying legal digital currency since 2014. According to the relevant person in charge of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China, at present, the research and development of digital RMB is steadily advancing. Under the premise of adhering to double-layer operation, currency (M0) substitution in circulation and controllable anonymity, the digital RMB system has basically completed the top-level design, standard formulation, function research and development, joint debugging and testing, etc., and followed the principles of steady, safe, controllable, innovative and stable development The principle of practicality
the relevant person in charge of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China stressed that the current online transmission of DC / EP information is the test content in the process of technology research and development, which does not mean the official launch of digital RMB. The current closed test of digital RMB will not affect the commercial operation of listed companies, nor will it affect the RMB issuance and circulation system, financial market and social economy outside the test environment< In short, the digital currency of the people's Bank of China is the electronic version of RMB
when it comes to digital currency, your first reaction may be bitcoin or Libra, which Facebook plans to launch< However, unlike these so-called digital currencies, the digital currency to be launched by the Central Bank of China has national credit endorsement, which can be said to be the electronic version of RMB. Therefore, the digital currency of the central bank has the nature of legal compensation
more importantly, with the endorsement of the state, the value of the central bank's digital currency will be more stable. Bitcoin and other so-called virtual currencies can not guarantee the stability of currency value, so it is common to be "cut leeks"
from the perspective of usage scenarios, the central bank's digital currency does not pay interest, and can be used in small, retail and high-frequency business scenarios, which is no different from paper money. At the same time, the use should comply with all the existing regulations on cash management, anti money laundering and anti-terrorism financing.
6. According to the relationship between digital currency and real economy and real currency, it can be divided into three categories:
one is completely closed, has nothing to do with real economy and can only be used in specific virtual communities, such as world of warcraft gold
Second, it can be purchased in real currency but not converted back to real currency, which can be used to purchase virtual goods and services, such as Facebook credit
thirdly, it can be exchanged and redeemed with real currency according to a certain ratio. It can purchase both virtual goods and services and real goods and services, such as bitcoin [2]
transaction mode
at this stage, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because of the lack of a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, and it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investors
trading platforms act as trading agents, and some of them act as market makers. The profits of these trading platforms come from investors' transaction or withdrawal fees and premium income from holding digital currency. Bitstamp, gathub, ripple Singapore, snapswap, Japan's Mt. GOx and China's new star Ruihu are the platforms with large trading volume [4]
the process of digital currency trading through the platform is as follows:
(1) investors should first register their accounts and obtain digital currency accounts and US dollar or other foreign exchange accounts
(2) users can buy and sell digital currency with the money in their cash account, just like buying and selling stocks and futures
(3) the trading platform will sort the buy requests and sell requests according to the rules and start to match them. If they meet the requirements, the transaction will be concluded
(4) a buy or sell request may be partially executed e to the difference between the buy and sell volumes submitted by users.
one is completely closed, has nothing to do with real economy and can only be used in specific virtual communities, such as world of warcraft gold
Second, it can be purchased in real currency but not converted back to real currency, which can be used to purchase virtual goods and services, such as Facebook credit
thirdly, it can be exchanged and redeemed with real currency according to a certain ratio. It can purchase both virtual goods and services and real goods and services, such as bitcoin [2]
transaction mode
at this stage, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because of the lack of a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, and it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investors
trading platforms act as trading agents, and some of them act as market makers. The profits of these trading platforms come from investors' transaction or withdrawal fees and premium income from holding digital currency. Bitstamp, gathub, ripple Singapore, snapswap, Japan's Mt. GOx and China's new star Ruihu are the platforms with large trading volume [4]
the process of digital currency trading through the platform is as follows:
(1) investors should first register their accounts and obtain digital currency accounts and US dollar or other foreign exchange accounts
(2) users can buy and sell digital currency with the money in their cash account, just like buying and selling stocks and futures
(3) the trading platform will sort the buy requests and sell requests according to the rules and start to match them. If they meet the requirements, the transaction will be concluded
(4) a buy or sell request may be partially executed e to the difference between the buy and sell volumes submitted by users.
7. Proxy IP, also known as proxy server, is the transfer station of network information. It is a server between browser and web server. With it, the request signal will be sent to the proxy server first, and the proxy server will retrieve the information needed by the browser and send it to your browser. In our daily life, we use IP proxy, most of which are used to connect internet and LAN
it can solve network delay, act as firewall, improve security and protect real IP address and personal information.
it can solve network delay, act as firewall, improve security and protect real IP address and personal information.
8. Cool, has been pushing to, although there is no private placement, also did not invest money, but not even an official website, this is too rubbish
9. Digital currency can be considered as a virtual currency based on node network and digital encryption algorithm. The core characteristics of digital currency are mainly reflected in three aspects: first, e to some open algorithms, digital currency has no issuing subject, so no one or institution can control its issuing; ② Because the number of algorithm solutions is fixed, the total amount of digital currency is fixed, which fundamentally eliminates the possibility of inflation caused by the overuse of virtual currency; ③ Because the transaction process needs the approval of each node in the network, the transaction process of digital currency is safe enough [3]
the emergence of bitcoin poses a great challenge to the existing monetary system. Although it belongs to the generalized virtual currency, it is essentially different from the virtual currency issued by network enterprises, so it is called digital currency. This paper compares digital currency with electronic currency and virtual currency from the aspects of issuing subject, scope of application, issuing quantity, storage form, circulation mode, credit guarantee, transaction cost and transaction security [3]
e-money Virtual currency Digital currency
issuers financial institution Network operators No
scope of use Generally not limited Inside the network enterprise Unlimited
number of issues Legal currency decision Decision of issuers The quantity must be
storage form Magnetic card or account number account number Digital
circulation mode Two way circulation One way circulation Two way circulation
monetary value Equal to legal currency Not equal to legal currency Not equal to legal currency
credit guarantee government enterprise Internet users
transaction security higher Lower Higher
transaction cost higher Lower Lower
running environment Intranet, extranet, read / write device Enterprise server and Internet Typical representatives of open source software and P2P network Bank card, bus card Q coin, forum coin Bitcoin and lightcoin
types
according to the relationship between digital currency and real economy and real currency, they can be divided into three categories:
one is completely closed, has nothing to do with real economy and can only be used in specific virtual communities, such as world of warcraft gold
Second, it can be purchased in real currency but not converted back to real currency, which can be used to purchase virtual goods and services, such as Facebook credit
thirdly, it can be exchanged and redeemed with real currency according to a certain ratio. It can purchase both virtual goods and services and real goods and services, such as bitcoin [2]
transaction mode
at this stage, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because of the lack of a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, and it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investors [4]
trading platforms act as trading agents, and some of them act as market makers. The profits of these trading platforms come from investors' transaction or withdrawal fees and premium income from holding digital currency. Bitstamp, gathub, ripple Singapore, snapswap, Japan's Mt. GOx and China's new star Ruihu are the platforms with large trading volume [4]
the process of digital currency trading through the platform is as follows:
(1) investors should first register their accounts and obtain digital currency accounts and US dollar or other foreign exchange accounts
(2) users can buy and sell digital currency with the money in their cash account, just like buying and selling stocks and futures
(3) the trading platform will sort the buy requests and sell requests according to the rules and start to match them. If they meet the requirements, the transaction will be concluded
(4) a buy or sell request may be partially executed e to the difference between the buy and sell volumes submitted by users
the transaction mode of digital currency through operating companies is as follows: take Ruibo coin as an example, Ruibo coin is operated by professional operating company opencoin, ripple protocol was originally designed based on means of payment, and the design idea is based on acquaintance network and trust chain. To use ripple network for remittance or loan, the premise is that in the network, the payee and the payer must be friends (mutual trust relationship is established), or have common friends (trust chain is formed through the transmission of friends), otherwise the trust chain cannot be established between the user and other users, and the transfer cannot be carried out [4].
the emergence of bitcoin poses a great challenge to the existing monetary system. Although it belongs to the generalized virtual currency, it is essentially different from the virtual currency issued by network enterprises, so it is called digital currency. This paper compares digital currency with electronic currency and virtual currency from the aspects of issuing subject, scope of application, issuing quantity, storage form, circulation mode, credit guarantee, transaction cost and transaction security [3]
e-money Virtual currency Digital currency
issuers financial institution Network operators No
scope of use Generally not limited Inside the network enterprise Unlimited
number of issues Legal currency decision Decision of issuers The quantity must be
storage form Magnetic card or account number account number Digital
circulation mode Two way circulation One way circulation Two way circulation
monetary value Equal to legal currency Not equal to legal currency Not equal to legal currency
credit guarantee government enterprise Internet users
transaction security higher Lower Higher
transaction cost higher Lower Lower
running environment Intranet, extranet, read / write device Enterprise server and Internet Typical representatives of open source software and P2P network Bank card, bus card Q coin, forum coin Bitcoin and lightcoin
types
according to the relationship between digital currency and real economy and real currency, they can be divided into three categories:
one is completely closed, has nothing to do with real economy and can only be used in specific virtual communities, such as world of warcraft gold
Second, it can be purchased in real currency but not converted back to real currency, which can be used to purchase virtual goods and services, such as Facebook credit
thirdly, it can be exchanged and redeemed with real currency according to a certain ratio. It can purchase both virtual goods and services and real goods and services, such as bitcoin [2]
transaction mode
at this stage, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because of the lack of a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, and it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investors [4]
trading platforms act as trading agents, and some of them act as market makers. The profits of these trading platforms come from investors' transaction or withdrawal fees and premium income from holding digital currency. Bitstamp, gathub, ripple Singapore, snapswap, Japan's Mt. GOx and China's new star Ruihu are the platforms with large trading volume [4]
the process of digital currency trading through the platform is as follows:
(1) investors should first register their accounts and obtain digital currency accounts and US dollar or other foreign exchange accounts
(2) users can buy and sell digital currency with the money in their cash account, just like buying and selling stocks and futures
(3) the trading platform will sort the buy requests and sell requests according to the rules and start to match them. If they meet the requirements, the transaction will be concluded
(4) a buy or sell request may be partially executed e to the difference between the buy and sell volumes submitted by users
the transaction mode of digital currency through operating companies is as follows: take Ruibo coin as an example, Ruibo coin is operated by professional operating company opencoin, ripple protocol was originally designed based on means of payment, and the design idea is based on acquaintance network and trust chain. To use ripple network for remittance or loan, the premise is that in the network, the payee and the payer must be friends (mutual trust relationship is established), or have common friends (trust chain is formed through the transmission of friends), otherwise the trust chain cannot be established between the user and other users, and the transfer cannot be carried out [4].
10. The growth of China's e-commerce
source: Internet communication (issue 1, January 2014)
Article: Yang binyan, picture: Zhu Tianbo
the "11.11" online rampage in 2013 is not enough, and e-commerce has started a new round of "12.12" attack. Two ordinary days and numbers are thus created into festivals by e-commerce, and become the carnival of the people's expectation and expectation. The miracle of China's e-commerce has surprised the world in the last two or three years
many articles try to give a scientific and normative definition of "e-commerce". Some articles try to sort out the history of China's e-commerce, and even trace the history of China's e-commerce back to the era of electronic data exchange in the early 1990s (1990-1993). However, from the perspective of users (consumers), another important aspect of Commerce, online shopping is the arrival of the so-called "e-commerce" era, which is most easily understood and deeply felt by them. From this point of view, when ceramics, automobiles, furniture and other large rable consumer goods are sold on the Internet, and marketing through the concept or channel of "cloud shopping guide", we really feel that China's e-commerce has entered a new era
at this time, let's review the development process of China's e-commerce. At the time of 15 years of e-commerce development, we can feel the new pulse of the development of China's e-commerce instry when we think about and discuss the new e-commerce phenomena such as "ceramics climbing the cloud", "selling cars online", "selling furniture online". In the past two years, the abnormal crazy competition and price war of domestic e-commerce have made us feel fierce
what new changes will be brought about by the entry of this traditional large rable consumer goods into the e-commerce field? What impact will the new era of e-commerce represented by traditional manufacturing instry bring to the Internet instry? For example: logistics demand, proct quality, after-sales guarantee, the change of traditional instry structure, and so on. These are not only the starting point of e-commerce's transformation of traditional instries, but also the starting point of e-commerce and related instries
it is more meaningful to feel and discuss the actual development of China's e-commerce from the perspective of an ordinary user than to fall into the discussion about the definition and definition of "e-commerce". Here, we hope to regard the preliminary technology exploration and the preparation of basic network construction as part of the whole Internet instry and basic link construction in China, rather than as the beginning of e-commerce. Therefore, we think that from the perspective of Internet users or consumer experience, we can better delineate and simply explain the development process of e-commerce in China. We believe that in March 1998, China's first successful online transaction on the Internet is the starting point of e-commerce in the real sense, which makes it easier to discuss the issue. From the perspective of consumers' feelings, we will sort out China's e-commerce from then on as follows:
the first stage: e-commerce for civilian use
from 1998 to 2002, China's e-commerce for civilian use began. At this stage, online shopping that can really be experienced by users begins to appear. Some network technology elites began to experience online shopping. At that time, a very real problem was that the number of Internet users in China was still very small. On January 16, 2003, China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) released the 11th statistical report on the development of Internet in China. As of December 31, 2002, there were about 20.83 million computers and 59.1 million Internet users in China< At this stage, several landmark events in China's e-commerce field are as follows:
on February 3, 1999, China international e-commerce center undertook the "Ninth Five Year Plan" national key scientific and technological research project "commercial electronic information security authentication system", which passed the scientific and technological achievements appraisal of the Ministry of science and technology and the State Password Administration Commission, And obtained the information security proct sales license of the relevant management departments, and became the first e-commerce CA security authentication system independently developed and with completely independent right in China, which has been successfully applied to China's textile quota license management system
in 1999, 8848 started formal e-commerce with B2C and Alibaba with B2B, and online shopping entered the practical application stage< On September 6, 1999, China International E-commerce Application Expo was held in Beijing. Sponsored by the Ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation and the Ministry of information instry, the Expo is the first e-commerce application Expo held by the Chinese government and the first large-scale report meeting on e-commerce technology and application achievements comprehensively launched by China<
the second stage: e-commerce websites have sprung up in batches
from 2003 to 2006, a number of special e-commerce websites have sprung up. Dangdang, Zhuoyue, Alibaba, Huicong, global sourcing, Taobao and so on were the leading websites of e-commerce at that time. After experiencing the first batch of bubbles in the Internet instry, e-commerce or e-commerce websites are regarded as a new expectation of profitability, becoming a new hot spot in the Internet field. For a time, many e-commerce websites have sprung up in China
at this stage, with the promotion of China's network infrastructure and the rapid growth of the number of Internet users, e-commerce, with its convenience and price advantages, first opens up the world in the book market. In 2005, with the popularity of Web2.0 in China, e-commerce began to combine online selling with online communication and communication, as well as word-of-mouth recommendation from communities and netizens. Netizens and consumers not only experienced that they could buy things on e-commerce websites, but also felt that it was the leader and settlement of fashion, It has become a popular information station and word-of-mouth Amoy house for daily consumer goods
as of December 31, 2006, there were about 59.4 million computers and 137 million Internet users in China, and the proportion of Internet users in the national population exceeded 10% for the first time (according to CNNIC). With the cultivation of Internet users and the great richness of Internet content and services, online shopping has become a habit and fashion for many people. E-commerce instry competition began to intensify, business segmentation and market segmentation began to appear, Taobao with the price advantage of C2C, especially to provide low-cost sales channels for indivial merchants, quickly lead by an overwhelming advantage. Of course, this is also attributed to the online payment system Alipay released by Ali group in 2004. It also brings the problems of integrity, logistics, payment, after-sales, third-party supervision and so on in the field of e-commerce< From 2007 to 2009, there are two outstanding characteristics in this stage: one is the popularity of online shopping; the other is the popularity of online shopping; Second, the development of e-commerce regulation. The popularity of the people is an inevitable stage of development, and regulation is a sign of the maturity of China's e-commerce
after several years of free market, both the government and e-commerce enterprises have begun to realize the importance of regulation and standardization in the development of e-commerce. On June 1, 2007, the national development and Reform Commission and the Information Work Office of the State Council jointly issued China's first e-commerce development plan, the 11th Five Year Plan for the development of e-commerce, It is the first time to establish the strategy and task of developing e-commerce at the national policy level. On July 2, 2008, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of instry and Commerce officially issued the "opinions on strengthening the supervision and management of e-commerce market order", which stipulates that from August 1, for-profit online stores must apply for business licenses at the Department of instry and commerce
at this stage, Alibaba and Wangsheng, the representative leading enterprises, went public and began to adjust and regulate the field of e-commerce. At this time, a large number of websites and Internet enterprises also take this opportunity to test e-commerce. For example, network, PPG, red child, Jingdong and so on, also began to enter the field of e-commerce from B2C with the concept of quality assurance and logistics assurance. And the original advantage enterprises in the field of e-commerce also began to restructure and adjust on a large scale. B2C has become a breakthrough to guarantee online quality and integrity. At the same time, the platform of C2C field is graally optimized and subdivided, and the market begins to be standardized and stable
ring this period, many traditional enterprises and websites began to enter the field of e-commerce, with fierce competition. New concepts, new models, new platforms and new procts come into the market in turn. Social networking, instant messaging, word-of-mouth, various online payment procts, online wholesale and so on are all eager to find a way out and competitive advantage. In January 2009, Taobao announced that the transaction volume in 2008 reached 99.96 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 131%, which has become the largest online retail business circle in Asia. With brand quality, high-quality logistics, cash on delivery and so on, Jingdong has opened up a large market in digital, electrical and other fields and become a rookie. Red child and other e-commerce companies with mother and child orientation have also achieved good results
at this time, as of December 31, 2010, the number of Internet users in China has reached 457 million, including 303 million mobile Internet users (according to CNNIC). Online shopping has become a common thing. There are all kinds of things that can be bought on the Internet. In many cases, the richness of online procts often exceeds the imagination of physical department stores and people. Many foreign goods rush to the Chinese ordinary people at low prices through online channels. There is even a saying that "only you can't think of, no Taobao can't buy." According to CNNIC monitoring, in 2009, the number of online shopping users was 108 million, an annual growth of 45.9%, and the utilization rate of online shopping continued to rise. In 2009, the transaction scale of China's online shopping market reached 250 billion, double that of 2008
the fourth stage: the overall expansion of e-commerce enterprises
since 2010, ordinary people can feel the fierce competition of e-commerce. The festivals such as "double 11" and "double 12" have been created, from the irrational marketing digital games to the nationwide online looting. The popularity and overall expansion of China's e-commerce is beyond people's imagination. Aunts and grannies who don't know how to surf the Internet all begin to join the ranks of online looting. After the "double 11", people's greetings are actually: "how much have you robbed this time?" What follows is the amazing sales performance of various e-commerce companies released by various media and communication channels. As a result, the online craze directly pressure across the big name logistics companies
since 2010, from the beginning of the year to the end of the year, any day of the year that may be linked with festivals in China and the West will be used by e-commerce to promote sales. Moreover, the "11.11" festival created by e-commerce has become a miracle of e-commerce sales. In 2012, the transaction amount of Taobao tmall platform reached 19.1 billion. In "double 11" of 2013, tmall sent out pictures: 21:19:45 seconds, 30 billion amazing data. And this is just the frenzy of e-commerce that consumers feel. In fact, e-commerce has expanded in a wider and larger field in China, and has begun to penetrate into various instrial fields. And with the advent of the era of mobile Internet, e-commerce began to land on the mobile terminal. Online payment, mobile payment, virtual currency, bitcoin, yu'ebao and so on, have begun to enter the lives of ordinary people
it is true that the idea of Foshan ceramics logging into the "cloud mall" can rece inventory, stores and middlemen through e-commerce, thus greatly saving costs. Moreover, through the online design software and 3D animation technology, you can show the renderings for users in advance. These are the great challenges brought by e-commerce
source: Internet communication (issue 1, January 2014)
Article: Yang binyan, picture: Zhu Tianbo
the "11.11" online rampage in 2013 is not enough, and e-commerce has started a new round of "12.12" attack. Two ordinary days and numbers are thus created into festivals by e-commerce, and become the carnival of the people's expectation and expectation. The miracle of China's e-commerce has surprised the world in the last two or three years
many articles try to give a scientific and normative definition of "e-commerce". Some articles try to sort out the history of China's e-commerce, and even trace the history of China's e-commerce back to the era of electronic data exchange in the early 1990s (1990-1993). However, from the perspective of users (consumers), another important aspect of Commerce, online shopping is the arrival of the so-called "e-commerce" era, which is most easily understood and deeply felt by them. From this point of view, when ceramics, automobiles, furniture and other large rable consumer goods are sold on the Internet, and marketing through the concept or channel of "cloud shopping guide", we really feel that China's e-commerce has entered a new era
at this time, let's review the development process of China's e-commerce. At the time of 15 years of e-commerce development, we can feel the new pulse of the development of China's e-commerce instry when we think about and discuss the new e-commerce phenomena such as "ceramics climbing the cloud", "selling cars online", "selling furniture online". In the past two years, the abnormal crazy competition and price war of domestic e-commerce have made us feel fierce
what new changes will be brought about by the entry of this traditional large rable consumer goods into the e-commerce field? What impact will the new era of e-commerce represented by traditional manufacturing instry bring to the Internet instry? For example: logistics demand, proct quality, after-sales guarantee, the change of traditional instry structure, and so on. These are not only the starting point of e-commerce's transformation of traditional instries, but also the starting point of e-commerce and related instries
it is more meaningful to feel and discuss the actual development of China's e-commerce from the perspective of an ordinary user than to fall into the discussion about the definition and definition of "e-commerce". Here, we hope to regard the preliminary technology exploration and the preparation of basic network construction as part of the whole Internet instry and basic link construction in China, rather than as the beginning of e-commerce. Therefore, we think that from the perspective of Internet users or consumer experience, we can better delineate and simply explain the development process of e-commerce in China. We believe that in March 1998, China's first successful online transaction on the Internet is the starting point of e-commerce in the real sense, which makes it easier to discuss the issue. From the perspective of consumers' feelings, we will sort out China's e-commerce from then on as follows:
the first stage: e-commerce for civilian use
from 1998 to 2002, China's e-commerce for civilian use began. At this stage, online shopping that can really be experienced by users begins to appear. Some network technology elites began to experience online shopping. At that time, a very real problem was that the number of Internet users in China was still very small. On January 16, 2003, China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) released the 11th statistical report on the development of Internet in China. As of December 31, 2002, there were about 20.83 million computers and 59.1 million Internet users in China< At this stage, several landmark events in China's e-commerce field are as follows:
on February 3, 1999, China international e-commerce center undertook the "Ninth Five Year Plan" national key scientific and technological research project "commercial electronic information security authentication system", which passed the scientific and technological achievements appraisal of the Ministry of science and technology and the State Password Administration Commission, And obtained the information security proct sales license of the relevant management departments, and became the first e-commerce CA security authentication system independently developed and with completely independent right in China, which has been successfully applied to China's textile quota license management system
in 1999, 8848 started formal e-commerce with B2C and Alibaba with B2B, and online shopping entered the practical application stage< On September 6, 1999, China International E-commerce Application Expo was held in Beijing. Sponsored by the Ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation and the Ministry of information instry, the Expo is the first e-commerce application Expo held by the Chinese government and the first large-scale report meeting on e-commerce technology and application achievements comprehensively launched by China<
the second stage: e-commerce websites have sprung up in batches
from 2003 to 2006, a number of special e-commerce websites have sprung up. Dangdang, Zhuoyue, Alibaba, Huicong, global sourcing, Taobao and so on were the leading websites of e-commerce at that time. After experiencing the first batch of bubbles in the Internet instry, e-commerce or e-commerce websites are regarded as a new expectation of profitability, becoming a new hot spot in the Internet field. For a time, many e-commerce websites have sprung up in China
at this stage, with the promotion of China's network infrastructure and the rapid growth of the number of Internet users, e-commerce, with its convenience and price advantages, first opens up the world in the book market. In 2005, with the popularity of Web2.0 in China, e-commerce began to combine online selling with online communication and communication, as well as word-of-mouth recommendation from communities and netizens. Netizens and consumers not only experienced that they could buy things on e-commerce websites, but also felt that it was the leader and settlement of fashion, It has become a popular information station and word-of-mouth Amoy house for daily consumer goods
as of December 31, 2006, there were about 59.4 million computers and 137 million Internet users in China, and the proportion of Internet users in the national population exceeded 10% for the first time (according to CNNIC). With the cultivation of Internet users and the great richness of Internet content and services, online shopping has become a habit and fashion for many people. E-commerce instry competition began to intensify, business segmentation and market segmentation began to appear, Taobao with the price advantage of C2C, especially to provide low-cost sales channels for indivial merchants, quickly lead by an overwhelming advantage. Of course, this is also attributed to the online payment system Alipay released by Ali group in 2004. It also brings the problems of integrity, logistics, payment, after-sales, third-party supervision and so on in the field of e-commerce< From 2007 to 2009, there are two outstanding characteristics in this stage: one is the popularity of online shopping; the other is the popularity of online shopping; Second, the development of e-commerce regulation. The popularity of the people is an inevitable stage of development, and regulation is a sign of the maturity of China's e-commerce
after several years of free market, both the government and e-commerce enterprises have begun to realize the importance of regulation and standardization in the development of e-commerce. On June 1, 2007, the national development and Reform Commission and the Information Work Office of the State Council jointly issued China's first e-commerce development plan, the 11th Five Year Plan for the development of e-commerce, It is the first time to establish the strategy and task of developing e-commerce at the national policy level. On July 2, 2008, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of instry and Commerce officially issued the "opinions on strengthening the supervision and management of e-commerce market order", which stipulates that from August 1, for-profit online stores must apply for business licenses at the Department of instry and commerce
at this stage, Alibaba and Wangsheng, the representative leading enterprises, went public and began to adjust and regulate the field of e-commerce. At this time, a large number of websites and Internet enterprises also take this opportunity to test e-commerce. For example, network, PPG, red child, Jingdong and so on, also began to enter the field of e-commerce from B2C with the concept of quality assurance and logistics assurance. And the original advantage enterprises in the field of e-commerce also began to restructure and adjust on a large scale. B2C has become a breakthrough to guarantee online quality and integrity. At the same time, the platform of C2C field is graally optimized and subdivided, and the market begins to be standardized and stable
ring this period, many traditional enterprises and websites began to enter the field of e-commerce, with fierce competition. New concepts, new models, new platforms and new procts come into the market in turn. Social networking, instant messaging, word-of-mouth, various online payment procts, online wholesale and so on are all eager to find a way out and competitive advantage. In January 2009, Taobao announced that the transaction volume in 2008 reached 99.96 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 131%, which has become the largest online retail business circle in Asia. With brand quality, high-quality logistics, cash on delivery and so on, Jingdong has opened up a large market in digital, electrical and other fields and become a rookie. Red child and other e-commerce companies with mother and child orientation have also achieved good results
at this time, as of December 31, 2010, the number of Internet users in China has reached 457 million, including 303 million mobile Internet users (according to CNNIC). Online shopping has become a common thing. There are all kinds of things that can be bought on the Internet. In many cases, the richness of online procts often exceeds the imagination of physical department stores and people. Many foreign goods rush to the Chinese ordinary people at low prices through online channels. There is even a saying that "only you can't think of, no Taobao can't buy." According to CNNIC monitoring, in 2009, the number of online shopping users was 108 million, an annual growth of 45.9%, and the utilization rate of online shopping continued to rise. In 2009, the transaction scale of China's online shopping market reached 250 billion, double that of 2008
the fourth stage: the overall expansion of e-commerce enterprises
since 2010, ordinary people can feel the fierce competition of e-commerce. The festivals such as "double 11" and "double 12" have been created, from the irrational marketing digital games to the nationwide online looting. The popularity and overall expansion of China's e-commerce is beyond people's imagination. Aunts and grannies who don't know how to surf the Internet all begin to join the ranks of online looting. After the "double 11", people's greetings are actually: "how much have you robbed this time?" What follows is the amazing sales performance of various e-commerce companies released by various media and communication channels. As a result, the online craze directly pressure across the big name logistics companies
since 2010, from the beginning of the year to the end of the year, any day of the year that may be linked with festivals in China and the West will be used by e-commerce to promote sales. Moreover, the "11.11" festival created by e-commerce has become a miracle of e-commerce sales. In 2012, the transaction amount of Taobao tmall platform reached 19.1 billion. In "double 11" of 2013, tmall sent out pictures: 21:19:45 seconds, 30 billion amazing data. And this is just the frenzy of e-commerce that consumers feel. In fact, e-commerce has expanded in a wider and larger field in China, and has begun to penetrate into various instrial fields. And with the advent of the era of mobile Internet, e-commerce began to land on the mobile terminal. Online payment, mobile payment, virtual currency, bitcoin, yu'ebao and so on, have begun to enter the lives of ordinary people
it is true that the idea of Foshan ceramics logging into the "cloud mall" can rece inventory, stores and middlemen through e-commerce, thus greatly saving costs. Moreover, through the online design software and 3D animation technology, you can show the renderings for users in advance. These are the great challenges brought by e-commerce
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