Working principle of btc435
bitcoin mining machine is a kind of computer used to earn bitcoin. This kind of computer generally has professional mining chips and works in the way of burning graphics card, which consumes a lot of power. It is one of the ways to get bitcoin that users download software from personal computer and then run specific algorithm to get corresponding bitcoin after communicating with remote server
mining is actually a competition of performance and equipment, and a competition of computing power among miners. Miners with more computing power are more likely to dig bitcoin. With the increase of computing power in the whole network, it is more and more difficult to dig bits with traditional devices (CPU, GPU). People have developed chips specially used for mining. Chip is the core part of mining machine. The process of chip operation will proce a lot of heat, in order to cool down, bitcoin miner is generally equipped with heat sink and fan
bitcoin is a kind of virtual currency. Bitcoin mining system is the process of carrying out mathematical operation for bitcoin network through computer hardware. Miners who provide services can get a reward, because the network reward is calculated according to the tasks completed by miners, so the competition for mining is very fierce
bitcoin mining started with low-cost hardware such as CPU or GPU, but with the popularity of bitcoin, the mining process has changed greatly. Nowadays, the mining activities are transferred to the field programmable gate array, and the hash speed can be achieved through optimization. The mining efficiency of this mode is very high
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
Bitcoin mining is a process of using computer hardware to do mathematical calculation for bitcoin network to confirm transactions and improve security
In short, the principle of brick Arbitrage: buy low and sell high, buy money from the place with low price and sell it at the place with high price, that is to earn the price difference of different platforms
but there are three risks in moving bricks:
A. time difference of currency transfer: it takes a certain waiting time to pick up or deposit the currency, so it may miss the best trading time
B. currency price fluctuation: if the currency price fluctuation is relatively large and the process of moving bricks has not been completed, the price difference has disappeared
C. platform problems: some trading platforms may shut down services from time to time, or even run away
principle: carry out brick arbitrage on two platforms at the same time to avoid the risk of "time difference of currency transfer" and "currency price fluctuation"
before moving bricks: the brick moving platform must support the same currency transaction, and the brick moving platforms must be able to transfer currency to each other
Step 1: price difference calculation. There are handling charges for currency trading and currency transfer, so you have to calculate the cost according to your own funds. Only when the price difference reaches how much can it be profitable to move bricks
Step 2: simultaneous operation. Buy BTC on the low price platform and sell BTC on the high price platform. At this time, the number of BTC holdings remains unchanged and the number of usdt increases You need to pay attention to transaction fees.)
Step 3: balance funds. It is difficult to predict which platform has a lower price and which has a higher price e to the price difference. Therefore, the two platforms that move bricks need to prepare usdt and BTC. When the price difference appears, it is convenient to move bricks There are also handling charges for cross platform currency transfer.)
the above is the principle and steps of risk-free arbitrage using BTC and usdt. It also has a big name: quantitative hedging. The fundamental purpose is to earn usdt, not BTC
You can take a closer look at this: Web links3. Mebrt active transformer capacity and characteristics tester has built-in battery voltage monitoring function, which can display the measured voltage value and the percentage of remaining power of the battery pack. When the voltage is low, it can prompt the user to charge in time, so as to avoid affecting the test results when the battery voltage is low
4. For the national standard transformer, the instrument should be able to judge the transformer form automatically without looking up the table
5. Without external power supply to measure the capacity of various power transformers, it can also measure the capacity and empty load of furnace transformer and rectifier transformer< It can directly measure the no-load loss of Y / yn0 three-phase distribution transformer with single-phase ~ 220V power supply and determine the form, without external voltage regulator and other equipment
7. Wide range of testable capacity: 20-100000kva can be measured directly
8. The high voltage side voltage of the test transformer should cover all voltage levels in China, including 0.1kv, 0.4kV, 1kV, 3KV, 6kV, 6.3kV, 10kV, 10.5kv, 11kv, 35kV, 60kV, 63kV, 66kV, 110KV, 220kV, 500kV, etc
9. Wide range of voltage loop, direct current up to 750V
10. The current loop is wide enough to pass through 100A
11. Over limit of voltage and current can be extended to any range through external voltage transformer and current transformer
12. Single phase transformer capacity test function, test range 5-10000kva.
13. Current test range & lt; 5mA, avoid testing some small capacity high voltage distribution transformer, because the current is too small to be measured
14. The input range of impedance voltage is large, which can meet the range of 2% ~ 18%
15. A new harmonic test function is added, which can analyze the distribution of harmonic content in the test process, and has the same function as a high-performance power analyzer
16. Waveform display function can directly display the distortion degree of test waveform
17. Vector analyzer function can effectively check the wrong wiring of the test
18. Large screen true color 7.2-inch LCD can display three-phase voltage, three-phase current, three-phase power, average voltage, average voltage, average current, total power, test results and correction results on the same screen
19. Conctive silicone button, good handle, long life, easy to operate
20. Mebrt active transformer capacity and characteristics tester has the function of field printing, which can print out the field test data completely
21. Equipped with 232 serial port and background communication management software, the test results can be uploaded to the computer for unified management
Performance characteristics of sxbtc transformer capacity characteristic tester:
> it can accurately measure the capacity of various distribution transformers, passive measurement, convenient and accurate
Internal power supply, automatic generation of three-phase high-power test power supply< It can measure no-load current, no-load loss, short-circuit voltage and short-circuit loss of various types of transformers< Through no-load test, the model of tested transformer can be accurately determined, including: S7, S9, S11, S13, S15, dry transformer scb9, scb10, scb11 and other types of transformer< It can automatically carry out waveform distortion correction, temperature correction (simple temperature correction and additional loss correction), voltage correction (no-load test under non rated voltage) and current correction (short-circuit test under non rated current). It is very suitable for units without short-circuit test of slightly large capacity transformer< It can measure the harmonic content and total harmonic distortion of voltage and current> it can be used for simple vector analysis and drawing vector diagram< It can be used as an oscilloscope to display the waveforms of various electrical parameters
> voltage loop width limit: the voltage Zui can be measured to 750V, and the accuracy can be ensured without switching gears. The instrument will not be damaged e to the wrong selection of voltage gear< Capacity measurement range: 20KVA ~ 100000kva
> the function of indicating the percentage of remaining battery power is not a simple power loss alarm
> large screen, high brightness color LCD display, all Chinese menu and operation prompt, realize friendly man-machine dialogue, conctive silicone touch button, make the operation easier and the key life longer< The user can print out the test results at any time through the micro printer< The test result storage function can store 200 groups of capacity test data
respondent: Sanxin power
The constant temperature and humidity testing machine can simulate the test conditions of different environments such as high temperature, high temperature, low humidity, low temperature and so on. The equipment is suitable for testing the heat resistance, humidity resistance, dry resistance and cold resistance of materials and procts, so as to ensure the performance of procts under aging resistance and special environmental conditions. And the working principle of the equipment is also very important, the following is its working principle
The working principle of the constant temperature and humidity testing machine is that the refrigeration cycle of the machine adopts the reverse Karo cycle, which is composed of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes. Its refrigeration system is composed of the French original TECAN hermetic compressor, and adopts the balance temperature control (BTC). When the refrigeration system works continuously, the control system will control the output of the heater according to the set temperature point through the PID automatic calculation output results, and finally achieve a dynamic balancee to the wide application field of constant temperature and humidity testing machine, its position in the environmental testing instry is also extraordinary, so-called endless learning. In order to make the equipment bigger and stronger, we need to be familiar with the working principle of the equipment, and the above is also what we must master
reference model:
lrhs-101-lh
lrhs-225-lh
lrhs-504-lh
lrhs-800-lh
lrhs-1000-lh2. BTC type toothed pneumatic clutch transmits power for the connection of toothed teeth, so there is no slip and the power transmission is exquisite. It can be used in narrow space with a wide range of torque from 0.01kgf. M to 16600kgf. M.
3. The connection between teeth is small in volume, but the torque transmitted is several times of other equivalent volumes
4. There is no slip and torque loss in 1:1 constant value transmission
5. The connection or separation is instantaneous and quick
6. The integrated structure is easy to install without worrying about the tooth contact axis
7. It needs to be connected at low speed, but it can run at high speed
8. It can be used either dry or wet.
Working principle of refrigeration: reverse Karo cycle is adopted in the refrigeration cycle, which consists of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes. The process is as follows: the refrigerant is adiabatically compressed to a higher pressure by the compressor, the work consumed increases the exhaust temperature, and then the refrigerant isothermal exchanges heat with the surrounding media through the condenser, transferring heat to the surrounding media. After that, the refrigerant expands adiabatically through the shut-off valve to do work, and then the refrigerant temperature decreases. Finally, the refrigerant absorbs heat isothermal from the object with higher temperature through the evaporator to rece the temperature of the object to be cooled. This cycle starts again and again, so as to achieve the purpose of cooling. The refrigeration system of this test chamber is a unit freon refrigeration system composed of a French made TECAN hermetic compressor. Energy regulation technology is applied in the design of refrigeration system, which can not only ensure the normal operation of the refrigeration unit, but also effectively adjust the energy consumption and refrigeration capacity of the refrigeration system, so as to keep the refrigeration system in the best operation state. Balance temperature regulation (BTC) is adopted. When the refrigeration system is working continuously, the control system controls the output of the heater according to the set temperature point and the output result of PID automatic calculation, so as to achieve a dynamic balance