Rand bitcoin

1. With the development of cryptocurrency, the "blockchain technology" has become popular. In China, both giant companies such as batj (network, Alibaba, Tencent, and Jingdong) and companies like didi and ofo are actively exploring blockchain technology. Throughout the world, Wal Mart, MasterCard,
IBM and giant automobile manufacturers are trying to use blockchain technology to solve instry pain points. In addition, there are "declining" enterprises such as Kodak of Japan, hoping to fight a "turnaround battle" through blockchain
What does these phenomena show? This shows that the technology of block chain has great commercial value. Everyone hopes to cultivate a new world on this unknown land. So, with the development of blockchain technology this year, it has not only been a simple underlying technology, but also formed a complete ecosystem. Now let's talk with you from two aspects of "coin circle" and "chain circle": what is the ecosystem of blockchain, and let's understand the whole picture of blockchain instry
the first section of the coin circle
in the coin circle, there are always several terms: project party, exchange, media, mining machinery manufacturer. Next, let's take a detailed inventory of what's going on
first, the project side of the coin circle can be understood as follows: all those who issue tokens are the project side. Attention, it's a coin ring. There are also some project parties that don't issue money, such as Alibaba, Tencent and Netease, which are also doing blockchain projects. They don't issue money and only focus on technology. Then these project parties that don't issue money mainly focus on the role of blockchain in data security and supply chain, which we will talk about later
let's return to the topic of coin circle project parties. For example, yilaiyun and BoChang, which are more controversial recently, are the project parties of coin circle, as well as blockchain games, which are more popular recently. They also belong to coin circle project parties
one of the subversive aspects of the coin circle project is the combination of the project and the token, which directly replaces the equity with the token, and the token can be directly circulated. This is a very revolutionary point, so that many initial projects can be more convenient for financing. After financing, the feedback token can be circulated on the digital currency trading platform, and the investors can also exit very well
this "financing investment" approach seems to be another way to realize the listing and trading of equity in disguised form
therefore, it is such a mode that makes the project side of the coin circle the nearest place to the money. They can easily circle the money, and of course they can't resist the temptation, or they have been planning for a long time and run away after circling the money. The detailed process of token issuing by the project side is generally as follows:
the first step is to build a token system, which is similar to an app application. This is not very complicated, because Ethereum is open source, similar to Android Apple system, on which developers can develop specific applications
the second step is to write a white paper, which is similar to the business plan. The white paper is similar to the business plan, mainly including the team situation, technical situation and other information of the project
the third step is to find someone to do endorsement, and find some influential instry bigwigs to promote
the fourth step is to promote marketing, find some blockchain media to push soft articles and pull cooperation, which we will mention below
the fifth step is to find financing
Step 6: go to the stock exchange, and the token begins to spread widely
Second, the exchange
with the project side, let's talk about the exchange. If the project side is a procer, then the things they proce have to be sold and traded, right? The exchange is a trading place for the token of the project party. If the token of the project side is similar to the stock, then the exchange of the currency circle is similar to the secondary market of the stock market. However, the exchange of the currency circle has more power. It has the right to audit the currency, and can decide whether to put the currency in or out
of course, if the project party wants to pay the exchange a huge amount of money charging fees, the investors who trade in the exchange also need to pay the handling fee or withdrawal fee, and the rules of the handling fee and withdrawal fee of each exchange are different. In fact, the currency fees, handling fees and cash withdrawal fees constitute the profit model of the currency circle exchange. Of course, in addition to these three profit models, the profit model of the exchange includes the "market maker" business to earn the price difference, that is, the exchange creates liquidity through continuous trading, acts as a market maker and earns the price difference at the same time
at present, e to the increasingly fierce competition in the instry, there will be less and less currency fees and handling charges, or even no need, so the proportion of conventional profits will be less and less, which leads to the emergence of other profit models, such as platform currency and leverage handling charges. Let's talk about platform currency first. Platform currency is the currency issued by the exchange: okb and coin an belong to platform currency. These platform currencies issued by the exchange can be exchanged for BTC and eth. At the same time, the appreciation of platform currency's own value can lay a solid material foundation for the development of the exchange. For users, holding platform currency can enjoy the benefits of commission discount, platform dividend, special activities of the exchange, etc, This is platform currency. Leverage service charge refers to the currency financing function on the platform, which supports leveraged transactions and charges a certain proportion of service charge to currency financing users
all of the above are actually ecosystems constructed through the exchange's own resource output. Now, the exchange is still actively planning the whole instry to obtain income, such as the establishment of capital, mine pool, wallet, incubator, Engineering Institute, fund and other ways. We believe that if the exchange wants to develop for a long time, it must lay out the whole instry chain, find new breakout points of the instry, and build a complete ecosystem. Therefore, the proportion of strategic profits should be increased
3. Blockchain media
in the past two years when blockchain is hot, there are not only a lot of project parties, but also media. At present, there are about 200 well-known blockchain media. The content on the blockchain media platform is about the following points: policy, hacker, exchange, boss and project party. In addition to words, the operation mode of blockchain media also includes community activities, such as inviting "big guys" to share in the group, so as to achieve a precipitation of high-quality content and earn some traffic at the same time
Why do we have to mention blockchain media? It's because there are some differences between blockchain media and the media in our impression. What's the difference? The difference is that there are some interest relationships between blockchain media and the above mentioned project parties and exchanges. We just said that the project side is like a "procer" and the exchange is like a "sales market". Then, the role of the media is like "advertising platform & quot;. If the project wants to sell well, it needs publicity and advertising, then blockchain media plays such a role. Therefore, the investors of some blockchain media are the project side and the exchange
recently, there has been a bear market. Many blockchain media have laid off employees on a large scale. The reason is nothing more than the shortage of projects and funds. Therefore, it is far from enough for blockchain media to rely solely on the investment of the project side, the exchange and the advertising revenue. When the bear market comes and the project side and the exchange are affected, then the media is bound to face a very cruel winter. As a result, many blockchain media are also doing token issuing by project parties (the most typical are content communities such as coin and coin car, which belong to a media platform and are also doing token issuing by project parties), or some blockchain media are doing business such as wallet selling, mining machine renting and computing power
however, we believe that blockchain media, as the media, still play the role of guiding public opinion. Therefore, we should return to the essence and be a place to deliver instry value information, rather than a place to pile up advertisements. Therefore, blockchain media should keep up with the development of technology to realize its own survival and development. Relying on the advantages of blockchain technology and based on the consensus mechanism in the token system, it can realize the reasonable distribution of the interests of the media instry. In this regard, it may have a certain imagination< Fourth, mining machine manufacturers
in the final analysis, bitcoin mining is the competition of computing power. The stronger the computing power, the greater the probability of bitcoin mining. Therefore, in the business system of the whole coin circle, mining machinery manufacturers are a very important existence. We can see from one data: in the blockchain instry of Hurun 100 rich list in 2018, the richest person is Mr. Zhan ketuan, a partner of bitcontinental, a miner. In addition, according to the prospectus, bitcoin's net profit in the first half of the year was US $743 million, an increase of nearly eight times over the same period last year. Bitcoin once occupied more than 70% of the global market share of mining machinery, becoming the leader in the mining machinery instry. Not only mining machinery, bitmainland still occupies a near monopoly position in the mining pool (that is, a mode of cooperative mining): at present, the computing power of the top six mining pools in the world accounts for 79.2%
after the invention of China's first bitcoin miner, Jianan Yun, another miner chip research company, began to engage in the research of chips in the field of blockchain and artificial intelligence. In just a few years, it has also become an internationally famous chip enterprise
in fact, as early as 2012, the United States announced that it was going to sell a butterfly miner, but many people later thought it was a scam, because it took several years for the butterfly miner to go on sale, which also made the R & D of mining machines in other countries become very scared, and they were all scrambling for time, in a sense, Butterfly mining machine is also driving the prosperity of mining machine instry. So, in 2013, the mining machine has entered a season of contention, and a large number of ASIC mining machines have been put forward: or announced research and development, or announced pre-sale, or in the form of spot: cat roasting mining machine, pigeon mining machine, TMR mining machine, biter mining machine, Rand mining Bureau, little bee mining machine, Avalon original factory and various OEM, garden mining machine, Smart mining machine and so on... Maybe you haven't heard of these mining machines, because they are basically dead. Bitcontinental, Jianan Yun and Yibang have become mining machine giants< However, as a derivative instry under the prosperity of cryptocurrency market, the price of mining machinery is closely related to the cryptocurrency Market: in the bull market, the supply of mining machinery often falls short of demand, and it is common for miners to buy Mining machinery from "scalpers" at several times high prices. At this time, mining machinery manufacturers enter the dividend period. However, in a bear market, mining machinery manufacturers will also be adversely affected. As miners' enthusiasm for mining declines, some manufacturers have to rece the price of mining machinery to recover costs. For example, when bitcoin plummeted in March this year, a certain model of mining machine sold by Huaqiangbei was on sale at a price of 5000 yuan, and the price dropped from about 19000 yuan to
14000 yuan
[summary]
at this point, we can find that whether it is the project party, the exchange, the media, or the mining machinery, it can be said that it is a kind of "one-stop"

2.

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, not a single discipline, image recognition, natural language processing, robotics, language recognition, expert system and so on, each research is full of challenges. Interested in artificial intelligence, but unable to determine the specific direction, how to understand the status and research areas of artificial intelligence

the author recommends four undergraate general books. For most people, the reading difficulty is not high, the formula and theory are few, the content is interesting, and they can read on; The information is fresh and complete. It's better to have some reading value and deep thinking. The book list is not long. It's only for the introction of popular science

1, super intelligence

2, our last invention: artificial intelligence and the end of human era

3, intelligent era

4, artificial intelligence: the grasp of national artificial intelligence strategic action

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5.

German economist Werner Heisenberg once said: "the change of money is the direction of the development of human society". At first, people used livestock and shells as circulation, then jewelry and gold and silver, then paper money appeared, and then international credit card, which represents the technology of modern society

with the rapid development of science and technology, the single payment method is graally abandoned by people, and more convenient and efficient means have appeared: in San Francisco, people brush their mobile phones at the cashier; London, UK, needs to tap the smart watch. In Nairobi, Kenya, people pay by sending a text message; In Helsinki, Finland, all you need to do is brush your face<

mobile payment

at present, mobile payment is undoubtedly the most popular payment method with the largest number of users, and it is graally replacing credit card. Starbucks says 13 million people are already using its mobile app, which allows customers to pay their bills online. In July this year, 70 chain companies, including CVS drugstore chain and Wal Mart, will jointly launch an app called current C, which allows their customers to pay in 110000 stores with mobile phones

In his book wealth in the Internet age, economic observer Ludwig shee said that "mobile applications can better analyze customer data, so as to provide targeted coupons, and provide the latest and most detailed consumer shopping information... The popularity of smart phones will open a huge potential market for mobile payment."

many retailers are starting to update their devices to support mobile payment. Yankee Group, a global market research company, believes that there will be 894 million mobile banking users in the world in 2015, and the annual global mobile transaction volume will reach 1 trillion US dollars

a supermarket chain in Seattle in the United States has added RFID tags to its procts. Customers only need to scan the tags with their smart phones, and the sensors at the supermarket outlet can record the RFID tags of the customers' mobile phones and all the procts they take at the same time, and directly dect them from the customers' mobile phone accounts

Luxor is the executive director of India Boran company, which is mainly engaged in the development of mobile phone applications. Customers can buy movie tickets, train tickets, air tickets, etc. through their mobile banking software

in Luxor's view, mobile payment is not only convenient for customers, but also more popular with retailers. It saves retailers a large credit card transaction fee, and mobile payment is more secure than credit card payment. Ethan, a senior computer scientist at Stanford International Research Institute, said that in some new mobile payment systems, when the mobile phone is scanned, no bank account data is uploaded to the cloud; If hackers break in, all they see is rows of useless numbers generated for each transaction. After several recent data leaks, the security of mobile payment is particularly attractive to retailers<

body payment

and mobile payment is just the beginning in this society with rapid development of science and technology. It does not rely on foreign objects at all. According to the theory of modern Biostatistics, human recognition payment systems, including fingerprint, palmprint, sound wave, iris, face and so on, have appeared in various parts of the world

compared with other parts of the human body, fingerprint identification has been used for the longest time, including apple, Samsung and other smart phone giants. Bruce Litan, a mobile phone software engineer, said that the fingerprint technology used in the fingerprint payment can identify the dermis of the living body, so it is impossible to pass the general chemical material counterfeiting easily. Although there are risks in probability, the cost of counterfeiting is not low

in order to completely eliminate the risk of fingerprint counterfeiting, Swedish engineer Frederick levland developed a palmprint recognition payment system on this basis. He installed a set of palmprint recognition payment system in the store of Rand University. When students pay their bills, they only need to let the system scan the vascular structure in their palms, because each person's vein image remains unchanged and there will be no repetition. The system takes the image of the user's vein through the built-in infrared camera, and dects the money from the bound credit card after confirming the identity. This kind of payment method is promoted in 15 shops near Lund University in Sweden, and about 1600 people often use it

The accuracy of iris recognition is 1200 times that of fingerprint recognition, 12000 times that of face recognition and 40000 times that of voice recognition, which is also the most reliable biometric technology at present. The iris will be fixed after 18-20 months of birth and will remain unchanged for life, and it should not be damaged because it is located inside the body. Recognition is non-contact, and will not leave any traces. It is almost impossible to forge an iris, even surgical transplantation<

virtual currency

however, whether it's mobile payment or body scan payment, they still need to use bank accounts. However, as the author of the end of money David Wollman once said, because of mobile payment technology, stores can closely track consumers' shopping behavior, The customer loyalty program may become very important, and it may effectively create new private money

for example, with the data of customers' purchasing habits, businesses are likely to launch more targeted and attractive services. Stores may start to accept each other's loyalty points: at first, game players can buy virtual goods for online games with subway and Burger King gift cards; After a while, you may use Disney money to buy things at Wal Mart

in Kenya and other developing countries, people can go into convenience stores, deposit their cash in accounts operated by M-PESA, and then transfer the money to other users via SMS. M-PESA is a mobile payment system jointly developed by Safaricom and Vodafone in 2007. Over the past five years, 15 million Kenyans (more than a third of the population) have used mobile payment services, while m-pes supports one fifth of the country's GDP

according to the survey of the Gates Foundation and the world bank, more than half of the alts in Kenya, Sudan and Gabon use mobile currency. Now many Africans use mobile money to pay bills, pay phone bills, and shop

in South Korea, people rely heavily on transport cards, which evolved from the original fare cards and can be used in taxis and vending machines

in fact, points, mobile currency and transportation card can be regarded as virtual currency, which can flourish with the characteristics of anonymity, free wealth transaction and free from government regulation. At present, the most successful electronic virtual currency is bitcoin. Just a few years ago, it was worth only $5, but soon it soared to $1200, and now it's about $444. This seems to be the biggest drawback of all virtual currencies - the sharp change in value makes it difficult to be a reliable deposit. However, as luwade shee said, "in the Internet age, if an electronic proct has novelty, adventure or speed, there must be room for it to survive."

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note: all articles are authorized by the cooperative units or indivials of China Digital Science and Technology Museum. Please indicate the source for reprint