Who wrote the title of bitcoin's bookkeeping right
Publish: 2021-04-24 22:34:28
1.
The concept of bitcoin was founded by Nakamoto
On December 12, 2010, when bitcoin graally became a hot topic, he quietly left and disappeared from the Internet As a descendant of samurai, Nakamoto was born in 1949 in Beppu, Japan. His mother, quanzi, was a Buddhist and brought him up in poverty When his parents divorced in 1959, Nakamoto's mother remarried and immigrated to California with her three sons. Nakamoto and his stepfather don't get along well, but according to his younger brother Arthur, Nakamoto showed his talent in mathematics and science when he was very young, but also showed his "fickle and strange interest"Nakamoto graated from Caltech, majoring in physics. Upon graation, he joined Hughes Aircraft and worked in defense and electronic communications. Later, Nakamoto worked for the U.S. military, and his experience was classified as a state secret. Now searching his files, his life is a blank
In 2008, in an e-mail group discussing information encryption on the Internet, he published an article outlining the basic framework of the bitcoin system. In 2009, he established an open source project for the system, officially announcing the birth of bitcoin. On December 12, 2010, when bitcoin graally became the climate, he quietly left and disappeared from the Internet2. Bitcoin was born in a paper in 2008
a person signed by Nakamoto Tsui has put forward a revolutionary idea: let's create a currency that is not controlled by the government or anyone else! This idea is crazy: there is no asset support behind a string of figures, and no one is responsible for it. How can anyone accept it when you pay it to the other party as money
Merkle tree
looks like a binary tree, but this is the lower two nodes. Take the hash value to get the upper node. Just remember the root node to detect whether the whole tree has been tampered
the root hash value is stored in the block header, and the transaction process is stored in the block body. All nodes include block header and block body, but light nodes (such as bitcoin wallets on mobile phones) only include block header. This tree can prove that a transaction has been written into the blockchain
3. Consensus agreement
two issues should be paid attention to in decentralized currency:
1. Who can issue digital currency: mining
2. How to verify the legitimacy of transactions: blockchain
double spending attack
double spending attack is a major challenge of digital currency
all transactions in bitcoin have input and output. Where does bitcoin come from and where does it go
under normal circumstances, there may be two bifurcations, because two nodes obtain the bookkeeping right at the same time, and the two nodes package the block and calculate the random number at the same time. At this time, the two bifurcations will coexist temporarily until one of the blocks finds the next block first, which becomes the longest legal chain, and the other one is discarded<
Sybil attack
a malicious node keeps generating accounts. If the total number of accounts exceeds half of the total accounts, it obtains the control of the blockchain
consensus protocol in bitcoin
some nodes are malicious, and most nodes are good
idea 1: pack some transactions into blocks as candidate blocks, let each block vote, and write them into the blockchain if they pass
No, because some malicious nodes have been publishing blocks containing malicious transactions, and they have been voting and occupying resources. And some nodes don't vote<
idea 2: vote not by the number of accounts, but by computing power. Each node can generate legal transactions and put them into the block. These nodes start to try random numbers until H (block header) ≤ target is found, then this node has the right to account
the only way to generate bitcoin
coinbase transaction. There is no need to point out the source of the currency. If you have the bookkeeping right, you will get a reward< br />
50BTC-> 25BTC-> 12.5btc, the reward will be halved for every 210000 bitcoins
the process of bitcoin competing for bookkeeping rights is called mining. The node competing for bookkeeping right is called miner.
a person signed by Nakamoto Tsui has put forward a revolutionary idea: let's create a currency that is not controlled by the government or anyone else! This idea is crazy: there is no asset support behind a string of figures, and no one is responsible for it. How can anyone accept it when you pay it to the other party as money
Merkle tree
looks like a binary tree, but this is the lower two nodes. Take the hash value to get the upper node. Just remember the root node to detect whether the whole tree has been tampered
the root hash value is stored in the block header, and the transaction process is stored in the block body. All nodes include block header and block body, but light nodes (such as bitcoin wallets on mobile phones) only include block header. This tree can prove that a transaction has been written into the blockchain
3. Consensus agreement
two issues should be paid attention to in decentralized currency:
1. Who can issue digital currency: mining
2. How to verify the legitimacy of transactions: blockchain
double spending attack
double spending attack is a major challenge of digital currency
all transactions in bitcoin have input and output. Where does bitcoin come from and where does it go
under normal circumstances, there may be two bifurcations, because two nodes obtain the bookkeeping right at the same time, and the two nodes package the block and calculate the random number at the same time. At this time, the two bifurcations will coexist temporarily until one of the blocks finds the next block first, which becomes the longest legal chain, and the other one is discarded<
Sybil attack
a malicious node keeps generating accounts. If the total number of accounts exceeds half of the total accounts, it obtains the control of the blockchain
consensus protocol in bitcoin
some nodes are malicious, and most nodes are good
idea 1: pack some transactions into blocks as candidate blocks, let each block vote, and write them into the blockchain if they pass
No, because some malicious nodes have been publishing blocks containing malicious transactions, and they have been voting and occupying resources. And some nodes don't vote<
idea 2: vote not by the number of accounts, but by computing power. Each node can generate legal transactions and put them into the block. These nodes start to try random numbers until H (block header) ≤ target is found, then this node has the right to account
the only way to generate bitcoin
coinbase transaction. There is no need to point out the source of the currency. If you have the bookkeeping right, you will get a reward< br />
50BTC-> 25BTC-> 12.5btc, the reward will be halved for every 210000 bitcoins
the process of bitcoin competing for bookkeeping rights is called mining. The node competing for bookkeeping right is called miner.
3. We know the process of information computing hash packing: transaction record, time, account number, last hash value. We also know that all calculation and storage need to consume computer resources. In Nakamoto's design, the completion of bookkeeping can be rewarded with bitcoin by the system, which is also the process of issuing bitcoin. Therefore, bookkeeping becomes mining
bookkeeping
because bookkeeping is a reward, each time you can add a certain number of bitcoin for yourself, so everyone is competing for bookkeeping, which of course leads to a problem: when there is inconsistency in bookkeeping, the system introces workload proof to solve the problem, and the rules are as follows:
1. In a period of time, only one person can succeed in bookkeeping
2. Obtain the unique bookkeeping right by solving the cryptography problem
3. Other nodes the bookkeeping results
but before the workload proof, The accounting node will do the following preparatory work:
1. Collect the original transaction information that has not been recorded in the broadcast
2. Check whether the payment address in each transaction information has enough balance
3. Verify whether the transaction has the correct signature
4. Package and record the verified transaction information
5. Add a reward transaction: add 12.5 to your address Bitcoin
if you succeed in competing for bookkeeping rights, you can get a reward of 12.5 bitcoin
workload proof
the hash value of the previous block and the current account page information will be hashed together as the original information in each bookkeeping. In order to ensure that only one person can keep accounts around 10 minutes, we have to improve the difficulty of keeping accounts. The results of hash must start with several zeros. In order to satisfy the condition, hash is to introce a random number variable
denoted by pseudo code:
1. Hash (last hash value, transaction record set) = 456635bcd
2. Hash (last hash value, transaction record set, random number) = 0000afd635bcd
if you change part of the original information of hash, the hash value will also change continuously. Therefore, when you run hash, the value of random number will change continuously, A random number can always be found so that the result of hash starts with several zeros. The node that finds the random number first obtains the unique bookkeeping right
verification
after the node successfully finds the hash value, it will broadcast and package the block to the whole network immediately, and the node of the network will verify it after receiving the broadcast. If the verification is passed, it indicates that a node has successfully decrypted, it will not compete for the current block, but will choose to accept the block and record it in its own account book for the next round of competitive guessing. Only the fastest decrypted block in the network will be added to the ledger, and other nodes will to ensure the uniqueness of the whole ledger
If a node has cheating behavior, it will cause the node of the network to fail the verification, give up its packaged block directly, and cannot be recorded in the general ledger, then the consumption cost of the cheating node will be in vain. Therefore, miners consciously abide by the consensus protocol of bitcoin system, and ensure the security of the whole system
it's like you go to the construction site to move bricks. After moving bricks for one day, the contractor asks you how can you prove that you move bricks for one day?
bookkeeping
because bookkeeping is a reward, each time you can add a certain number of bitcoin for yourself, so everyone is competing for bookkeeping, which of course leads to a problem: when there is inconsistency in bookkeeping, the system introces workload proof to solve the problem, and the rules are as follows:
1. In a period of time, only one person can succeed in bookkeeping
2. Obtain the unique bookkeeping right by solving the cryptography problem
3. Other nodes the bookkeeping results
but before the workload proof, The accounting node will do the following preparatory work:
1. Collect the original transaction information that has not been recorded in the broadcast
2. Check whether the payment address in each transaction information has enough balance
3. Verify whether the transaction has the correct signature
4. Package and record the verified transaction information
5. Add a reward transaction: add 12.5 to your address Bitcoin
if you succeed in competing for bookkeeping rights, you can get a reward of 12.5 bitcoin
workload proof
the hash value of the previous block and the current account page information will be hashed together as the original information in each bookkeeping. In order to ensure that only one person can keep accounts around 10 minutes, we have to improve the difficulty of keeping accounts. The results of hash must start with several zeros. In order to satisfy the condition, hash is to introce a random number variable
denoted by pseudo code:
1. Hash (last hash value, transaction record set) = 456635bcd
2. Hash (last hash value, transaction record set, random number) = 0000afd635bcd
if you change part of the original information of hash, the hash value will also change continuously. Therefore, when you run hash, the value of random number will change continuously, A random number can always be found so that the result of hash starts with several zeros. The node that finds the random number first obtains the unique bookkeeping right
verification
after the node successfully finds the hash value, it will broadcast and package the block to the whole network immediately, and the node of the network will verify it after receiving the broadcast. If the verification is passed, it indicates that a node has successfully decrypted, it will not compete for the current block, but will choose to accept the block and record it in its own account book for the next round of competitive guessing. Only the fastest decrypted block in the network will be added to the ledger, and other nodes will to ensure the uniqueness of the whole ledger
If a node has cheating behavior, it will cause the node of the network to fail the verification, give up its packaged block directly, and cannot be recorded in the general ledger, then the consumption cost of the cheating node will be in vain. Therefore, miners consciously abide by the consensus protocol of bitcoin system, and ensure the security of the whole system
it's like you go to the construction site to move bricks. After moving bricks for one day, the contractor asks you how can you prove that you move bricks for one day?
4.
Zhejiang Xinyun blockchain Technology Co., Ltd. is a limited liability company (invested or controlled by natural person) registered in Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province on April 2, 2018. Its registered address is located in room B309, 46-54 Dongfang Road, Ouhai Economic Development Zone, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province (trial area of cloud sharing creative space)
the unified social credit code / registration number of Zhejiang Xinyun blockchain Technology Co., Ltd. is 91330304ma2cnkpx00, and the enterprise legal person is Xiao Kang. At present, the enterprise is in business
Zhejiang Xinyun blockchain Technology Co., Ltd., within the province, the current registered capital of the enterprise is general
view more information and information of Zhejiang Xinyun blockchain Technology Co., Ltd. through network enterprise credit
5. No one mines, no one keeps accounts, and no one keeps accounts in vain. Therefore, there should be a reward mechanism for mining. If the bitcoin price returns to zero one day, the reward will not be worth money, and no one will keep accounts
6. In the world of bitcoin, a brand new block will appear every ten minutes, which means that there will be a contest for bookkeeping right. Whoever can compete for bookkeeping right and successfully bookkeeping can get the bitcoin reward of the system
at the beginning of bitcoin, you can get 50 bitcoin rewards from the system after one successful bookkeeping. Nakamoto designed a rule that for every 210000 blocks generated, the system reward of bitcoin will be halved. According to a block every ten minutes, 210000 blocks are four years. So every four years, bitcoin's system rewards are halved. 2012 was the first half, and July 2016 was the second. For now, we can get 12.5 bitcoin system rewards for successful bookkeeping. That's why so many people join the bitcoin network to participate in bitcoin bookkeeping.
at the beginning of bitcoin, you can get 50 bitcoin rewards from the system after one successful bookkeeping. Nakamoto designed a rule that for every 210000 blocks generated, the system reward of bitcoin will be halved. According to a block every ten minutes, 210000 blocks are four years. So every four years, bitcoin's system rewards are halved. 2012 was the first half, and July 2016 was the second. For now, we can get 12.5 bitcoin system rewards for successful bookkeeping. That's why so many people join the bitcoin network to participate in bitcoin bookkeeping.
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