Blockchain 1st
the digital currency launched by the central bank is a national sovereign currency, which is based on the digitalization of RMB. This is a piece of data generated by a complex algorithm, which contains blockchain and encryption technology, making it unique. The payment of Alipay and WeChat is not digital money, but only based on the payment realized by electronic accounts. Compared with the current pattern of "payment transfer collection" with the help of third-party payment, what digital currency needs to achieve is "decentralization", that is, to cancel the transfer link and directly hand over the money from the payer's account to the payee, so as to rece the payment cost in currency circulation
types of digital currency
according to different issuing or consensus mechanisms, it can be divided into four categories:
1, proof of work (POW)
proof of work. The system rewards are obtained through the mining of computing power to complete the issuance and distribution of currency. More work, more gain. Such as bitcoin, lightcoin (LTC)
the advantage is that the mining cost can form a monetary price support to a certain extent, and the disadvantage is that energy consumption and environmental protection are criticized< 2. Proof of stake (POS). Allocate the newly generated currency or interest according to the amount and time of cryptocurrency you hold. Such as dash and Neo
compared with pow, POS is more energy-saving, but it increases the security risk
3. The evolution scheme of delegated proof of stake (dpos)
POS. Similar to the voting mechanism of the board of directors, through the election of representatives to vote and make decisions, n accounting nodes are elected to create, verify, sign and supervise each other. Such as the grapefruit coin (EOS)
the advantage is high efficiency, but the problem is that it presents a semi centralized state
4. POW + POS hybrid mechanism
POW is mainly used to issue currency, and POS is used to maintain the system. For example, PPC
according to the project type, it can also be divided into four categories:
1. Currency category
digital currency issued for the purpose of transfer, payment and value storage. For example, bitcoin, bitcoin cash (BCH), Monroe (XmR), and grin
2. Public chain currency, that is, the digital currency issued by public chain projects, is generally the "fuel" for the application projects to run on the public chain. Such as eth, grapefruit coin, TRX and ont
3. Application token, that is, digital currency issued by decentralized application projects, is equivalent to equity or points. For example, OMG (payment application), GXC (data application), 1st (game application)
4. Platform currency, that is, the digital currency issued by the digital currency exchange, is equivalent to equity, points or fuel. For example, BNB, HT and okb.
1、 General situation of mineral resources (1) discovered minerals and ore procing areas by the end of 2005, 138 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the whole region, accounting for 80.7% of 171 kinds of minerals in China. There are 81 mineral resources (102 subspecies) with proven reserves. There are 87 oil and gas fields with proven resource reserves, including 10 large, 43 medium and 34 small ones. There are 993 proven non oil and gas procing areas, including 137 large, 210 medium and 646 small ones
During the Tenth Five Year Plan period, there was no change in newly discovered minerals compared with the end of the Ninth Five Year Plan period. There were 7 more minerals (natural asphalt, antimony, strontium, andalusite, pyrophyllite, basalt, perlite) with proven resource reserves, 13 more oil and gas fields with proven resource reserves, and 127 more non oil and gas procing areas with proven resource reserves. See table 3-1
Table 3-1 ring the Tenth Five Year Plan period, the situation of discovered minerals and proved ore procing areas in the autonomous region is as follows: (2) general situation of retained resources and reserves. Among them, natural gas, iron ore, gold mine, silver mine, cesium mine, andalusite mine, Glauber's salt mine, sylvite mine, asbestos mine, limestone mine for cement, bentonite mine, granite mine for decoration and marble mine for decoration increased by more than 19% (see attached table 10). See table 3-2 for the increase and decrease of main mineral reserves in 2005 compared with that in 2000
Table 3-2 increase and decrease of main mineral reserves in 2005 compared with that in 2000. See table 3-3
During the Tenth Five Year Plan period, 3652 new non oil and gas mineral exploration licenses were approved in accordance with the law. Among them, there are 239 energy minerals (223 coal mines), 528 ferrous metal minerals, 1322 non-ferrous metal minerals, 892 precious metal minerals, 62 rare, rare earth and scattered minerals, 571 non-metallic minerals and 38 water vapor minerals. It is one of the top three provinces (regions) that issue the most exploration licenses in China (Inner Mongolia, Shandong and Xinjiang in turn). See table 3-4 and Figure 3-1
Table 3-3 by the end of 2005, the reserve of main mineral resources in the autonomous region ranked among the top 10 minerals in China
there were 8 Sino foreign joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned mineral exploration enterprises registered in the autonomous region, with a total approved exploration license area of 1300 square kilometers
During the Tenth Five Year Plan period, 13300 mining licenses for non oil and gas minerals were approved in accordance with the law in the whole region (the licenses issued by land and resources management departments at prefectural and municipal levels are mainly small construction placer and clay minerals), of which 2224 were newly issued
Table 3-4 new license issuing situation of exploration license in the autonomous region ring the 10th Five Year Plan Period, 821 changes were handled and 1040 mining areas were demarcated. See table 3-5 and figure 3-2
Table 3-5 list of new mining licenses issued by the Department of land and resources ring the Tenth Five Year Plan period unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: Unit, Collective enterprises decreased by 31.7 percentage points, limited liability companies increased by 15.4%, and private enterprises increased by 14.7%. The data show that the pattern of investment in mineral resources development has changed greatly
there are 19 Hong Kong and Macao businessmen and foreign-invested enterprises developing mineral resources in our region, accounting for 10.2% of the 187 Hong Kong and Macao businessmen and foreign-invested enterprises that have obtained mining licenses
The construction of mining right market is a new task, and there is no ready-made experience to follow. At the same time, it is an important task for geological and mineral administration. In order to establish a standardized, orderly, unified, open and reasonably competitive mining rights market, first of all, Hami, Altay and Tacheng regions, which are rich in mineral resources, high mining output value and well managed, are selected to carry out the pilot work of mining rights transfer(1) Altay is rich in metal and rare metal mineral resources, but the degree of geological work is low, the level of mineral resources reserves is not high, and there are many scattered small mines. Altay Bureau of land and resources tried to transfer the mining rights of scattered small mines by agreement, and achieved good results
(2) Tuoli County in Tacheng area is rich in granite resources, among which the variety of "tuolihong" granite is popular in the market. Because there are many mining sites, the quality and price fluctuate greatly, which affects the orderly development of mining economy in the county. Through the rectification, the mine that issued the license beyond its authority was closed down, the mining area was re planned, four mining rights were set up, and the price of 1.1 million yuan was used for bidding, which achieved good results
(4) the natural environment of Hami region is relatively good and the resources are rich. In August 2002, through investigation, Hami Municipal Bureau of land and resources selected the "Tianshan Baima" facing granite varieties with good market prospect and low transportation cost adjacent to the national highway, i.e. No. 1 and No. 2 orebodies of Liugou granite in Hami City for auction, and successfully determined the first hammer for the whole district to sell mining rights by auctionon the basis of the working experience of mining right agreement transfer and auction in pilot units, the Interim Provisions on the administration of mining right bidding, auction and listing transfer (new land and resources development [2002] No. 134) was formulated and issued to guide and standardize the paid transfer of mining right in the whole region
In order to cultivate and standardize the mining right market of the whole region and speed up the construction of the mining right market, according to the mineral resources law, supporting laws and regulations and the relevant requirements of the Ministry of land and resources, In 2001, the implementation plan for further rectifying the mining economic order and standardizing the mining right market in the autonomous region (new land and Resources Office [2001] No. 175) and the notice on strengthening the management of mining right transfer and cultivating and standardizing the mining right market (new land and Resources Office [2001] No. 244) were formulated, Land and resources departments at all levels are required to conct in-depth investigation and investigate illegal transfer of mining rights in accordance with the law, and promote market-oriented management of mining rights. In order to standardize the bidding, auction and listing of mining rights, increase the market allocation of mineral resources, and rece the transfer of mining rights by administrative examination and approval, the notice on stopping the transfer of mining rights of building materials minerals by administrative examination and approval (new land and Resources Office [2002] No. 459) was formulated on the basis of summarizing the pilot work of the transfer of mining rights, The establishment of the above documents and systems has played a positive role in the construction and standardized development of the mining rights market in the whole region Since the implementation of the administrative measures for bidding, auction and listing of exploration rights and mining rights on August 1, 2003, the whole region has actively studied and formulated the paid use system of mineral resources in line with the local reality, and further cultivated and standardized a unified, open, competitive, orderly and dynamic mining rights market system, "Two rights" bidding, auction, hanging "transfer has increased significantly, the degree of marketization of mining rights has graally improved, and breakthrough progress has been made in the construction of two rights market(1) listing transfer of mining rights of construction placer and clay ore. After the mining right market of the whole region started, the paid transfer of construction placer and clay mining right was first included in the agenda of mining right market construction. Taking advantage of the opportunity of mining order rectification and mining management in scenic spots, we first carried out the paid transfer of mining rights of sand and clay mines in Turpan. The non coal mines in Shanshan county were re planned, and only 6 sand and stone mines were set up in the county. Shanshan County Bureau of land and resources openly sold two sand and gravel mining rights in Sanchakou of the county town to the public by way of listing. The initial price of listing was 200000 yuan. After 15 and 29 rounds of listing bidding, the two mines sold for 2.44 million yuan, becoming the first sand and gravel mining right sold by way of listing in Xinjiang
(2) coal mining right auction. In order to further promote the construction of mining right market, according to the development planning of mineral resources and market demand, the mining right of Heishan coal mine in tuokesun County, with proved reserves of 25.66 million tons, thick coal seam and good mining conditions, was selected for auction. On November 18, 2002, the mining right of the mine was sold at 9 million yuan. After 33 rounds of bidding, it was sold by Xinjiang Guanghui granite mine development Co., Ltd. at a price of 49 million yuan, becoming the first coal mining right sold by auction in China (3) the important mineral exploration rights and mining rights are transferred to the public. In March 2004, according to the requirement of "emancipating the mind and achieving breakthroughs in the development of mineral resources in Xinjiang" put forward at the sixth (enlarged) meeting of the sixth session of the Sixth Party committee of the autonomous region, 13 exploration rights and mining rights of coal mine, gold mine, copper mine, iron ore, magnesite, potash and other important minerals were transferred to the public, of which 7 exploration rights and mining rights had a total starting price of 38.6 million yuan, The auction price was 183 million yuan. In particular, the meisbulake coalfield in Baicheng county (a total of three minefields) has a total starting price of 29 million yuan and an auction transaction price of 172 million yuan, which has strong repercussions in the society. At the same time, the people's Government of the autonomous region attaches great importance to the exploration right and mining right(4) the mining right evaluation unit is determined by "shaking beads". In 2005, in order to reflect the principle of fairness and justice and improve the transparency of mining right examination and approval, our district took the lead in determining the mining right evaluation unit by "shaking beads" in China
During the Tenth Five Year Plan period, we actively explored the transformation of the management mode of mining rights, made efforts to settle the unemployed workers and social stability, and promoted the economic development of the autonomous region. For example, a state-owned ceramic factory in Urumqi, with two small coal mines and one clay mine for ceramic making, was on the verge of bankruptcy in 2001 e to poor management. The staff and workers of the enterprise are living in distress and petitioning constantly, which has affected the local social stability. In accordance with the instructions of the leaders of the autonomous region, our department has invested 3.6 million yuan of the mining rights originally obtained free of charge by the enterprise as a share of the resettlement expenses of the enterprise's employees, introced new capital technology and new management methods, revitalized the assets, and revitalized the old enterprises. Another example is an old state-owned gold mine in Hami. Due to the chaotic operation and the depletion of proven resources, the enterprise went bankrupt, and the placement of workers became a major difficulty. After negotiation with the Department, Hami District auctioned the four mining rights obtained free of charge by the original enterprise and the fixed assets of the bankrupt enterprise, and finally concluded the transaction with 11.08 million yuan, which effectively protected and utilized the original mine resources, guaranteed the life of the enterprise staff, and accumulated experience for the disposal of the mining rights of the bankrupt enterprise (3) explorationin the first year, dog coin issued 100 billion pieces, and there was no upper limit. Through the continuous inflation of the market, from the perspective of the overall currency price expectation, dog coin is not as good as bitcoin
in addition, dog coins are highly centralized, with the top ten owners accounting for 41.35% of all the tokens in circulation, which can easily lead to price manipulation
the second is the loose community governance model, which contains a huge crisis behind the rise. It is also hard to predict the extent to which the dog bubble will expand or when the bubble will burst.