Blockchain default
blockchain is a kind of technology, which solves the core "trust" problem in the market economy and reces the trust cost between strangers to a very low level
there is one crucial thing in the market economy, which is "trust". Without trust, no deal can be established. When you go to LAICHANG to buy vegetables, if you don't believe that the pesticide content in vegetable is up to the standard, you won't trade with that dealer; If you buy a bottle of water in a small shop, the clerk will not sell you the water if he doesn't believe that the money you give is real
the traditional small-scale peasant economy is acquaintance economy, and the transaction scale is limited to people who are familiar with each other nearby. If an acquaintance deceives you, he will lose your social relationship and damage his reputation in the whole circle of acquaintances. We believe that acquaintances are less likely to cheat us than strangers
therefore, once we are beyond the scope of acquaintances, we need to use a high cost to identify whether a stranger will cheat me and how to avoid the risk of being cheated. This situation will hinder the transaction and restrict the transaction
in addition, different races, nationalities, cultures, religious beliefs and so on will naturally have this kind of trust problem
in the market economy, why can there be so many transactions between strangers? Because of the birth of a new mechanism to solve the problem of trust in strangers
so far, the most important mechanism to solve the trust problem is the "trust intermediary" organization and mode
as long as you and strangers trust a third-party organization, the trust problem between you can be solved through this third-party organization
this third-party organization, we call it trust intermediary. Both the government and the bank are trust intermediaries
you can sell the goods you have worked hard to proce to a stranger in exchange for a stack of RMB banknotes. It's because the credit of the note issuing bank and the guarantee of the authority of the government guarantee the currency value and effectiveness of the banknotes. Otherwise, sell things, in exchange for a few ordinary paper, who would like to
in the era of global village and Internet, the people who buy your things may be strangers who will not meet and thousands of miles away. Trust is lower, so Alipay assumes the role of trust intermediation. Buyers first pay the goods to Alipay's account. When they receive the goods, they confirm that they are OK, then they agree to sell the goods to the seller. Taobao and other e-commerce have been booming rapidly in just over ten years
trust intermediary is in a central position in the transaction system. All transactions should solve the trust problem through it
However, the cost of trust intermediary itself is often hugeas a trust intermediary, how much transaction tax does the government charge each year? What is the most profitable instry? Financial services. The annual profits of Alipay's ant suit are over ten billion. p> What does this mean? Both sides of the market actually pay a huge trust cost
if there is any way to cancel or greatly rece the trust cost, the transaction cost of the general public can be reced, and the profits can be greatly increased
so in the Internet era, blockchain technology is on the stage
it allows the trading party to get rid of the intermediary, solve the problem of trust among strangers, and greatly rece the cost of trust
the blockchain can be expanded on a large scale, the data is open and transparent, the data of each client is consistent, and even if some clients are destroyed, the data security will not be affected. These highly reliable technical features can solve the trust problem of strangers with low cost
this technology can be extended to all fields that can be digitized, such as digital currency, payment and clearing, digital bills, proof of rights and interests, credit reference, government services, medical records, etc
in the medium and long term, blockchain will be a revolutionary technology, which will bring about great social changes like the existing Internet, and has great investment value and money making opportunities
in the future, the companies that can combine blockchain with different scenarios to promote applications may be the next group of bat, the next Google, Microsoft and apple
as the first practical application of blockchain technology, bitcoin has been widely accepted and used all over the world. Millions of users and tens of thousands of merchants have accepted the payment of bitcoin as a digital currency, and the exchange value of bitcoin as a currency is growing. Even e to the consensus that the total amount is fixed and the long-term value is bullish, bitcoin has become a hedge asset similar to gold, and the price has skyrocketed
take an example: for example, Sun Tzu asked Li Zi to borrow 100 yuan, but Li Zi was afraid that he would default, so he asked the village head for notarization and added the account. This is called centralization. But if you don't ask the head of the village, you can shout "I'll lend my grandson 100 yuan! Please put it in the account book. "This is called decentralization
in addition, you can refer to bitcoin, the representative proct of blockchain
blockchain technology is a technology solution that does not rely on a third party and stores, verifies, transmits and communicates network data through its own distributed nodes. Therefore, from the perspective of financial accounting, some people regard the blockchain technology as a distributed, open and decentralized large-scale network bookkeeping book. Anyone can use the same technical standards to add their own information at any time, extend the blockchain, and continuously meet the data entry needs brought by various needs
generally speaking, blockchain technology refers to a way for the whole people to participate in bookkeeping. There is a database behind all the systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. So it's very important who keeps this account book. At present, whose system will keep accounts, wechat's account book is Tencent's account book, and Taobao's account book is Ali's account book. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system can have the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. If there is any data change in a certain period of time, everyone in the system can conct bookkeeping. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best bookkeeping in this period, write the content of his records into the account book, and send the content of the account book to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete account book. This way, we call it blockchain technology
blockchain technology is considered to be the most disruptive technological innovation since the invention of the Internet. Relying on the ingenious distributed algorithm of cryptography and mathematics, it can make the participants reach a consensus without the intervention of any third party center on the Internet where the trust relationship cannot be established, and solve the problem of reliable transmission of trust and value at a very low cost
bitcoin peer-to-peer network stores all transaction history in "blockchain". The blockchain continues to extend, and once new blocks are added to the blockchain, they will not be removed. Blockchain is actually a distributed database composed of a group of scattered client nodes and all participants, which is a record of all bitcoin transaction history. After bitcoin transaction data is packaged into a "data block" or "block", the transaction is initially confirmed. When a block is linked to a previous block, the transaction is further confirmed. After six block confirmations in a row, the transaction was irreversibly confirmed
blockchain is public on the network and can be queried in every offline bitcoin wallet data. The lightweight bitcoin wallet uses online confirmation, that is, it will not download the blockchain data to the device storage
digital currency is easy to be regarded as a new currency by traditional financial institutions, but in fact, the significance and value of its underlying technology is far greater than its monetary attribute. Taking bitcoin as an example, it is generally regarded as a kind of point-to-point digital currency, but from the technical level, it is actually a point-to-point decentralized network platform, which relies on the blockchain technology. Digital currency is a global peer-to-peer network platform based on blockchain technology. Represented by bitcoin, the application of blockchain in the field of digital currency is also known as blockchain 1.0 [1].
European certification
CE certification refers to the basic safety requirements of procts that do not endanger the safety of human beings, animals and goods, rather than the general quality requirements. The coordination directive only specifies the main requirements, and the general directive requirements are the tasks of the standard. Therefore, the exact meaning is: CE mark is a safety qualification mark, not a quality qualification mark. It is the core of the European directive; Main requirements & quot
"CE" mark is a kind of safety certification mark, which is regarded as the passport for manufacturers to open and enter the European market. CE stands for the unity of Europe
significance:
since the emergence of CE mark in 1995, CE mark has always symbolized the compliance of procts with EU laws no matter where they are proced in the world, and allowed the free circulation of the procts in the European economic area. CE mark is planned as a market supervision measure and has executive authority
TheCE mark indicates that the proct complies with all relevant directives of the European Commission. For example, most electronic procts must comply with low voltage directive and electromagnetic compatibility; Electronic toys are subject to additional toy safety instructions
TheCE mark does not indicate that the proct is proced by the European economic area. The manufacturer's CE mark on the proct indicates that the proct complies with all relevant requirements of the European Commission (e.g. safety, health, environmental protection, etc.) and has been verified by a third party designated organization
not all procts traded in EEA need CE mark. Only those commodities in the subordinate categories of the relevant directives need (and are recognized) CE certification. Most of the procts marked with CE mark can only be placed in the internal sales market controlled by the manufacturer, without independent proct consistency inspection according to the EU law. Anec warned consumers not to use the CE mark as a safety certification
CE mark is a self certification scheme, which means that the manufacturer or the importer is responsible for the proction process or the third-party test required, and bears criminal responsibility. From time to time, the government will carry out sampling inspection. If the procts are found to have problems, penalties can be imposed, including recycling of the procts, fines and even imprisonment
extended data:
scope of application
CPR regulations will apply to all construction procts sold and circulated in European market, such as doors and windows, wallpaper, building pigments, steel fiber, geotechnics, glass wool and other insulation materials, floor, roof materials, asphalt mixture, gypsum, concrete, cement, pipes, paving materials, sewerage equipment Doors and windows, glass, structural metal procts, fasteners, waterproof materials, structural wood
In addition to six basic performance requirements, European CPR also requires enterprises to prove the environmental sustainability of their construction proctsin addition to six basic performance requirements, the regulation also requires enterprises to prove the environmental sustainability information of their construction procts
not only that, but also on the basis of restricting the manufacturers of construction procts, the new regulations make new mandatory requirements for the links related to the circulation of construction procts, such as traders, importers and distributors, and provide a unified performance evaluation method for the construction procts entering the European Union, so as to ensure the reliability of the performance information of all construction procts by using a common technical language
the impact of EU CE certification CPR regulations on China
the new regulations mean that the restrictions on manufacturers, traders, importers and distributors will be more stringent. This has played a considerable role in further standardizing the EU market. China is a big country of building materials, and the European Union is one of the main export places of building materials. Instry insiders believe that the entry into force of this regulation will usher in new challenges to China's nearly 10 billion dollar building materials procts exported to the EU