What are the new terms besides blockchain
blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
extended data
according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:
1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain
2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain
3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain
alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain
blockchain features
1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain
2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention
4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes
5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously
Blockchain instry has great growth potential, and five aspects promote the healthy development of Technology Virtual reality and other technologies are another emerging technology that will have a significant impact on the future, which is expected to promote human beings from the era of information internet to the era of value Internet
some countries and regions in the United States, Japan and the European Union have promoted the development of blockchain as an important national development strategy, and vigorously promoted the development and application of blockchain technology. China also attaches great importance to the technological innovation and instrial development of blockchain. With the joint participation of it and other enterprises, a large number of new enterprises, new procts, new models and new applications have emerged. The application of blockchain in the fields of finance, government affairs, energy, medical and other instries has graally expanded, and is becoming an important force to drive the technological proct innovation and instrial transformation of various instries
the development of blockchain can be divided into three stages, namely, blockchain 1.0, represented by bitcoin and related financial infrastructure applications, and blockchain 2.0, represented by smart contract. At present, it is graally moving towards blockchain 3.0, which is based on blockchain technology and more complex in-depth application of smart contract
statistical analysis of blockchain investment and financing in the first half of the year. According to the statistical data of in depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of China's blockchain instry published by foresight Instry Research Institute, in the first half of 2018, the amount of financing in the blockchain field was about 10.7 billion, with a year-on-year growth rate of 1426% compared with the same period in 2017; The number of investment and financing events in the field of blockchain has reached 205, and it is expected that the investment in the field of blockchain will usher in another peak this year
according to the distribution of investment and financing rounds in China's blockchain field, the proportion of investment rounds in the start-up period (before round b) is more than 95%, with the joint investment of many instry pioneers, and most enterprises are still running around
statistics and growth of blockchain investment and financing in the first half of 2014-2018
data source: China attaches great importance to the development and application of blockchain technology. Driven by multiple forces such as policy, technology and market, the pace of blockchain innovation has been accelerating. It has been deeply integrated with cloud computing, big data, Internet of things and other technologies. The scope of exploration and application has also expanded from digital assets to supply chain management, intelligent manufacturing, instrial Internet, social welfare, right protection and other fields
five aspects to promote the healthy development of blockchain technology, promote the high-quality development of digital economy
1, in-depth study and grasp the development trend of blockchain technology and instry. Pay close attention to the international development frontier, jointly promote the research of blockchain related technology and instry, promote the standardization of blockchain development instry behavior, and create a good development environment
2. Strengthen the construction of core technology capacity of blockchain
establish and improve the collaborative promotion mechanism among backbone enterprises, universities and research institutions, guide it enterprises to strengthen technical reserves, accelerate the breakthrough of key core technologies, and improve the performance, efficiency and security of blockchain
3. Support entrepreneurship and innovation in the field of blockchain
encourage cross-border integration between blockchain enterprises and user units, guide instry organizations to establish public service platforms, support third-party organizations to carry out evaluation and detection of blockchain services, promote rich instrial applications of blockchain, and serve the transformation and upgrading of the real economy
4. Actively build and improve the blockchain standard system
accelerate the development and application of key standards, and graally build a perfect standard system. Actively connect with ITU, ISO and other international standards organizations, substantially participate in more international standardization work, and actively contribute more "Chinese power"
5. Accelerate the improvement of the policy environment for blockchain development
support qualified enterprises to carry out application innovation and mode innovation, and guide and encourage enterprises, universities and scientific research institutes to jointly cultivate professional talents needed for blockchain development. Support eligible blockchain enterprises to enjoy the preferential tax policies of the state to support the development of software instry and small and medium-sized enterprises
the instrial scale is small, but the growth potential is huge
the blockchain economy is on the eve of the outbreak period. The financial instry is relatively widely used, and the application of other instries has also entered the stage of exploration and development. It is estimated that from 2017 to 2022, the direct market value of blockchain will increase from US $410 million to US $7.68 billion, with a compound annual growth rate of 79.6%. It is estimated that all kinds of extended business based on blockchain will reach US $100 billion in 2020
instry application areas continue to expand
the financial instry takes the lead in the application of blockchain technology, and many financial applications have been implemented; Medical instry is an important area of blockchain application, which can better protect privacy, improve service quality and management efficiency; The demand of social authentication for blockchain is rising rapidly to solve the proof problem caused by information asymmetry; The application of blockchain technology in communication, supply chain and other fields is expanding rapidly
Anti counterfeiting, such as frog coin and Weilian the source and process of frozen food monitoring of final procts such as imported milk powder and luxury goods: red wine, bags and refrigerators, because it is impossible to cheat by writing into the blockchain Back modification is being implemented or has been implemented (only the chain's partners are very strong)
smart contract or intellectual property rights, such as publishing a song. In the blockchain, you own the song, use the smart contract to sell and protect the property rights, such as Neo and Ethereum. Game development or program development: for example, cryptokitties are free to breed and trade different kinds of cats without age or rarity (the closer the age is, the more expensive it is)
the evolutionary version of ICO IPO raised $40 billion in 2017, which is the securities of any company or indivial to support its development of e-money Platform (polymeth)
free trade of game items under development
Blockchain apps include: Netease star base, digital chain app, chain to finance, time forest blockchain trading platform, blockchain e-wallet, ostrich blockchain, GXS wallet, coin bag wallet and ordered wallet
fifthly, Youling wallet
Youling app creates a personal centered value exchange network and ecology, and creates a decentralized national interactive entertainment and blockchain new economic platform
Youling app adopts the decentralized open mode, allowing indivials (third-party developers) to develop all kinds of applications based on Youling open platform, and each user can freely choose the application to build his own home page, including but not limited to: souvenirs, live broadcast, sharing, community, service sale, commodity sale
Blockchain platforms include Ethereum, Asch and other underlying application development platforms
Ethereum, an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function, provides decentralized Ethereum virtual machine to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency ether (ETH)
arch, a decentralized application platform based on side chain technology. Asch is designed to lower the threshold of developers, such as using JavaScript as the application programming language and supporting relational database to store transaction data, which is believed to be very attractive to developers and small and medium-sized enterprises
extended data
in 2008, Nakamoto first proposed the concept of blockchain. In the following years, blockchain has become the core component of electronic currency bitcoin: public account book for all transactions
by using peer-to-peer network and distributed timestamp server, the blockchain database can be managed independently. The blockchain invented for bitcoin makes it the first digital currency to solve the problem of repeated consumption. Bitcoin's design is a source of inspiration for other applications
bitcoin is the absolute mainstream of digital currency, and digital currency is in full bloom. Bitcoin, litecoin, dogecoin, dashcoin are common. In addition to currency application, there are various derivative applications, such as Ethereum, Asch and other underlying application development platforms, as well as NXT, SIA, bitstocks, maidsafe, ripple and other instrial applications
Blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, which is an important concept of bitcoin. At present, there are 35 stocks associated with the blockchain concept in the A-share market, of which 6 blockchain concept listed companies are traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and 29 blockchain concept listed companies are traded on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
according to the correlation of blockchain, the leading stocks of blockchain concept stocks are most likely to be born from Xinchen technology, luyitong and Sifang Jingchuang
Xinchen Technology: on September 29, 2016, the company said in the interaction that the company is now doing research and development of blockchain technology
Lu Yitong: the company plans to raise 67.9691 million shares of additional shares of RMB 24.57 per share, and the total amount of supporting funds will not exceed RMB 1.670 billion, which will be used to pay the cash consideration of this transaction, construct the block chain ASIC chip instrialization project, artificial intelligence ASIC chip R & D center, chip proct marketing and service network, etc
Sifang Jingchuang: on May 31, 2016, the inaugural meeting and the first general meeting of the financial blockchain cooperation alliance (Shenzhen) was officially held in Shenzhen Wuzhou Hotel, and the company was one of the members of the meeting
First, mutual learning of civilizations, that is, learning from each other; Mutual learning of civilizations means strengthening exchanges and learning from each other among different civilizations in the world. In March 27, 2014, President Xi Jinping delivered a speech at UNESCO headquarters, "civilization is colorful because of communication, and civilization is enriched by mutual learning". p> In the past five years, President Xi has expounded on a series of important occasions the idea of "exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations", which has been constantly enriched in connotation and expanded in influence. On May 15, 2019, at the opening ceremony of the Asian civilization dialogue conference, President Xi stressed once again that "civilizations exchange because of diversity, learn from each other because of exchange, and develop because of mutual learning", which has aroused worldwide attention
2. Blockchain
blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database. The data or information stored in it is characterized by "unforgeability", "trace in the whole process", "traceability", "openness and transparency" and "collective maintenance"
based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid "trust" foundation, created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects. On January 10, 2019, the state Internet Information Office issued the regulations on the management of blockchain information services
2019, ring the eighteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau, general secretary Xi Jinping stressed that "block chain as an important breakthrough in core technology and independent innovation", "accelerating the development of block chain technology and instrial innovation". p> Hard core, translated from English "hardcore", originally refers to a kind of rap music style with strong sense of power and fierce rhythm. Later, it was extended to refer to "things facing the core audience with certain difficulty and appreciation threshold", such as "hard core game", which refers to games that are very difficult to play
In recent years, the meaning of "hard core" has been further extended. People often use "hard core" to describe "very powerful", "very tough" and "very hard", such as "hard core regulations", "hard core Mom", "hard core player", "hard core life", etc. At the beginning of this year, the hit of "wandering earth" triggered a discussion on "hard core science fiction", and the popularity of "hard core" further increased Fourth, ronggeng is derived from "Xiao", which refers to the laughing point in art works, as well as the plot, fragment and creativity of the story. Fusion stem, that is, to integrate other people's wonderful ideas into their own works. In recent years, because many literary works are suspected of "plagiarism", there have been several collective discussions on the nature of "Ronggang" on the Internet. But whether it is "reasonable reference" or "illegal plagiarism", there is no agreement on the "boundary" between the twoat the end of October, the original novel of the popular film "young you" was revealed to be "melting stem" of many works of Japanese inferential novelist keigo Higashino, and netizens talked about it one after another. Yi Zhongtian commented on his microblog that "unless there are very few geniuses, few writers can never learn from it. The key lies in clumsy imitation or even direct plagiarism, or creative use of people as themselves."“ "Ronggang" has aroused wide attention again
5 ×× Ten million, ×× The first science fiction film "wandering earth", which will be released in the Spring Festival of 2019, has been widely praised by domestic and foreign fans. In the film, the repeated traffic safety warning words "ten million roads, safety first.". Driving nonstandard, relatives two lines of tears, "spreadthis "safety code" does not rhyme, and it is even a bit awkward to read; But close to the reality, can arouse people's safety consciousness, in people's heart proced
After that, the scope of use expanded and a new sentence formation format was derived“ ×× Ten million, ×× The first is "health, sleep, skin care, science, blessing and health". This format is also widely spread in the society