The world after blockchain

1. blockchain is the biggest trend in the next decade
if you look at the problem with the thinking of 30 years ago, you will think that others are crazy, but in fact you are out of date
the concept of blockchain can be traced back to the end of 2008. In the forum, a mysterious personage named "Nakamoto Tsung" published a paper "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system" and proposed the concept of blockchain for the first time
on January 3, 2009, the first block of the blockchain was born, which is called the "Founding block"
almost with the birth of blockchain technology, bitcoin became the first thing to play its role. In the following years, bitcoin graally swept the world. In 2017, its crazy market made blockchain technology known to all
the idea of blockchain first appeared in the famous bitcoin open source project. In the process of its birth and development, bitcoin project draws on the technical achievements from digital currency, cryptography, game theory, distributed system, cybernetics and other fields. It can be said that bitcoin project is good at all. As its core supporting structure, blockchain technology is a remarkable innovation achievement
blockchain is a distributed database system with different nodes, which is an open ledger system<
three characteristics of blockchain
compared with the traditional centralized scheme, blockchain technology mainly has the following three characteristics:
the core idea of blockchain is decentralization
in the blockchain system, the rights and obligations between any node are equal, and all nodes have the ability to vote with computing power, Thus, the result recognized by more than half of the nodes is guaranteed. Even under serious hacker attacks, as long as the number of nodes controlled by hackers does not exceed half of the total number of nodes in the world, the system can still operate normally and the data will not be tampered with
block chain's biggest subversive is the establishment of credit
the collective maintenance of blockchain can rece the cost
in the centralized network system, the maintenance and operation of the system depend on the operation and operation of platforms such as data center, and the cost cannot be omitted. Anyone can participate in the nodes of the blockchain. Each node can verify the correctness of the results of other nodes' records while participating in the records, which improves the maintenance efficiency and reces the cost
in a word, blockchain touches money, trust and power, which are the fundamental basis for human survival< Its development has gone through three stages
1. Brewing period: from 2009 to 2012, bitcoin and its instrial ecology are the main economic forms
2. Embryonic period: from 2012 to 2015, with bitcoin entering the public view, new wallet payment and remittance companies appeared, and blockchain economy spread to the financial field. The underlying technology of blockchain is constantly innovated. Blockchain technology is separated from bitcoin system
3. Development period: in 2016, we began to explore instry applications, and a large number of blockchain start-ups appeared. The popularity of ICO in 2017 has given blockchain unprecedented attention
"blockchain 2.0 era" is coming
the application service layer is the driving force for the sustainable development of blockchain, which is divided into three stages of application: 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0
programmable currency: blockchain 1.0 application
programmable currency is the digital currency represented by bitcoin, but it is not the legal tender of any country or region, and there is no government authority to provide guarantee for it
programmable Finance: blockchain 2.0 application& quot; Smart contract& quot; Using program algorithm to replace the concept of contract execution. This enables blockchain to expand from the original monetary system to the registration and transfer of equity, creditor's rights and property rights, the transaction and execution of securities and financial contracts, and even the financial fields of gambling and anti-counterfeiting
programmable Society: blockchain 3.0 application
blockchain is the core of value Internet, which can confirm, measure and store the property rights of information and bytes representing value in each Internet. It can not only record the transactions of the financial instry, but also record almost anything valuable that can be expressed in the form of code. Its application can be extended to any field with demand, and then to the whole society
at present, the application of blockchain has begun to surpass bitcoin (blockchain 1.0), enter the era of blockchain 1.5, and transition to the financial field (blockchain 2.0)
in the next 3-5 years, blockchain may go beyond the financial field and enter the field of social notarization and intelligence (blockchain 3.0), including identity authentication, notarization, arbitration, audit, domain name, logistics, medical care, mail, visa, voting and other fields. Its application scope will be expanded to the whole society, and blockchain technology is likely to become a new technology& quot; All things are connected& quot; It's the lowest level protocol
at present, blockchain technology has been recognized by the world, and its development has become an inevitable trend. Accompanied by more people's attention, "in the next 30 years, new technologies will be integrated into all aspects of traditional instries, and human society will turn upside down. No matter who you are, no matter where you are, all of us will be a part of this great change."
this is the current situation. Blockchain has given the post-90s an opportunity. However, if you want to control blockchain technology without being affected by negative factors, the most important thing is to have a clear understanding of it, whether it is regulators, researchers, speculators or bystanders
it's time to devote more energy to blockchain technology
in China, the average annual salary of blockchain positions has reached more than 300000, and that of some enterprises has reached more than 1 million. The monthly salary of blockchain instry graates in Beijing, Shanghai and other places has exceeded 20K! If the post-90s seize the bonus of the times, they may become the next Alibaba in the future! If you miss it, you may regret it for ten years.

2. The technology behind bitcoin has established a reliable account book, which has changed many people's lives. Its significance goes far beyond the scope of cryptocurrency
1. When Honran police rushed into Mariana Catalina Izaguirre's home one day in 2009 and wanted to expel her, she had lived in this shabby house for more than 30 years. Unlike her neighbor, Mariana Catalina Izaguirre even has a government housing certificate, but unfortunately, according to the information from the local government housing authority, the housing department and another person, the "homeowner", applied to the court for an expulsion order, and finally Ms. lzaguirre was forced to leave
this kind of wrangling is very common all over the world e to unclear registration or missing records. The lack of housing ownership protection is also the source of injustice. It has also become difficult to use houses or land as collateral for financing
bitcoin can make such problems disappear. Bitcoin is a "smart" currency based on encryption algorithm. We should pay more attention to the technology behind bitcoin: blockchain. It means more than money or cash. It creates a way of accounting to solve mutual distrust
that's why politicians consulted Factom, an American start-up that provides a prototype for land registration based on regional chains, to clean up Honran property institutions. Greece is also interested. It has no proper land registration policy. Only 7% of the land is right on the map
2. Blockchain and other similar "distributed account book" applications can be extended to prevent diamond theft and supermarket pipeline. NASDAQ Exchange will soon use blockchain system to record transactions of private enterprises. British banks dislike technological civilization, but it seems to be stimulated: in its research report last year, it wrote that distributed accounting is a great innovation and will have a profound impact on the financial instry
politicians think further: when partners and the left gathered in this year's ouishare Fest in Paris to discuss how grassroots enterprises have shaken big data companies such as Facebook, the regional chain appeared in every speech. In the dream of freedom in the world, more government regulations are replaced by private contracts between indivials - encryption algorithms will strengthen themselves
the blockchain was conceived by Satoshi Nakamoto, the amazing and so far the only confirmed founder of bitcoin - "completely equivalent electronic currency," he wrote in an article published in 2008. In order for it to be like money, bitcoin has to be transferred from the account it is fighting for, and can be consumed twice by the same person. In order to realize the dream of a decentralized system like Nakamoto, bitcoin must avoid any dependence on third parties, such as banks hidden behind ordinary payment systems
blockchain can replace the third party. It can hold the transaction history of each bitcoin and provide evidence of any person at any time. Distribution systems can be replicated in thousands of computers - the "nodes" of bitcoin - everywhere in the world, and can be made public. But even with such openness, it is still credible and safe. The complexity of the mathematical algorithm and the computational brute force cracking built in its "consensus mechanism" - the node agrees to upgrade the blockchain process according to the bitcoin circulation - ensure this
for example, Alice wants to pay Bob for rental services. They all have bitcoin wallets - software that goes directly to the blockchain, not to the web like a browser, but doesn't identify users in the system. When Alice's wallet began to apply, the transaction started, and the blockchain began to change to show that Alice's wallet was less and Bob's was more

the network needs to change through several stages in this process. When the application passes through multiple nodes in the network, check the ledger to confirm whether Alice has the bitcoin she wants to spend. If everything looks ok, the specific node will instruct miners to bundle Alice's request to connect with other similar reputable transactions, and create a new mole in the blockchain
this involves decomposing the mole into a series of data of specified length by encrypting a hash function (see chart). Like many encryptions, this hash is a one-way street. Data can be dispersed, but conversely, it is impossible to aggregate data from dispersion. But even though hash doesn't hold data, it's still unique. Changing the entry mole in any way - changing the transaction with a simple number - hashing will be different
3. Along with other data, hash will be placed in the first place (header) of the development mole. The first one then becomes the basis of practical mathematical puzzles, again involving hash functions. Puzzles can only be solved by tests and errors. Through the Internet, miners is experimenting with hundreds of millions of possibilities to find answers. When a miner finally finds out the answer, other nodes will quickly check (go one-way again: it's hard to solve, but it's easy to check), and each node will confirm the solution, and then upgrade to the blockchain. The first hash will be the confirmation line for the new mole, which is now part of the account book. Alice pays Bob and all other transactions in the mole are confirmed
in the decryption phase, three things are introced to greatly enhance the security of bitcoin. One is chance. You can't predict which miner will solve the puzzle, so you can't predict who will upgrade the blockchain at a given time, except that it must be the most diligent miner, not other random slackers. It makes cheating difficult
the second point is history. Each new first part contains the hash function of the first part of the previous mole, and it contains the hash function of the last part, so it goes back and forth to the starting point. This association makes the mole a circular chain. Starting with all the data in the account book, it's a small matter to regenerate the top of the latest mole. Despite making a change anywhere - even back to one of the earliest moles - the first changed mole will be different. This means the same for the next mole, and all the later moles. The account book will not pass through the latest mole identifier and will be rejected
is there a solution? Imagine Alice changing her mind to pay Bob and trying to rewrite history so that bitcoin will still be in her purse. If she is a capable miner, she can solve the urgent puzzle and make a new version of blockchain. But in the time she does, the rest of the network will have extended the original blockchain. Nodes will always work in the longest version of the blockchain. This rule prevented two miners from finding a solution at the same time and led to worse consequences in the chain than temporary forks. It also prevents cheating. In order for the system to accept her new version, Alice needs to extend it faster than anyone else. Not being able to control more than half of the computers - the technical term is "51% attack" - should not be possible
4, not to mention the possibility of subverting the above network, another deep-seated question is: why do you want to be a member of this network? The answer is the third "decryption" step, and there are rewards. Each new block has a new bitcoin, and the person who solves the puzzle will get 25 bitcoin rewards, about $7500
all the above ingenious designs are not the real attraction of bitcoin. Its value lies in instability and unpredictability, as shown in the figure below, but the total amount of bitcoin is fixed. The mechanism of blockchain also works well. According to a website called blockchain.info, on average, more than 120000 transactions are added to the blockchain every day, which means about $75 million in transactions. At present, there are 380000 blocks, and the size of this account book is nearly 45gb

most of the data in the blockchain is bitcoin, but it is not necessary. Mr Nakamoto has also created a distributed system and written a related explanation. Technology geeks call it: open platform. This platform imitates the Internet, including operating systems such as Android or windows. Developers can develop applications based on the basic functions of blockchain without anyone's permission. Chris Dixon of Andreessen Horowitz, which invests in bitcoin startups, said: this kind of network will eventually become a public database. It is understood that Andreessen Horowitz has invested in coinbase, a bitcoin wallet company, and 21, a bitcoin hardware equipment company for the public
at present, the application based on blockchain has three major fields. The first is to complete all suggestions through blockchain. Colo, a start-up company, is betting that in this model, they have developed an algorithm to "Polish" some small bitcoin transactions, so that they can represent such transactions as securities and precious metals
to protect the validity of land or house signature has become a typical application in the second category. Bitcoin transactions will add the signature to the account book of the blockchain. Everledger, a start-up company, protects luxury goods in this way. For example, they record the texture attribute of a gem in the blockchain data. If the gem is lost, it can provide the most intuitive proof. Onename stores personal information in a similar way; Note that this kind of application is not pure bitcoin transaction, so you need to give more trust first. For example, you need to tell the application developer some accurate information about yourself
the third kind of application has greater ambition, and "smart contract" can automatically detect whether there are various environments in which it can take effect. This is because bitcoin can be programmed so that it can be available or unavailable in special situations
lighthouse, founded by Mike Hearn, a well-known bitcoin engineer, is a decentralized crowdsourcing project. If enough money goes into the project, then everything starts. If the goal is not reached, it stops. Heran believes that his project can be cheaper and more independent than those of his friends who use bitcoin
5. According to Albert Wenger of USV, a New York venture capital company, the emergence of distributed ledgers has opened up an almost new quadrant of possibilities. This company has invested in a number of decentralized companies, such as openbazaar, which provides P2P transactions. In addition to cheering for the blockchain, some people question its security and scalability. Blockchain is very suitable for bitcoin, but in some niche applications, it can't support the use of millions of users
although Nakamoto's blockchain design has proved to be invincible so far, academic research also believes that it is almost impossible to do bad things on the blockchain without controlling 51% of the whole blockchain. In the past, bitcoin players were limited to a small circle. Today, bitcoin mining is controlled by various big bitcoin pools, where small miners share their efforts and get rewards
another concern is the environment. In order to get more bitcoin, the miners are more interested in computing power

3. A federal judge yesterday ruled that the IRS has access to user information on coinbase, the bitcoin and Ethernet exchange. The judgment came into force on November 30, Jacqueline; Scott & Chen 8226; Judge Jacqueline Scott Corley decided to approve the IRS petition, allowing it to investigate any possible tax avoidance in the United States
coinbase said it was aware of the existence of the judgment and would make a formal statement shortly

and the US government is celebrating this victory. Director of the IRS, John J; John Koskinen said:

like other properties, virtual currency transactions are taxable‘ The purpose of John Doe's summons is to ensure that citizens in emerging economies can abide by tax laws and fulfill their responsibilities

the coinbase user information that IRS applied to view was from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2015. Coinbase said it would try its best to protect users' privacy when it first received the subpoena

as we all know, the attitudes and regulatory policies of countries around the world towards digital currencies such as bitcoin are not the same, and the tax policies of different countries are also different
on October 22, 2015, the European Court of Justice ruled that transactions in bitcoin and other virtual currencies would be exempt from value added tax (VAT). This decision is a major victory for the bitcoin trading community

generally, Japanese people need to pay 8% consumption tax to buy bitcoin on the digital currency exchange. In October this year, it was reported that the Japanese government planned to cancel the consumption tax generated by the purchase of virtual currencies such as bitcoin next spring

since 2015, the IRS has regarded bitcoin and other digital currencies as taxable assets. Recently, the IRS inspector general has been responsible for the Department's gaps in digital currency taxation. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has raised similar questions.

4.

Specifically, users can share the idle storage space and bandwidth resources of cat disk, and these resources will be output to companies such as content, video, game, blockchain, etc. cat disk company will convert the legal currency and various digital currencies paid by the latter into bitcoin, and users will get the corresponding bitcoin income. This is also the unique mining mode of cat disk

why reward bitcoin

because similar procts on the market reward users with points, diamonds and other rights and interests issued by relevant companies, and most of these rights and interests are of low or no value. In addition, those projects that once seemed to be hot are now almost withered, and the early players may benefit, while the late players will lose all their money

as we know, bitcoin is the anchor currency in the digital currency world. Cat disk directly uses bitcoin to motivate users, and users can pick up the coin to their wallet at any time, and their income can be guaranteed. Moreover, the risk of bitcoin breaking is almost zero, and the user's income will be more lasting and stable

how is the mining income distributed

when it comes to distribution, we should first introce the concept of "storage power", which is directly linked to the income of cat disk users. Storage power is an index based on users' shared storage space, bandwidth and online time. The larger the storage space, the faster the bandwidth speed and the longer the online time, the larger the storage power, and vice versa

the cat disk gains revenue by sharing storage bandwidth resources, and users can check the revenue through app every day, that is, how much bitcoin they earn. The profit distribution of maopan mining is not random, but through a series of calculations. In short, users' daily income depends on their personal storage capacity, all users' storage capacity and the amount of money issued each day. The calculation formula is as follows:

single user's daily income = single user's daily storage capacity / all users' daily storage capacity * Daily currency amount

it can be seen that users' daily income is positively correlated with the daily storage capacity index and the daily currency amount, and negatively correlated with all users' daily storage capacity index

what is the amount of money issued every day

the cat disk integrates the storage and bandwidth resources shared by users, provides storage and bandwidth services to the demander, and converts various digital currencies paid by the other party into bitcoin for distribution to users. How much bitcoin is issued every day depends on the actual business situation, so there is no way to give specific figures for the time being. What we can make clear is that, unlike other mining procts, cat disk does not issue its own currency or restrict the mining of a specific kind or several kinds of currency. Instead, it earns various digital currencies paid by others. These currencies are all market currency. Cat disk converts these currencies into bitcoin and distributes them to users

note that all the currencies are negotiable, and the more storage nodes, the more business, the higher the overall mining revenue; For other mining procts, the amount of money that can be mined is limited or issued by the owner. With the passage of time, there will be more and more mining machines, and the mining income will be less and less