IBM blockchain transaction

1.

If you want to understand the application of blockchain, you can refer to many books and opinions, such as illustrated blockchain, blockchain: reshaping the economy and the world, blueprint and guide of new economy, and articles of coin'an community, including a detailed understanding of the platform of coin'an community, with great strength

As the name suggests, blockchain is composed of block and chain. It is a new application mode of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and so on. It is a kind of chain data structure that combines data blocks in order according to the time sequence, and it is a secure and reliable distributed account book that can not be tampered with and forged by means of cryptography

in 2008, in his paper bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system published by Nakamoto, he first proposed the idea of blockchain and encrypted digital currency. Starting from bitcoin, blockchain has become the underlying technology of various digital currencies

Second, the working principle of blockchain:

1. The basic concepts include: (1) transaction: one operation will change the account status once, such as adding a record 2) Block: records the transaction and status data within a specified time, which is a consensus and preservation of the current account status 3) Chain: it is composed of a series of blocks in chronological order, which is the log record of the whole state change. If you understand the working concept of blockchain, it is not difficult to understand its working principle. Suppose there is a distributed data logbook, which can only be added, not deleted or changed. Its structure is a linear chain formed by a series of "blocks" (which is also the source of the name of "blockchain"), and new data must be put into a new block to be added, The maintenance node can propose a new block, but it must go through a certain consensus mechanism to reach an agreement on the final selected block

2. Take bitcoin as an example to see the working principle of blockchain

the block of bitcoin is divided into block head and block body

Core advantages and characteristics of blockchain

1. The verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and transmission of decentralized blockchain data are all based on distributed system structure. There is no centralized hardware or management organization, and the rights and obligations of any node are equal, The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system. 2. The open and transparent system is open. In addition to the private information of all parties to the transaction is encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent. 3. Security blockchain uses consensus based specifications and Protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the whole system to exchange data freely and safely in a de trusted environment, so that the trust in "people" is changed into the trust in machines, and any human intervention does not work. 4. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% (almost impossible) nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid. Therefore, the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high. 5. Anonymity because the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, and its data interaction does not need trust (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is effective or not). Therefore, the counterparties do not need to let the counterparties generate their own trust by disclosing their identities, which is very helpful for credit accumulation

At present, the most popular classification of blockchain is to divide blockchain into public blockchain, private blockchain and consortium blockchain according to different participants

1. Public chain: anyone can participate in the use and maintenance, and can obtain the effective confirmation of the blockchain. Public chain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain at present, such as bitcoin blockchain. The information is completely public

if the licensing mechanism is introced, it includes private chain and alliance chain. 2. Private chain: a company or indivial only uses the blockchain technology, enjoys the exclusive write permission of the blockchain, and does not disclose the information. At present, conservative giants (traditional finance) want to experiment with private blockchain, and the application procts of private blockchain are still groping. 3. Alliance chain: it is a blockchain between the public chain and the existing chain, which is jointly controlled by multiple organizations. The use of the chain is managed with authority, which can be controlled by the manager, and also open to others according to the manager's wishes. In addition, according to the different use scenarios and purposes of blockchain, it can be divided into currency chain for the purpose of digital currency, property chain for the purpose of recording property rights, and crowdfunding chain for the purpose of crowdfunding

On May 28, Ma Huateng, CEO of Tencent, proposed the anti-counterfeiting method based on cloud integrated blockchain technology, which is far more efficient than traditional anti-counterfeiting methods. The future anti-counterfeiting verification scenario may only require users to use their mobile phones for simple scanning, and a large number of complete information based on different dimensions can be obtained

take Maotai liquor as an example:

distillery address, proction workshop, operation staff, inspector, delivery time, transportation vehicle information and driver information,

liquor year, raw material source, raw material supplier, storage warehouse number, raw material transportation vehicle and driver information,

all information can be accurately traced, permanently recorded and tampered with

the above information can be easily verified

2. Food safety issues as early as last November, Wal Mart has cooperated with IBM to track the source of food by using blockchain technology, so as to ensure the safety of food and increase the circulation of food to rece costs. For Wal Mart and other large supermarkets, it took a few days to investigate the source of problem food, After using this technology, only one item of proct information is needed to achieve accurate traceability, and important information such as food origin, inspector, supplier, logistics and transportation can quickly find problems in a few minutes. Currently, procts tracked by blockchain include packaging procts from the United States and pork from China

3. Information security

blockchain technology is promoting an information security technology revolution. (1) identity protection PKI is a common public key encryption technology in e-mail, message application, website and other communication applications. However, since the implementation of most PKI, the centralized trusted third party certification authority (CA) is used to issue, activate and store user certificates. Hackers can attack PKI to fake user identity or crack encrypted information

certcoin is the first PKI implementation of blockchain, which comes from MIT, removes the centralized authentication center, and uses blockchain as a distributed ledger for domain name and public key

pomcor company: blockchain PKI implementation path: keep the authentication center, and use blockchain to store the hash value of issued and activated certificates. Users can verify the authenticity of certificates through decentralized and transparent sources, and can also improve the network access performance through local authentication of secret key and signature based on blockchain

(2) data integrity protection

guardtime developed a secret key free signature architecture (Ksi) based on blockchain technology to replace the secret key based data authentication technology. Ksi stores the hash table of the original data and files on the blockchain, runs the hash algorithm to verify other copies, and compares the results with the data stored in the blockchain. Any data tampering will be found quickly because the original hash table is stored in millions of nodes

(3) key infrastructure protection

the "Achilles heel" of the Internet, DDoS has entered the TB era, DDoS is still the simplest weapon for hackers to bring down the big target with low cost, DNS service is the primary target for hackers to carry out large-scale destruction, but blockchain technology is expected to fundamentally solve the problem

The distributed storage of

blockchain makes hacker attacks lose focus. Nebulis is developing a distributed DNS system, which uses Ethereum blockchain and interstellar Internet file system (IPFs, the distributed substitute of HTTP) to register and resolve domain names. The biggest weakness of DNS is caching, which makes DDoS attacks possible. It is also the bane of the centralized government's censorship of social networks and manipulation of DNS registration. A highly transparent and distributed DNS system can effectively prevent any entity, including the government, from arbitrarily manipulating records

(1) digital currency: improve the convenience of currency issuance and use, such as bitcoin and Ethernet in foreign countries, and guorenbao in China

from the use of physical transactions, to physical currency and credit currency, and then to the rise of bitcoin network, more and more people are aware of the distributed ledger blockchain technology behind it, and graally apply it in many scenarios other than digital currency

(2) cross border payment and settlement: realize point-to-point transaction, rece intermediate fees

transfer and payment. At present, the most mature application of blockchain technology is payment and transfer. Blockchain technology can avoid complicated systems, save the process of inter-bank reconciliation and review, and accelerate the settlement speed; Virtual currency can rece transaction costs without the intervention of clearing house. Different countries have different clearing proceres. It takes two or three days for a single remittance to arrive, which is inefficient and accounts for a large proportion of funds in transit. No longer through the third party, through the blockchain technology to form point-to-point payment. By eliminating the link of the third-party institutions, we can make full day payment, real-time payment, withdraw cash quickly and rece the hidden cost, which helps to avoid the capital risk. It is timely and convenient

(3) bills and supply chain financial business: rece human intervention, rece costs and operational risks

value transfer between point-to-point, control and verify physical bills or central system; Intermediaries will be eliminated and human intervention reced. With the improvement of efficiency, financing channels are more unblocked, risks are lower, and multiple parties benefit

(4) securities issuance and Trading: realize quasi real-time asset transfer, accelerate the speed of transaction clearing

the application of blockchain technology can make the process of securities trading more concise, transparent and fast, rece the plication of IT system, and improve the efficiency of market operation. For stocks, blockchain can eliminate paper and pen or electronic form records, rece human errors in trading, and improve the transparency and traceability of trading platform. Citigroup and Nasdaq cooperate to promote blockchain applications

(5) customer credit investigation and anti fraud: rece the cost of legal compliance, prevent financial crimes

the customer information and transaction records recorded in the blockchain help banks identify abnormal transactions and effectively prevent fraud. The technical characteristics of blockchain can change the existing credit reference system, and store the data of customers with bad records in the blockchain when the bank concts "know your customer" (KYC)

equity crowdfunding:

2. In many cases of blockchain enterprise application, we can always see the word baas. Baas is the abbreviation of blockchain as a service, which is translated into "blockchain as a service" in Chinese. So what is blockchain as a service baas? With this question, we will follow Xiao Wang of Renren blockchain technology team to discuss it carefully
according to Xiao Wang, the concept of blockchain as a service (baas) is mainly proposed by Microsoft and IBM. To put it bluntly, it is actually a new type of cloud service, a cloud service combined with blockchain technology. For example, Microsoft's azure cloud computing platform and IBM's bluemix garage cloud platform all provide blockchain as a service baas
blockchain as a service (baas) is a space created by enterprises such as Microsoft and IBM from their own cloud service network to run a blockchain node. Compared with ordinary nodes and exchange nodes, the main purpose of baas nodes is to quickly establish the development environment they need, and provide a series of operation services based on blockchain, such as search query, transaction submission, data analysis, etc. these services can be centralized or decentralized to help developers verify their concepts and models faster. The service of baas node is reflected in: it is more instrumental and easy to create, deploy, run and monitor blockchain.

3. Zhao Liang, general manager of banking instry of IBM Global Enterprise Consulting Service Department, believes that blockchain technology has broad application prospects in the fields of Internet finance, such as supply chain finance, digital bills, P2P financing, e-money, microfinance, cross-border payment, collateral management and contract execution, which can better connect financial institutions and non-financial enterprises
the principle of blockchain can be more widely used in other innovative fields. For example, blockchain is expected to establish a points exchange and transaction system, which can be used for the exchange and transaction of various points, such as telecom telephone fee points, aviation mileage points, hotel accommodation points, etc. In the field of Internet of things, IBM has cooperated with Kouvola innovation in Finland to establish a trusted cargo view of the whole process of logistics in the technology of blockchain and Watson Internet of things
in fact, in the next few years, the Internet of things will become one of the most exciting and largest application fields of blockchain. Blockchain solves the trust problem and financial transactions between massive devices and nodes in the Internet of things. The Internet of things based on blockchain and e-money can enable smart appliances to automatically complete financial transactions such as paying electricity bills, while IBM Watson cognitive technology can automatically recommend a more reasonable level of electricity consumption by learning historical data, which can form a real smart grid from the perspective of the whole society
in May 2016, two Chinese blockchain enterprises announced to join the hyperledger super ledger project led by IBM and Linux foundation. Also in May, Ping An Insurance Group announced to join the international R3 alliance to jointly develop innovative business applications based on distributed shared ledger technology with other financial institutions
now, blockchain is not only as simple as having influence on Internet technology, but also to create a new decentralized next-generation business model, which is the real significance of the blockchain revolution< br />

4. It's very difficult for indivials to master big data. If they do, the source is questionable
as for blockchain big data, it cannot be forcibly linked
if you have to make money, you have to enter the currency market, but the risk is extremely high. At present, basically, the leeks have been cut.

5. 1. What is the technology of blockchain? If we assume that the database is an account book, reading and writing the database can be regarded as a kind of bookkeeping behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find the fastest and best bookkeeper in a period of time, and then send this page of information of the account book to everyone else in the whole system.

6. First of all, blockchain is likely to become the next important goal of e-commerce, which has been revealed in the larger instry participants. Alibaba has invested heavily in the research and development of blockchain and other large e-commerce companies (such as Wal Mart and Unilever) to cooperate with IBM, a technology giant, to enter the blockchain
secondly, for e-commerce, the smart contract of blockchain allows buyers and sellers to conct direct transactions. Smart contracts can be set to be executed only when specific obligations are fulfilled. For example, the buyer can send the determined price of the proct to the contract in cryptocurrency. The seller sends the proof of ownership to the smart contract and connects the smart contract with the company that transports and sells the proct. Once the seller has fulfilled all the obligations, the smart contract will automatically send the funds to the seller's wallet< Then, e-commerce has encountered setbacks in international transactions. But the company that can create a country and currency agnostic solution with blockchain technology is the request network. This blockchain based platform is eager to create a decentralized platform to provide convenient, fast and secure transactions for B2B, B2C and C2C interactions
finally, another disruptive function of blockchain technology is that it allows non corrupt visualization of the supply chain. We haven't done that yet, because blockchain still needs a lot of adoption, but once this happens, the whole chain reaction of the proct can be directly displayed with a tap of the thumb. Whether the proct is real, organic, fair trade or contains chemicals can be seen directly on its blockchain. Since the blockchain is not corrupt, it allows a completely transparent supply chain, allowing consumers to fully understand the procts they consume
with the progress of technology, blockchain will bring convenience to e-commerce in some other ways
welcome to pay attention to pinecone blockchain for more information.

7. Jingdong Vientiane data platform (hereinafter referred to as Jingdong Vientiane) under Jingdong wants to protect the interests of both sides of data transaction and let data flow through blockchain Technology (using the basic structure of Ethereum). In short, JD Vientiane uses the blockchain technology to build an alliance chain, which turns the data into a protected virtual asset through the unchangeable characteristics of the past data of the blockchain, ensuring that every transaction and data has a certificate of authenticity. In other words, before the data transaction, JD Vientiane will confirm the right of the seller's data, clarify its ownership, and synchronize the right confirmation certificate to each node. Without permission, the data provider can ask for legal protection by illegally selling the data that does not have the right confirmation certificate, or the certificate does not match the blockchain right confirmation. This not only solves the concerns of data providers, but also solves the demand of data demanders to find compliant and legitimate data In China, blockchain has also attracted the attention of most domestic star enterprises. For example, China Post and IBM have cooperated to develop a blockchain asset custody system; Based on the blockchain technology, Puyin group launched the tea based digital currency Puyin.

8. Blockchain as a revolutionary technology, credit Internet and value Internet add a credible mechanism to the whole Internet, and this credible mechanism enables us to rewrite all business in the world in the next 20 years. This is a very great revolution, which is perhaps the most far-reaching instrial revolution in human history

blockchain is a brand new proction relationship. The means of proction and the way of distribution are essentially a redistribution of interests. From this perspective, it is far more than a simple technology. In essence, blockchain can integrate procers, consumers, investors and other participants. As a result, friction is subtracted from the value in the process of circulation. If friction is subtracted from the value in the process of circulation, its liquidity will become very, very large, and the new proction relations will promote the progress of proctivity from this angle

the surging wave of science and technology in the world is accelerating the development of blockchain technology, and more favorable policy environment is promoting the implementation of blockchain instry. Breaking through the technical threshold is the most important innovation of development, and IBM capital ushered in the era of artificial intelligence digital currency trading

it is the consistent idea of IBM capital to let users use the simplest way to make profits in the most complex digital currency transactions. As one of the fastest growing companies in the United States, IBM capital is regulated by NFA (National Futures Association) which is one of the three major regulatory centers in the world. Its purpose is to make use of the most innovative financial technology in the world to enable investors to successfully benefit from the global financial market, and promote and improve the economic situation and per capita income of the United States. IBM capital has become a leading company in the U.S. financial services instry, providing unique procts in securities brokerage, wealth management, venture capital, private equity, trust and other fields, as well as investment initiation loans to provide financing services for customers

the best value carrier is Tongzheng, the original intention of returning to the Internet is decentralization, and blockchain technology is the key to Internet decentralization. The change brought by blockchain technology to the instry is the change of proction relations, and the payoff is achieved through the decentralized system

blockchain brings about a change in proction relations. The combination of blockchain and AI, or mutual promotion, brings about a very benign change of social economy and community ecology. In the field of blockchain, IBM capital is increasing investment in a series of projects and technological innovation, and is striving to promote intelligent trading and innovative trading technology in this field. At present, IBM capital has three core intelligent trading systems: AI basic, AI pro, AI genius, Through these ways, non professional traders have the opportunity to take advantage of IBM capital's core technology to have them in the infinite value of global cryptocurrencies without high cost and effort

IBM capital always abides by and manages the principles and spirit of legal and ethical standards. It is the world's leading financial technology R & D, blockchain R & D, artificial intelligence system, big data platform, the world's top financial data docking center Core technologies such as money market trading, professional asset management and ICO community provide customers and global investors with a handful of cutting-edge services

in the future, it is more important to connect into value in the digital and virtual world. Creating more new wealth is an important direction of blockchain. IBM capital is the world's first artificial intelligence trading system. IBM capital is a member of NFA in the United States and is under its supervision. The main function of NFA is to make NFA members strictly abide by federal laws and CFTC rules and implement strict management. Its wealth management, asset management, foreign exchange trading, digital currency trading, financial consulting and other businesses are guided and supervised by NFA laws and regulations. The transaction involves more than 800 global digital currencies and more than a dozen mainstream digital currencies. All transaction orders are executed on the world's largest Lmax platform regulated by FCA in the UK. Bancor, the world's famous mobile trading system, provides technical support for blockchain transaction

the future of currency is digital currency. In the new era of encrypted asset trading, IBM capital deeply insight and explore the prospect and practice of technological innovation in the new financial field, strive to explore the digital password behind the blockchain technology, witness the subversive technological change and instry upgrading of the financial instry in the future, let's work together to change the world and create a better future.