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BLK blockchain
Publish: 2021-05-11 00:25:10
1. In the process of learning blockchain, you will hear the word "double flower", which means double payment, or more directly, a sum of money has been spent twice. In this article, we will briefly analyze why there are double flowers and how bitcoin can avoid double flowers
in the traditional transaction, there is no double spending problem because there is a centralized institution such as a bank: every payment will be dected from your bank account, and all details will be recorded in the bank. But in bitcoin, because there is no concept of account, utxo is introced, that is, no transaction output is spent. Because there is no guarantee from centralized institutions such as banks, when a transaction occurs, there may be a risk of double spending: for example, a has a bitcoin, and then he constructs two transactions T1 and T2 at the same time to spend the bitcoin, one of which is given to B, to buy a suit from B, one is given to C, and to buy a pair of shoes from C. If we do not introce some mechanism to avoid this situation, bitcoin, as a digital currency, will not have any meaning of existence. Next, let's analyze how bitcoin can prevent this "double flower" attack
(1) normal situation
first of all, let's look at the normal situation. To put it bluntly, most of the time, the consensus mechanism of blockchain can nip Shuanghua in the bud. Let's illustrate with the above examples:
suppose that a constructs two transactions T1 and T2, and transfers its own value of 1btc utxo to B and C respectively, in an attempt to obtain benefits from B and C at the same time. Then a broadcasts the two constructed transactions to the network almost at the same time
suppose that the miner node in the network receives the transaction T1 first, and finds that the source of funds for the transaction has not been spent, so it adds T1 to its own memory transaction pool and waits to be packaged into the block
in most cases, the miner node will receive transaction T2 soon. At this time, the miner node will refuse to process the transaction because the transaction input that T2 points to is the same as T1 that has been added to the transaction pool. Other miner nodes in the network are similar, so a's attempt to double flower is stillborn
(2) bifurcation
the above is normal, but there are also abnormal cases to consider: suppose that the miner nodes M1 and M2 dig out the block almost at the same time, and unfortunately M1 only receives transaction T1 when digging in the block, while M2 only receives transaction T2 when digging in the block, so transaction T1 and T2 are packed into two blocks respectively. Because these two blocks were g out at about the same time, resulting in the bifurcation of the blockchain:
some nodes in the network (which may be close to M1) received the block blk1 packed by M1 first, so they used the block to extend their own blockchain, while other nodes (which are close to M2) received the block blk2 packed by M2 first, and used the block to extend their own blockchain, So the whole blockchain network
in the traditional transaction, there is no double spending problem because there is a centralized institution such as a bank: every payment will be dected from your bank account, and all details will be recorded in the bank. But in bitcoin, because there is no concept of account, utxo is introced, that is, no transaction output is spent. Because there is no guarantee from centralized institutions such as banks, when a transaction occurs, there may be a risk of double spending: for example, a has a bitcoin, and then he constructs two transactions T1 and T2 at the same time to spend the bitcoin, one of which is given to B, to buy a suit from B, one is given to C, and to buy a pair of shoes from C. If we do not introce some mechanism to avoid this situation, bitcoin, as a digital currency, will not have any meaning of existence. Next, let's analyze how bitcoin can prevent this "double flower" attack
(1) normal situation
first of all, let's look at the normal situation. To put it bluntly, most of the time, the consensus mechanism of blockchain can nip Shuanghua in the bud. Let's illustrate with the above examples:
suppose that a constructs two transactions T1 and T2, and transfers its own value of 1btc utxo to B and C respectively, in an attempt to obtain benefits from B and C at the same time. Then a broadcasts the two constructed transactions to the network almost at the same time
suppose that the miner node in the network receives the transaction T1 first, and finds that the source of funds for the transaction has not been spent, so it adds T1 to its own memory transaction pool and waits to be packaged into the block
in most cases, the miner node will receive transaction T2 soon. At this time, the miner node will refuse to process the transaction because the transaction input that T2 points to is the same as T1 that has been added to the transaction pool. Other miner nodes in the network are similar, so a's attempt to double flower is stillborn
(2) bifurcation
the above is normal, but there are also abnormal cases to consider: suppose that the miner nodes M1 and M2 dig out the block almost at the same time, and unfortunately M1 only receives transaction T1 when digging in the block, while M2 only receives transaction T2 when digging in the block, so transaction T1 and T2 are packed into two blocks respectively. Because these two blocks were g out at about the same time, resulting in the bifurcation of the blockchain:
some nodes in the network (which may be close to M1) received the block blk1 packed by M1 first, so they used the block to extend their own blockchain, while other nodes (which are close to M2) received the block blk2 packed by M2 first, and used the block to extend their own blockchain, So the whole blockchain network
2. Unknown_Error
3. If you want to unbind, you need to contact the platform customer service to apply for it, or in the settings, you can see that if there is unbinding, you can unbind it directly.
4. 1、 We should innovate currency theory and currency issuing methods, limit the growth rate of debt currency, and expand the proportion of equity currency. Debt currency is the currency that increases social debt as soon as it is issued, while equity currency is the currency that does not increase social debt after it is issued
Second, by taking advantage of the opportunity of introcing digital currency, each Chinese resident can open an account with the central bank. If deflation pressure is high ring the contraction period of the future kichin cycle, money can be directly issued to each resident's digital currency account, which can not only rece the macro debt ratio, narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, expand consumption, stimulate the economy, support the real economy, but also directly combat deflation< Third, policies should be stable, continuous and predictable. As soon as we put it into practice, we will kill the enterprise< Fourth, eliminate the discrimination of ownership. In terms of loans, deleveraging, listing and other financial business and financial activities, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises are treated equally. Financial policies such as accountability, guarantee and pledge should be treated equally. If state-owned enterprises are not responsible for bad loans, and private enterprises are responsible for bad loans, banks dare not lend to private enterprises
fifthly, excessive financial leverage needs time to digest and stabilize first. Expand the proportion of equity financing, increase the strength of IPO Financing, rece leverage by increasing equity financing. For small equity refinancing of listed companies, set up fast channel. Learn from international practice, allowing qualified leading equity investment companies to be listed for financing< Sixth, crack down on various forms of usury, illegal fund-raising and Ponzi schemes< 7. Limit the asset liability ratio and subsidiary level of state-owned enterprises. It is necessary to restrict state-owned enterprises from competing with private enterprises for policy, capital, land and credit resources by taking advantage of state credit, so as to squeeze the living space of private enterprises. The development of China's private enterprises has reached a more severe situation. Take instrial enterprises above designated size as an example, the total profit of private enterprises in 2018 was 1713.7 billion yuan, which was lower than 1815.552 billion yuan in 2011, and it has retreated to eight years ago< 7. Restrict the establishment of various state-owned equity investment funds, state-owned merger and acquisition funds, state-owned instrial funds, etc< 8. Financial support for the real economy should follow the principle of marketization and not distort the normal survival of the fittest in the market. We will support leading enterprises in the instry and enterprises with core competitive advantages to become bigger and stronger< 9. Improve the quality of financial practitioners. For example, the bank staff lack a real understanding of the business situation of the enterprise, only pay attention to the financial statements of the enterprise, and the statements are generally untrue, fail to deeply understand and analyze the financial situation of the enterprise, and the risk control ability is weak, which leads to the loan dare not lend, and the loan should not often lend. Another example is that banks provide private enterprises with order loans (orders with large amount signed with central enterprises or well-known enterprises). If the orders are true and reliable, the risks of some kinds of loans are very small, but banks are often very cautious about such loans, and they are timid, affecting the normal proction and operation of enterprises. These all depend on the professional judgment of financial practitioners< 10. On the premise that risk control is not relaxed, we should innovate credit risk control measures (such as personal credit guarantee, personal credit evaluation and personal credit bankruptcy system), and expand the proportion of credit loans and long-term loans. Mortgage and guarantee are good ways to control loan risk, but excessive reliance on mortgage and guarantee will make the real economy very painful. We should pay attention to the first source of repayment, strengthen the financial support of supply chain, and improve the level of risk identification. Guarantee, a business problem, leading to a number of enterprises in trouble. The chain guarantee does not resolve the risk, but transfers the risk that the bank should bear to the real economy, weakening the risk responsibility of the bank< 11. Change the short-term loan and long-term investment, which is an important reason for the high bad debt rate of enterprises. We should encourage medium - and long-term loans and avoid short-term loans, long-term investment and disguised loan withdrawal. From the institutional level, the normal operation of enterprises can not withstand the sudden bank loan. The bank's usual method is to promise to renew the loan, but first repay the loan before lending it. Once the enterprise repays the loan, the loan will not come down, and the enterprise may be in trouble immediately. If the enterprise also borrows the bridge loan (the general interest rate is abnormally high), it will be even more difficult< 12. Support the demand of enterprises with higher credit rating (such as AA level or above) to issue bonds, and those who meet the conditions can issue bonds in the overseas market
XIII. Restrict all kinds of behavior of raising interest rate in disguised form, such as part of the loan can not be used, taking deposits with loans, and collecting fees such as financial consultant fees and guarantee fees< 14. Revitalize regional financial institutions such as credit cooperatives, rural commercial banks and urban commercial banks to support regional economic development and restrict cross regional loans
the tenth five year plan is to support the merger and reorganization of private enterprises and make them bigger and stronger through finance< 16. The government should take the lead in dealing with the non-performing assets of banks and explore to expand the scope and scale of debt to equity swap
seventeen, establish a long-term mechanism to support the financing of private enterprises, such as the proportion of loans from private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises in bank loans, the weighted average interest rate of loans from banks to private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises and the deposit reserve ratio. The higher the proportion, the lower the interest rate, the lower the deposit reserve ratio, and the greater the support for listing financing and refinancing. The proportion of loans from private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises of state-owned banks and the weighted average interest rate of loans from private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises are assessed.
Second, by taking advantage of the opportunity of introcing digital currency, each Chinese resident can open an account with the central bank. If deflation pressure is high ring the contraction period of the future kichin cycle, money can be directly issued to each resident's digital currency account, which can not only rece the macro debt ratio, narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, expand consumption, stimulate the economy, support the real economy, but also directly combat deflation< Third, policies should be stable, continuous and predictable. As soon as we put it into practice, we will kill the enterprise< Fourth, eliminate the discrimination of ownership. In terms of loans, deleveraging, listing and other financial business and financial activities, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises are treated equally. Financial policies such as accountability, guarantee and pledge should be treated equally. If state-owned enterprises are not responsible for bad loans, and private enterprises are responsible for bad loans, banks dare not lend to private enterprises
fifthly, excessive financial leverage needs time to digest and stabilize first. Expand the proportion of equity financing, increase the strength of IPO Financing, rece leverage by increasing equity financing. For small equity refinancing of listed companies, set up fast channel. Learn from international practice, allowing qualified leading equity investment companies to be listed for financing< Sixth, crack down on various forms of usury, illegal fund-raising and Ponzi schemes< 7. Limit the asset liability ratio and subsidiary level of state-owned enterprises. It is necessary to restrict state-owned enterprises from competing with private enterprises for policy, capital, land and credit resources by taking advantage of state credit, so as to squeeze the living space of private enterprises. The development of China's private enterprises has reached a more severe situation. Take instrial enterprises above designated size as an example, the total profit of private enterprises in 2018 was 1713.7 billion yuan, which was lower than 1815.552 billion yuan in 2011, and it has retreated to eight years ago< 7. Restrict the establishment of various state-owned equity investment funds, state-owned merger and acquisition funds, state-owned instrial funds, etc< 8. Financial support for the real economy should follow the principle of marketization and not distort the normal survival of the fittest in the market. We will support leading enterprises in the instry and enterprises with core competitive advantages to become bigger and stronger< 9. Improve the quality of financial practitioners. For example, the bank staff lack a real understanding of the business situation of the enterprise, only pay attention to the financial statements of the enterprise, and the statements are generally untrue, fail to deeply understand and analyze the financial situation of the enterprise, and the risk control ability is weak, which leads to the loan dare not lend, and the loan should not often lend. Another example is that banks provide private enterprises with order loans (orders with large amount signed with central enterprises or well-known enterprises). If the orders are true and reliable, the risks of some kinds of loans are very small, but banks are often very cautious about such loans, and they are timid, affecting the normal proction and operation of enterprises. These all depend on the professional judgment of financial practitioners< 10. On the premise that risk control is not relaxed, we should innovate credit risk control measures (such as personal credit guarantee, personal credit evaluation and personal credit bankruptcy system), and expand the proportion of credit loans and long-term loans. Mortgage and guarantee are good ways to control loan risk, but excessive reliance on mortgage and guarantee will make the real economy very painful. We should pay attention to the first source of repayment, strengthen the financial support of supply chain, and improve the level of risk identification. Guarantee, a business problem, leading to a number of enterprises in trouble. The chain guarantee does not resolve the risk, but transfers the risk that the bank should bear to the real economy, weakening the risk responsibility of the bank< 11. Change the short-term loan and long-term investment, which is an important reason for the high bad debt rate of enterprises. We should encourage medium - and long-term loans and avoid short-term loans, long-term investment and disguised loan withdrawal. From the institutional level, the normal operation of enterprises can not withstand the sudden bank loan. The bank's usual method is to promise to renew the loan, but first repay the loan before lending it. Once the enterprise repays the loan, the loan will not come down, and the enterprise may be in trouble immediately. If the enterprise also borrows the bridge loan (the general interest rate is abnormally high), it will be even more difficult< 12. Support the demand of enterprises with higher credit rating (such as AA level or above) to issue bonds, and those who meet the conditions can issue bonds in the overseas market
XIII. Restrict all kinds of behavior of raising interest rate in disguised form, such as part of the loan can not be used, taking deposits with loans, and collecting fees such as financial consultant fees and guarantee fees< 14. Revitalize regional financial institutions such as credit cooperatives, rural commercial banks and urban commercial banks to support regional economic development and restrict cross regional loans
the tenth five year plan is to support the merger and reorganization of private enterprises and make them bigger and stronger through finance< 16. The government should take the lead in dealing with the non-performing assets of banks and explore to expand the scope and scale of debt to equity swap
seventeen, establish a long-term mechanism to support the financing of private enterprises, such as the proportion of loans from private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises in bank loans, the weighted average interest rate of loans from banks to private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises and the deposit reserve ratio. The higher the proportion, the lower the interest rate, the lower the deposit reserve ratio, and the greater the support for listing financing and refinancing. The proportion of loans from private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises of state-owned banks and the weighted average interest rate of loans from private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises are assessed.
5. Basically not feasible
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