Blockchain bifurcation concurrency

3.

Blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

extended data

according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:

1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain

2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain

3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain

alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain

blockchain features

1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain

2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention

4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes

5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously

4. Forking is different from ordinary upgrading. Ordinary upgrading does not affect agreement consensus before and after upgrading, and generally does not need the participation of community consensus or computing consensus. According to the modification of the protocol, bifurcation can be divided into soft bifurcation and hard bifurcation

existing definition:

[lightning definition] hard fork refers to that when the bitcoin block format or transaction format (this is the widely spread "consensus" (should be part of the agreement consensus)) changes, the UN upgraded node refuses to verify the blocks proced by the upgraded node, but the upgraded node can verify the blocks proced by the UN upgraded node, Then we continue the chain that we think is right, so we divide it into two chains< A permanent divergence in the block chain, commonly occurs when non upgraded nodes can't validate blocks created by upgraded nodes that follow new consensus rules, The UN upgraded node can verify the blocks proced by the upgraded node, and the upgraded node can also verify the blocks proced by the UN upgraded node<

a temporary fork in the block chain which commonly occurs when miners using non upgraded nodes vialate a new consensus rule their nodes don't know about.

I don't think we can say which definition is right or wrong. The specific definition can be summed up according to the differences between the two that have been widely agreed in the community, and it doesn't need authority to specify

hard fork: without forward compatibility, the previous version will be unusable and need to be upgraded

soft fork: it has good compatibility, at least some functions of previous versions are available, and can not be upgraded

hard branching: at the level of blockchain, there will be two branching chains, one old chain and one new chain

soft bifurcation: there are no forked chains at the level of blockchain, but only the blocks that make up the chain, including new blocks and old blocks

hard forking: it is necessary to agree with the forking upgrade at a certain time point, and those who do not agree will enter the old chain

soft bifurcation: for quite a long time, it is allowed to continue to use the original version to generate old blocks and coexist with new blocks without upgrading

5. After the release of the new consensus rules, some nodes that have not been upgraded cannot verify the blocks proced by the upgraded nodes, and usually hard bifurcation occurs.

6. Hard bifurcation is caused by the unacceptable permanent divergence of blockchain, while soft bifurcation is caused by the acceptable divergence of blockchain. The emergence of hard bifurcations means the emergence of a blockchain that cannot accept the new consensus mechanism. This blockchain is equivalent to the old version of the system, while the new version accepts the new consensus mechanism. Although the two versions are not different, they are still interrelated. The block nodes caused by soft bifurcation are compatible with the new consensus mechanism, and will not form another block chain. Hard and soft bifurcations are common in coin circles. In addition to currency speculation, blockchain can be applied in many places, including medical care, insurance, ecation, food, etc. I know a company specializing in blockchain development, Xuanling technology. Their evaluation in the instry is not bad.

7. What is blockchain bifurcation? Will bifurcation cause my bitcoin to split in two
it's very easy to upgrade the software in the centralized system. Click "upgrade" in the app store. However, in decentralized systems such as blockchain, "upgrade" is not so simple, and may even result in the bifurcation of blockchain
in short, bifurcation refers to the divergence of opinions ring the "upgrade" of the blockchain, which leads to the bifurcation of the blockchain. Because there is no centralized organization, every code upgrade of digital assets such as bitcoin needs to be approved by the bitcoin community. If the bitcoin community fails to reach an agreement, the blockchain is likely to form a fork
taking bitcoin as an example, in July 2017, in order to solve the congestion problem of bitcoin blockchain, some bitcoin enthusiasts proposed bitcoin cash bifurcation scheme, resulting in bitcoin blockchain split in two
according to whether the forked blockchain is compatible with the old blockchain, the forking can be divided into "hard forking" and "soft forking".

8. Bifurcation is to create an ongoing blockchain replacement version by creating two blocks simultaneously in different parts of the network. This creates two parallel blockchains, one of which is the winning blockchain.

9. Yes, after the bifurcation, it will be an independent branch, and then it will start again and again, and it will continue like this

10. Seven misunderstandings about blockchain
blockchain based systems have broad prospects in the future, but we need to be very clear about what blockchain can do. Imagine the blockchain technology in the next 20 years, its impact may be as big as the Internet
however, it is shocking that we mainly see today that the project seems to be based on decentralized design, but in fact there are some misconceptions about blockchain
if we want technology to continue to move in the right direction, we need to turn this craze into proctive and realistic expectations, so as to rece the possibility of the supply chain falling to the bottom. Once it falls to the bottom, it may be abandoned in the corner with meaningless proof of concept
let's take a look at the seven misconceptions of unrealistic expectations for blockchain:
misconception 1: highly scalable
compared with traditional (server based) trading methods, blockchain deployment does not have real scalability, and the current trading time depends on the slow party. They are only scalable for certain types of transactions, such as transactions with small payloads and transactions close to certain limits. You can't just pile up information on the blockchain
Myth 2: it is absolutely secure
although the blockchain is based on encryption standards, the method to ensure privacy is completely outside any blockchain standards and implementation. Only encryption experts can really understand and verify blockchain integration. However, each implementer has the responsibility to ensure security, so this approach is largely the same as the management of financial transactions in the old era
mistake 3: trustworthy
the blockchain ensures the integrity of transactions and information, otherwise anything stored in the blockchain cannot be trusted. You need to make sure that the parties that store the facts in the blockchain are trustworthy and that the facts are true to determine that they are truly trustworthy. This governance model allows multiple parties to be jointly and severally liable for the infrastructure, and requires secure access to store facts in the blockchain
myth 4: you can put anything in the blockchain
blockchain is a protocol represented by code, which is not defined according to any standard. There is no standard body to provide rules or guidance for the implementation of sanctions
generally, you can only handle small payloads, and you still need to reach an agreed standard among all participants so that anyone can understand what is stored
myth 5: you can express anything in a smart contract
although this is technically feasible, in practice, blockchain is limited to simple and easy to understand use cases. Smart contracts are very complex in nature. By design, once released, you cannot modify or repair them. They contain very complex interactions and irreversible results
myth 6: if you don't like public chain, please choose private chain
private chain is not a channel to obtain privacy or access restricted information. In fact, you can even think that private chain should not be an open option. Nevertheless, enterprise blockchains may not be able to realize any inherent advantages of blockchain technology, and privately developed blockchains may lack the community and academic review necessary to ensure their attributes
myth 7: the size of the community doesn't matter
the blockchain procts promoted by the community are being forked by private players in all aspects, and they strengthen their role in various ways. However, a large community composed of users, users, scholars and implementers is the only force to ensure the validity of password attributes. Only the open source blockchain with the largest community and installation base will last. The rest can be regarded as experiments in the laboratory, of which 99.9% will die
a smart technician will move forward based on use cases and a set of first principles in his mind. First, there may never be a blockchain to manage all of them. Two different use cases require different blockchains. Some participants are many, some are few, some need strong privacy around facts, and some are fully transparent
considering all the above, what we can do together now is to innovate, tackle real business problems, and initiate and promote proof of concept to better understand the power of blockchain.