Blockchain of mainstream economists

1. 1. bitcoin white paper: a peer-to-peer e-cash system, written by Tsung Nakamoto. Read this white paper first, and then consider other contents
2 FORTRAN 95 programming, written by Peng Guolun
3 Introction to FORTRAN 77 and 90 / 95 programming, written by Ding Zejun
4. Out of control: the new biology of machines, society and economy
5. Necessity, written by Kevin Kelly, mentions 12 inevitable trends in the next 20 years
6. Master bitcoin, this book will provide you with the necessary knowledge to guide you into the bitcoin world
7. blockchain revolution, written by don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott, tells how the underlying technology of bitcoin has changed money, business and the world
8. Blueprint and guide of blockchain new economy, written by Melanie Swann
9. Blockchain: the concept of quantum wealth, written by Han Feng / Zhang Xiaomei
10. Logic of finance, The author is Chen Zhiwu. The work starts from the cultural and institutional genes of wealth in simple terms, so as to tell readers what the logic of finance is
related books include principles of economics, blockchain: technology driven finance, blockchain Revolution: how bitcoin's underlying technology can change money Business and the world, blockchain technology guide, illustrated blockchain, how blockchain will redefine the world, digital currency: bitcoin data reporting and operation guide, blockchain: from digital currency to credit society, intelligent age, etc. to be honest, blockchain is still a hot resource. It's mainly about judgment (whether it's valuable) and action (to get in early)
recommends a block chain related APP, called golden finance, recommends a public official account, called "Xiao Ke online". The article is rich in materials;

2. The following points are the characteristics of the blockchain summarized by jinwowo group:

1 - Decentralization: because the blockchain relies on each node to achieve system maintenance and ensure the authenticity of information transmission, it is based on distributed data storage without centralized management by a certain center, Therefore, the attack and tampering of a node will not affect the healthy operation of the whole network

2-DE Trust: the establishment of a connection between any two nodes does not need to trust each other's identity, and the data exchange between the two sides does not need the basis of mutual trust. Since all nodes in the network can act as "supervisors", there is no need to worry about fraud

3 - extensible: blockchain is an underlying open source technology, on which various kinds of extension, decentralized and distrusted applications can be realized<

4 - anonymization: the two sides of data exchange can be anonymous, and the nodes in the network can exchange data without knowing each other's identity and personal information

5 - Security and reliability: because the activities between any nodes are supervised by the whole network, and the database adopts distributed storage, for hackers, first, they can't disguise and cheat, Second, we can't control the network only by conquering a node.

3. (1) Firstly, okgroup was established to focus on the research and development and promotion of the underlying technology of blockchain. The blockchain public chain developed under the leadership of Xu Mingxing has greatly improved the scalability of public chain technology, and has reached the world's leading level in many aspects, such as innovative state fragmentation mechanism. He has provided cutting-edge technology for the development of blockchain in China, become the catalyst of China's blockchain, and promote the rapid development of China's blockchain technology
(2) under the leadership of Xu Mingxing, okgroup has created and published authoritative books such as "illustrated blockchain" and "general economics", and proced visual popular science procts such as "chain and the future" series animation short films, and "blockchain · record", a public welfare documentary of the instry. Through these procts, it can disseminate instry information such as frontier trends, technological achievements, and technological applications of blockchain, And export valuable blockchain business knowledge to the business community through the business school
(3) okgroup, founded by him, is one of the earliest blockchain enterprises in China and a leader in the blockchain instry.

4. Decentralized
e to the use of Distributed Accounting and storage, there is no centralized hardware or management organization, the rights and obligations of any node are equal, and the data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system
openness
the system is open, in addition to the private information of all parties to the transaction is encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all, and anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
autonomy
blockchain adopts consensus based specifications and Protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the whole system to exchange data freely and safely in a de trusted environment, so that the trust in "people" is changed into the trust in machines, and any human intervention does not work
information cannot be tampered with
once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high<
anonymity
since the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, their data interaction does not need to be trusted (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is effective by themselves), so the counterparties do not need to trust themselves by disclosing their identities, which is very helpful for credit accumulation

5.

There are four kinds of minerals in the devil's land:

1. iron ore: can be used for divorce; iron ore: can be used for divorce; iron ore: can be used for divorce 10 pieces of unlimited quality + 20W gold coins are required

2. Gold Mine: it can be used to repair equipment with loss degree of 0 ＜ required quality of more than 5 ＞

3. silver ore and copper ore: these two ores have no major use, but some special tasks can still be used

6. Bitcoin itself has some "attributes" behind gold, but the way of implementation is very different.

7. Blockchain technology has three obvious characteristics: openness, security and uniqueness
openness mainly refers to that the stored information in the blockchain is completely open to all participants. This is mainly determined by the point-to-point network storage mode of the blockchain. In the blockchain network, each node can store a of the blockchain, and the uniqueness of the blockchain can ensure that the is exactly the same between different nodes
security mainly refers to that the information stored in the blockchain block is saved after being processed by digital encryption technology, and only the private key holder can decrypt the information to obtain the real information. Other members can only see and verify the integrity and uniqueness of information, but cannot see the real information
uniqueness is mainly e to the fact that the information on the blockchain cannot be tampered with once it is on the chain, so it is unique. Of course, the uniqueness here also includes the uniqueness in space, that is, all nodes have only one version of information, and also includes the uniqueness in time, that is, the historical data cannot be changed. This uniqueness also means that the blockchain maintains the characteristics of a unique main chain in the process of operation, and once other chains appear, it is a bifurcation. The emergence of bifurcation will lead to the plication of blockchain in two different spatial dimensions. Of course, to solve this problem, we need to set reasonable consensus rules to avoid. When the concept of blockchain was hot, many related top domain names were registered and used as blockchain platforms.

8.

Today, with the rapid development of information technology, real money is far from meeting people's demand for capital flow. virtual currency is the information flow or data flow that replaces the real currency in high technology. Virtual currency is different from check and telegraphic transfer. Virtual currency can not be transferred. At present, it can only be circulated in the network world. Virtual currency is released by each network machine, and there is no unified issuance and management standard. According to incomplete statistics, there are no less than 10 kinds of network virtual coins in circulation, such as Q coin, u coin and so on. Take Q coin as an example, with more than 300 million users. It is understood that the domestic Internet has a virtual currency market scale of several billion every year, and the growth rate is relatively large. Virtual currency is a newly emerging form of electronic currency in recent years. In essence, this kind of virtual currency is a form of goods. It is the result of a series of digital program algorithms through a series of mathematical algorithms. Virtual currency is also a kind of currency in essence, which can be used for trading

one Christmas, an editor of the financial times decided to buy bitcoin, a special Christmas gift for his parents. The reason is very simple. For the first time before Christmas, the value of bitcoin exceeded US $10000, which rose more than ten times in a year. Moreover, young people in Europe and the United States are talking about bitcoin. A survey found that 30% of the 20-30-year-old people in the United States have bought bitcoin. They don't know what bitcoin is, and they will definitely fall behind. The idea of taking bitcoin as a gift, on the one hand, can let oneself also try water in the coin circle, on the other hand, can also let the elderly parents play something new

as a result, the editor, who bought a $100 bitcoin, kept an eye on the market of the exchange every day ring the days when bitcoin jumped up and down, for fear that bitcoin would plunge into the water with his gift. On Christmas day, he spent half a day wrapping the electronic money of bitcoin for his father, and it took a lot of trouble to transfer the bought bitcoin as a gift to his father. After the transfer, he received the bill - the transfer cost was $30, which could be confirmed an hour later. Dad was very happy. He called in the new year to say that the bitcoin in his account had risen to 85 yuan

bitcoin is now the most popular cryptocurrency. To understand what bitcoin is, we need to explain it in several steps. First, it is cryptocurrency. Transactions are secure and will not be tampered with, because it relies on a technology called blockchain; Second, the blockchain technology is a kind of distributed general ledger that can safely record transactions, that is, a technology that stores transaction data on all networked computers, because each transaction needs at least half of the networked computers to confirm, so it ensures the security and transparency of transactions; Third, because of the use of distributed blockchain technology, bitcoin is different from the legal tender known as RMB or US dollar. It is no longer issued by the Central Bank of a country, there is no credit endorsement behind the country, there is no central authority to determine the currency value, and there is no central trading system to verify transactions

in 2016, the economist's cover article "trust machine", which introced "blockchain", was regarded by bitcoin insiders as a landmark event for bitcoin to enter the mainstream crowd According to the article of the economist, blockchain, as an emerging decentralized technology, has broad application prospects not only in the field of digital currency, but also in many fields such as supply chain, medical treatment, real estate transaction, etc

however, bitcoin has risen from less than $1000 in early 2017 to a maximum of $20000. Although this round of rise has made it a household investment, it is further and further away from the digital currency as a substitute for legal tender

if measured by the three main functions of currency, bitcoin can not shoulder any of them. The three main intelligences are value reserve, circulation means and pricing unit. Let's see why one by one

let's look at the stored value method first. The price of bitcoin has been soaring all the way. Recently, there is a roller coaster market. The price often fluctuates 20% to 30% in one day. If bitcoin is used as a value reserve, the volatility will obviously make people nervous: if you bought a car with bitcoin in January last year, the same amount of bitcoin will be enough for you to buy the most expensive sports car in January this year

As a means of circulation, bitcoin is also very weak and not environmentally friendly. In the first example, the editor of the financial times had to pay $30 to transfer bitcoin, and it took more than an hour to get it. There is no way to compare this with the free real-time payment of wechat wallet, and even less with the system that can handle hundreds of thousands of transactions per second. The reason for this is that bitcoin has set the rule that it can only process seven transactions per second, while at least 50% of the connected computers are required to confirm, so each transaction costs 275 kwh. Bitcoin's total annual electricity consumption is enough for Morocco, a small country in North Africa. In other words, with the existing technology of bitcoin, there is no way to meet the needs of global digital transactions

Finally, as a unit of valuation, bitcoin will have problems if it is widely circulated. For example, if your housing loan is priced in bitcoin, the house price has not increased much in the past year, and your debt may have increased more than ten times if it is converted into RMB. Without a stable currency value, bitcoin could not support slightly more complicated financial transactions

then why can bitcoin Soar so much? In fact, the reason can be described in one word: fomo, which is the abbreviation for fear of missing out. Every one of us is afraid of missing this opportunity to make a fortune. If the story of people around us who are speculating in bitcoin and suddenly become a billionaire spreads, more and more people will buy bitcoin because of the money making effect. There are so many examples of such rapid bubbles in history. If many investors buy an illiquid asset, the price may double. p>

but fomo belongs to fomo, and the blockchain behind bitcoin has great potential, which is why the economist calls it a "credit machine"

some people regard blockchain as the future Internet. But the problem is that the application of blockchain in various fields mentioned above can be completed with centralized database. Blockchain has not brought advanced technology, and even has bottlenecks in the speed and frequency of transactions at this stage. So why do you do that? The answer lies in the concept of decentralization. Centralization means that all data are placed in a core database. When the database becomes larger and larger, it will face more and more security risks. Similarly, for each indivial, if data concentration in a center also gives the center great power, how to ensure that this power is not abused? Blockchain technology is the representative of "decentralized" technology. Decentralization, as the name suggests, means that there is no longer a core, no longer a center that commands and has authority, but a new organizational mode of decentralization, in which every participant is equal

therefore, the driving force behind the promotion of blockchain applications is actually to achieve a certain balance between the core and the public, that is, between the center and the decentralization. Another problem that centralization may lead to is that platform dominance will curb competition, just as our digital economy has been dominated by faang and bat. The United States is Facebook, Amazon, apple, Netflix and Google, let alone bat in China. The decentralized model dominated by blockchain can encourage the creation of new competitive markets

another point is also very important. Many experts hope to automate more processes by virtue of the transparent and tamper resistant characteristics of the data on the blockchain, as well as the characteristics of its smart contract, such as completing a transaction when a certain agreed condition is reached, and auditing the process at the same time. This feature of blockchain is particularly effective in some markets with corrupt government and lack of rules, which is why there are real estate transaction applications based on blockchain in some Latin American countries

look back at bitcoin and the explosive but problematic ICO market. Both experts and people in the instry are talking about the word "token", which is the meaning of adding a token to the chain. Bitcoin mania tells us how amazing fomo's wealth effect is. However, some experts believe that the blockchain with token can better motivate the participants to find the potential security risks on the public chain and make the blockchain based applications more efficient

Finally, although bitcoin has become a "dark horse asset" sought after by funds, the rise of crypto digital currency should still cause people to think about what money is and how money is created? If money is based on some kind of credit that more and more people think is valuable, then the next generation of cryptocurrency may open up many other possibilities. Don't you see that Venezuela, which has been plagued by inflation, has issued "oil currency"? It is hoped that this kind of petroleum currency, which claims that every petroleum currency is directly linked to every barrel of crude oil, will not collapse as fast as the gold dollar. After all, Venezuela has plenty of oil, and the blockchain itself has credit that is not so easy to tamper with

9. Walter digital business school is specialized in blockchain teaching, offering intermediate training courses, advanced training courses, advanced training courses for blockchain engineers of business school, fintech Academy of Sciences, MBA blockchain professional ecation of European University of Switzerland, DBA blockchain professional ecation of European University of Switzerland, etc.