Is the application layer the upstream level of the blockchain in

1. In September 2016, the international organization for Standardization (ISO) established the Technical Committee on blockchain and Distributed Accounting (ISO / TC 307), which is responsible for formulating international standards in the field of blockchain and distributed accounting. In March 2017, China Institute of electronic technology standardization undertook ISO / TC 307 domestic technical counterpart. In December 2019, the Ministry of instry and information technology organized the preparation of the National Technical Committee for standardization of blockchain and distributed accounting technology, and the undertaking unit of the Secretariat is China Institute of electronic technology standardization. At present, China Institute of electronic technology standardization is responsible for testing the blockchain system to see if it meets the blockchain standards. After passing the test, relevant certificates will be issued. Shenzhen blockchain instry will accelerate the development of standardization. On June 11, the fourth China blockchain development competition and the Guangdong Seminar on blockchain national standards and system testing standards were held in Shenzhen. The first blockchain standardization evaluation workstation that can professionally apply for and test national standards was established in Shenzhen.

2. There are six hierarchical structures in the blockchain, which are from bottom to top: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer
1. Data layer
the data layer is the lowest layer in the six hierarchies of the blockchain. We can understand the data layer as a database, but for the blockchain, this database is a tamperable and distributed database, which is what we call "distributed ledger"
in the data layer, that is, the "distributed ledger", the data information on the blockchain is stored, and the blockchain structure, asymmetric encryption technology, hash algorithm and other technical means of the block are encapsulated to ensure the security of the data in the case of the whole network being open. The specific method is:
in the blockchain network, nodes use consensus algorithm to maintain the consistency of data layer (that is, the distributed database), and use asymmetric encryption and hash algorithm in cryptography to ensure the non usurpation and traceability of the distributed database
This constitutes the bottom data structure of blockchain technology. However, it is not enough to have a distributed database. We also need to let the data information in the database be shared and exchanged. Next, we will introce the upper layer of the data layer - the network layer
Second, network layer
the network system of blockchain is essentially a P2P (point-to-point) network. Point to point means that there is no need for an intermediate link or centralized server to control the system. All resources and services in the network are distributed in the hands of each node, and the transmission of information is also a direct communication between the two nodes. However, it should be noted that P2P
(peer-to-peer) was not invented by Nakamoto, and the blockchain only integrates this technology
therefore, the network layer of blockchain is actually a particularly powerful point-to-point network system. In this system, each node can not only proce information, but also receive information, just like sending e-mail. You can write your own e-mail, and you can also receive the e-mail sent to you by others
in the blockchain network, nodes need to jointly maintain the blockchain system. Every time a node creates a new block, it needs to notify other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block, and then create a new block on the basis of the block. In this way, the whole network can jointly maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system
however, what rules should the whole network follow to maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system? This involves the so-called "laws and regulations" (rules), which we will introce next: the consensus layer
Third, consensus layer
in the world of blockchain, consensus simply means that the whole network should maintain and update the general ledger of blockchain system according to a unified and agreed rule, which is similar to the rule of updating data. It is one of the core technologies of blockchain and the governance mechanism of blockchain community to let highly dispersed nodes reach consensus efficiently in the decentralized blockchain network
at present, the mainstream consensus mechanism algorithms include: proof of work of bitcoin (POW), proof of rights and interests of Ethereum (POS), proof of rights and interests of EOS (dpos), etc
we now introce the data layer, network layer and consensus layer. These three layers ensure that there are data, networks and rules for updating data on the network. However, there is no free lunch in the world. How can nodes actively participate in the maintenance of the blockchain system? Here is the incentive layer, which we will introce next: incentive layer< 4. Incentive layer
incentive layer is the so-called mining mechanism, which can be understood as incentive mechanism: you can get as much reward as you contribute to the blockchain system. With this incentive mechanism, the whole network nodes can be encouraged to participate in the data recording and maintenance on the blockchain
mining mechanism and consensus mechanism are actually the same truth. Consensus mechanism can be understood as the company's general rules and regulations, while mining mechanism can be understood as the reward rules for what you do well in the general rules and regulations
just like the consensus mechanism POW of bitcoin, it stipulates that more work pays more. Whoever can find the correct hash value first can get a certain amount of bitcoin reward
and Ethereum's POS stipulates that the older the holder is, the more likely he or she will be rewarded
it should be noted that the incentive layer is generally only available for the public chain, because the public chain must rely on the nodes of the whole network to jointly maintain data, so there must be a set of incentive mechanism to encourage the nodes of the whole network to participate in the construction and maintenance of the blockchain system, so as to ensure the security and reliability of the blockchain system
the blockchain is safe and reliable, and it is not intelligent enough, right? The contract layer we will introce next can make the blockchain system more intelligent
v. contract layer
Contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, which is the basis of block chain programming. What we call "smart contract" is at the contract level
if the bitcoin system is not intelligent enough, the "smart contract" proposed by Ethereum can meet many application scenarios. The principle of the contract layer is to embed the code into the blockchain system, in this way to realize the smart contract that can be customized. In this way, on the blockchain system, once the terms of the smart contract are triggered, the system can automatically execute commands< Finally, the application layer. The application layer is very simple. As the name suggests, it is a variety of application scenarios and cases of blockchain. What we now call "blockchain +" is the so-called application layer. At present, the blockchain applications that have been implemented are mainly various blockchain applications built on
eth, EOS and other public chains. There are more applications of gambling and games, and the real practical applications have not yet appeared.

3. The projects of jinwowo network technology analysis blockchain are divided into three levels:

the top and easiest thing to do is the application layer. I can see two or three such projects every day, accounting for more than 95% of the whole market. But such companies often write a lot of technical things in the white paper. In fact, they also write in vain. This is purely for the purpose of collecting pages, because they don't need to talk about technology at all

the second type is the intermediate operation level, such as quantum chain and ant. This kind of project is similar to the operation procere, called the basic chain, which is used to run the application. This category is relatively small, and the proportion has dropped to less than 5%

the third category is more downward extension and lower level, such as standard chain and arcblock. This kind is even less. It's good to see two or three in a month. And some of them are not necessarily true, because there is really nothing to write about, and all fields are occupied by others, so someone will go in this direction.

4. The hierarchical structure of blockchain
1, data layer / data layer
the data layer mainly describes the physical form of blockchain, which is a chain structure starting from Genesis block on blockchain, including block data, chain structure, random number, time stamp, public and private key data on blockchain, and is the lowest level data structure in the whole blockchain technology
2. Network layer / network layer
the network layer mainly realizes the mechanism of distributed network through P2P technology, and the network layer includes P2P networking mechanism, data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism. Therefore, blockchain is essentially a P2P network with automatic networking mechanism, and the communication between nodes is maintained by maintaining a common blockchain structure
3. Consensus layer / consensus layer
consensus layer mainly includes consensus algorithm and consensus mechanism, which enables highly dispersed nodes to reach consensus on the effectiveness of block data efficiently in the decentralized blockchain network. It is one of the core technologies of blockchain and also the governance mechanism of blockchain community. At present, there are at least dozens of consensus mechanism algorithms, including workload proof, rights and interests proof, rights and interests authorization proof, burning proof, importance proof and so on
data layer, network layer and consensus layer are the necessary elements of building blockchain technology. Without any layer, it can not be called a real blockchain technology
4. Incentive layer / activator layer
the incentive layer mainly includes the issuing system and distribution system of economic incentive. Its function is to provide certain incentive measures, encourage nodes to participate in the security verification work in the blockchain, incorporate economic factors into the blockchain technology system, encourage nodes that comply with rules to participate in bookkeeping, and punish nodes that do not comply with rules
5. Contract layer / contract layer
the contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, which is the basis of block chain programming. Embedding the code into the blockchain or token, realizing the smart contract that can be customized, and automatically executing without a third party when certain constraints are met, is the foundation of the blockchain's distrust
6. Application layer / application layer
the application layer of blockchain encapsulates various application scenarios and cases, which are similar to applications on computer operating system, portals on Internet browsers, search engines, e-malls or apps on mobile phones. The blockchain technology applications are deployed on Ethereum, EOS and qtum, and are implemented in real life scenarios. The future programmable finance and programmable society will also be built on the application layer
incentive layer, contract layer and application layer are not necessary factors for each blockchain application, and some blockchain applications do not completely include the three-tier structure.

5. In Outland, we choose nagland to mine
compared with
Hellfire Peninsula, most of which are magic iron. Although the fire particles can have a good price and market, the output is too small. Although the proction of soil particles is large, the price is really low, the use is little, and the market is not good
and the distribution of Hellfire mines is extremely unfavorable to circle mining, and most of them are distributed in the upper mountain area,
the water area of zanga swamp is large, and many ore spots are distributed in the water, which is the most criticized one for mining. After drilling in the water, we beat the fish of the caller, g two magic irons, and then slowly climbed to the shore and got on the plane, which is not a waste of time
moreover, zanga swamp is mostly magic irons, and the ore spots are few and the distribution is irregular
not to mention the taloka forest, There are too few mines in this map.
there are many mines in Dao Feng mountain, but the terrain is the most yellow and violent. There are lots of swords and stones everywhere, which is very unfavorable for aircraft flying. However, in view of the small number of people, it can be a good place.
shadow Moon Valley and void storm are too high. Some mines are in the strange pile and can't be found without digging. As soon as the hoe strikes, the sound is everywhere, and the strange will come to you, If you don't kill them, you can't dig them. It's a waste of time. So you don't choose to dig them in these two places. But these two places have fixed points, brush rich gold and gram gold, and herbal medicine. So I recommend the small one to keep watch. As for the large one to dig, forget it. The map is far away and it takes half a day to fly by.
2) tool demand
[[miner's hoe]]. Needless to say, the only one who has been following me since level 6 is him. I have destroyed all the furnace stones
[[big bird]] one, no matter whether you are a dragon or a fish, you can fly fast, of course, the birds in the arena are better
[[horse whip]] one, before reaching the mine, the refresh speed is faster than your flight speed, so he is still necessary
in addition, the highest mining skill is 350, which is absolutely the premise!! (3) recommendation of companion training skills
digging grass, also known as double mining, is not particularly convenient to switch. It is possible that a mine will leak when you dig grass, but it is definitely the most profitable combination of farmers, [[engineering eye]] + [[fast throttling particle aspirator]] can simultaneously display ore occurrences and air masses. However, there are not many air masses around the mine, but it's not bad.
skinning is still a bit interesting. The key is that the cobra in twilight Valley can peel the scales of Cobra. The scales are the material for physical output leg protectors, and only the snakes here and in shadow Moon Valley can proce them. However, it's obvious that the number of snakes in shadow Moon Valley or the surrounding environment is not as good as here. It's also a good choice to peel here if you find someone who is robbing ore.
4) mining time is recommended
generally speaking, it's best when there are few people, so I recommend
prime time: 3:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m.
Silver time: 9:00 a.m. - 12:00 noon, 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.
if there is one person robbing ore, you should adjust the time by yourself, For example, if you don't see a mine after flying half a circle, please stop and wait for the mine at your feet to refresh, rather than continue to fly to the next mine. The reason is very simple

it's more profitable to dig fuser in the mainland (there's also a chance to proce all kinds of gems and arcane crystals, which sell well)
it's recommended to go to sirisus
Yashi insect nest, and brush one in the smallest hole, It's possible to brush 2 or 3 ore spots outside, a total of 5 mines. You can calculate by yourself. If you add 2 holes and mine 5 mines outside, don't enter the last hole
in Zora's nest, the holes near the alliance camp are usually painted with only one mine. If you want to mine at the entrance, don't go in. The other two holes are painted with two mines each. They are not painted outside, but the entrance will be painted
generally, the two holes with only one entrance are brushed with two mines, the holes with two exits are brushed with one mine, and one mine can be brushed outside

sometimes fuser silver can be turned into real silver, and sometimes pusher silver can be turned into gold, but it is very rare.

6. Aggregation chain refers to the innovative introction of "alliance chain + cross chain + public chain" aggregation chain technology architecture on the basis of long-term accumulated alliance chain technology, so as to realize the efficient, safe and low-cost flow of data and assets, and then practice the historical mission of enabling distributed economy.

7. First cut off the power, and then open the upper cover of the printer, take out the sun drum, and slowly take out the paper

8. Mine pool refers to:
as the computing level of the whole bitcoin network continues to rise exponentially, a single device or a small amount of computing power can not get the block reward provided by bitcoin network
after the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the low probability of getting rewards has prompted some geeks on "bitcoin talk" to develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly. The website established in this way is called "mine pool"
extended data:
the existence of the mine pool reces the difficulty of mining bitcoin and other virtual digital currencies, reces the threshold of mining, and truly realizes the concept of bitcoin mining that everyone can participate in
but its disadvantages are also very obvious, because computing power is connected to the mine pool. As a mine pool, it will have a huge amount of computing power resources. In the bitcoin world, computing power represents the bookkeeping right, and computing power is everything. If the computing power of a single mine pool reaches more than 50%, it will be easy to launch 51% attacks on bitcoin and other similar virtual digital currencies, The consequences are very terrible:
the mine pool can make the mine pool with 49% of the remaining computing power have no harvest, instantly quit the competition and go bankrupt. The mine pool's computing power exceeds 50%. If 51% attack is launched, it will easily occupy all the effective computing power of the whole network
source of reference: network mine pool

9. There is no way to sell a large amount of sealed down limit. Anyway, you can only hang up the down limit every day to see if you have paid for it.