Diagram of transaction process in blockchain network
blockchain is a distributed system, which is constructed by cryptography. Indeed, blockchain is a technical collection of concepts formed by distributed system and cryptography. We should emphasize that it is not only a concept but also a technical system, At the very beginning, blockchain only represented the account structure of the underlying technology of bitcoin. It was a narrow concept. At the beginning, because the development of this technology should be represented by a special term to distinguish it from bitcoin, this word was used to refer to it, and it became a bigger and richer concept and a complete system
when we think back to cloud computing, cloud computing existed before the word cloud computing was put forward. However, once cloud computing was put forward, it developed rapidly along the concept of cloud computing. I think blockchain also has such characteristics, and it will continue to develop. Once it becomes a complete sub Technology system, all the technologies in the sub fields under blockchain will continue to develop, The algorithms in the sub domain will develop in the direction of qualitative change in the way of adding tests. Blockchain is a kind of distributed line or network trust technology. When I studied blockchain technology, there was no blockchain word. We called it distributed computing. On the technical level, end-to-end. From a macro point of view, the blockchain is composed of multiple nodes participated by Dongfang. It is equal. The cooperation of these nodes needs to complete the mutual verification on the blockchain. At this time, there is no need for a central node to do this
macro: distributed equal deployment system, participating nodes cooperate to complete verification and storage
microcosmic: rigorous data structure is packaged and stored in the block, and logically concatenated to form a chain
digital signature and integrity verification ensure the authenticity, real-time and timing of block data
at last, after learning all the technical features, it has achieved the multi fight, informed group and supervision right, because it is transparent, shared and open. All parties of the alliance should participate in the operation of the blockchain system, which is equivalent to a co construction, sharing, sharing and co governance. When constructing the alliance, I have to think of one thing: what I store to the blockchain, which are transparent and which are encrypted. At this time, I need to determine according to your business system. If someone deliberately cheats, he or she will probably find that your data may be tampered or forged with the participation of the public or even the collective alliance, so he or she will consider the cost of doing evil. In this way, the trust cost of the alliance will be greatly reced, and there will be no friction. Outside the alliance, because you believe that you have adopted the blockchain technology, you will have a higher degree of trust in the services or procts provided by the whole alliance, so this is a very good way of virtuous circle
what should you do to build a blockchain system or to bridge business to a blockchain system? There are two steps, very simple. The first step is to construct several key roles in your business logic. Now consider how many roles there may be. There may be many roles, but now consider them as one. These perspectives must be related in business logic. They need to share and map these rules to the blockchain or put them into scripts at the same time. Next, we will talk about data, which data will be put into the blockchain and which will not be put, because the efficiency of the blockchain is security, which is generally simple and key, and only what needs to be built together is considered. On the other hand, even if some data are put into the blockchain, not all things need to be supervised, but may be closed door, and can only be seen after authorization, One is privacy, the other is regulatory compliance
after the first step, the second step is simpler. You need a convenient and reliable blockchain platform. It is an underlying infrastructure, including books, networks, supply and demand algorithms, and accounts. All these things have to exist. After general checking, you can check and send these four blocks according to your business needs. There is a protocol below. The above layer is mapping. This mapping layer is very important. It abstracts your business into many models and logics, and abstracts them into an easy-to-use system. Then you can develop your business logic on the application system, and then develop the business logic based on the blockchain. This is a fast process. In fact, a good blockchain business platform should have its own application tools, as well as monitoring, viewing and auxiliary tools, just like the early days of the database. At the beginning of the database, if it was just data without auxiliary tools, it would be very difficult to run
next, let's share a small case, which is the case of blockchain business points that we just released. There are a lot of views that we have already discussed. We must use points to make it universal, so that consumers can get profits and businesses can rece the burden. Moreover, we can let points flow and guide real secondary consumption. This is of great significance. We have to consider more when we choose commercial competition. Commercial competition itself has a certain financial or monetary attribute. It is a purely low-risk number, because it has the lowest regulatory risk to the extent of compliance and legality. Second, points can quickly accumulate digital assets, accumulate C-end users, test your blockchain platform to a certain extent, and even test your blockchain technology to verify whether your blockchain platform is right. Finally, derived with financial related attributes, for the expansion of financial means behind all laid a good foundation
according to the path of building a blockchain system that we have just seen, the first step is to make decisions. In the blockchain system, it plays two roles: merchant and consumer. Merchants are also divided into two levels, the points they send, the points they receive, and the points they receive are also divided into two levels, the points they transfer out and the points they receive. Rules are non discrimination rules; Data, integral, some data are very interesting. I can write all the people on it, and I can write the effective information on it. There are some consumer behaviors, such as what to buy, coffee or bread. These data are written on it. I will use a simple example to guide you
the second step is to find a platform for blockchain. In our Bubi blockchain, what do we get? We really got a positive feedback. We think it's a very good feedback. First, digital integral represents a variety of data assets, which can be supported on the blockchain. Second, it may have many users, whether real users or laboratory simulation users. It's no problem to support millions of transactions and storage. Third, it really builds a good foundation for us, which lays a good foundation for the exploration in the financial field.
first, define the
blockchain as an open network ledger. It originated from bitcoin and is the underlying technology of bitcoin. In bitcoin transactions, all the information of transaction records will be packaged into a "block" for storage. With the expansion of information exchange, one block links with another, forming a blockchain
Second, the digital currency represented by bitcoin is a point-to-point e-cash system. Among them, every transaction will broadcast to all participants in the network, and it will be recorded in the account book after repeated confirmation, which is called "blockchain". Each participant will have his own account book. In this way, when false information occurs, it can be broken through mutual verification, so as to ensure network securityin the blockchain, every node is equal, and there is no centralized management organization. This "decentralized" feature makes the blockchain do not need to rely on a third party, its operation does not need any human intervention, and it can independently conct self verification. In addition, the network of blockchain is open to the world, and anyone can query data through the public port, so the whole system is highly transparent
In a word, blockchain is a reliable database and a reliable "account book". In the future, it will be applied in cross-border payment, securities, loans, voting, etc. For example, in cross-border payment, with the security of blockchain, you can remit money to the world anytime and anywhere, which saves a lot of intermediate links and high feesBlockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database. The data or information stored in it is characterized by "unforgeability", "trace in the whole process", "traceability", "openness and transparency" and "collective maintenance". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid "trust" foundation, created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects
on January 10, 2019, the state Internet Information Office issued the regulations on the management of blockchain information services. In October 24, 2019, ring the eighteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau, general secretary Xi Jinping stressed that "block chain as an important breakthrough in core technology and independent innovation", "accelerating the development of block chain technology and instrial innovation". "Blockchain" has entered the public field of vision and become the focus of social attention
on December 2, 2019, the word was selected into the top ten catchwords of "biting words" in 2019
extended data:
Application of blockchain Finance:
since 2016, the major financial giants have also carried out blockchain innovation projects to explore the possibility of applying blockchain Technology in various financial scenarios. In particular, Puyin group took the lead in creating a "blockchain +" standard digital currency
standard digital currency refers to the process of assets identification, evaluation, right confirmation and insurance completed by a third party organization, which is written into the blockchain through careful digital algorithm to form the standard corresponding relationship between assets and digital currency, which is called standard digital currency
in order to realize the great leap forward development of blockchain finance, promote the new development of China's economy, accelerate the circulation of global assets, and realize the dream of rejuvenation that has been struggling for generations, Puyin group will hold the Guiyang strategic development ceremony of Puyin blockchain finance in Guizhou on December 9, 2016
the meeting will discuss the realization of digital circulation of assets by blockchain, the financial transaction mode of blockchain, and the application of blockchain services and social public instry. This conference will mark the beginning of the application of blockchain finance and the change and development of the new financial ecology
blockchain (English: blockchain or block chain) is a kind of distributed database . You may have heard about bitcoin, which is the core technology. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography. Each data block contains the information of a network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block. In a popular concept, blockchain is an account that everyone can keep. In a company or organization, most people only have the right to keep accounts, while only a few people with professional training have the right to keep accounts. Of course, blockchain is not an account book in the traditional sense. It has the following three key points in technical principle: first, decentralization. In a network practicing blockchain technology, each computer covered by it can read and add records. From the perspective of account book, they are the people who keep accounts together, and there is no authoritative person to guide and correct them. Second, asymmetric encryption. Although everyone can remember this account, they will not be able to read it unless they are in the Bureau. Because, in the accounting process, everyone follows the unified encryption rules, but when reading, they must use their own unique decryption method. Therefore, although everyone keeps this constantly updated account, the part they can read is only the one they can decrypt, that is, the part related to themselves. Third, time stamp. That is, time stamp (English: timestamp), refers to the string or coded information used to identify the recorded time and date. Each block on the blockchain is arranged in sequence according to the time it is generated, and is confirmed by collective authentication. Moreover, previous records cannot be modified. Just like in an account, we can index and verify the previous content through the records after a point in time. Once these contents are confirmed, it will be more difficult to tamper with them
blockchain technology is to maintain a growing distributed database of data records. These data are associated with all the data written before through cryptography technology, which makes it difficult for the third party or even the owner of the node to tamper with. Block contains the data that need to be saved in the database, and these data are written into the database through block organization. Chain usually refers to the use of Merkle tree and other methods to check whether all the current blocks have been modified. This is familiar to code farmers who have used git for a long time. Recall how to modify git's history
blockchain technology is mainly divided into three categories, which are open, collaborative and private
public blockchain
example: bitcoin, Ethereum frontier. The data on the public blockchain can be accessed by all people, and all people can issue transactions waiting to be written into the blockchain. Participants in the consensus process (corresponding to the miners in bitcoin) maintain the security of the database through cryptography technology and built-in economic incentives. Open blockchain is completely distributed
highlights and pain points: the open blockchain is completely distributed and has all the characteristics of bitcoin. However, it needs sufficient cost to maintain the system operation and relies on built-in incentives. At present, only bitcoin in the public blockchain is safe enough. If the algorithm is the same as bitcoin, it will be safe; There are no built-in rewards, but they are not; It's easy to concentrate on the attack of computing power (for example, as long as the raid sweeps goods and a large number of graphics cards), and take jujube pills. The more valuable the data on the open blockchain is, the more important it is to examine its security, transaction cost and system scalability
federated blockchain
example: audit system tried by hyperledger and Deloitte. The nodes participating in the blockchain are selected in advance, and there is likely to be a good network connection between the nodes. Other consensus algorithms without workload proof can be used on such a blockchain. For example, a blockchain has been established among 100 financial institutions, and more than 67 institutions must agree to reach a consensus. The data on such a blockchain can be public or internal to these node participants. Distributed in a partial sense
highlights and pain points: collaborative blockchain can achieve a good connection between nodes, only need a little cost to maintain operation, provide rapid transaction processing and low transaction costs, has good scalability (but the scalability will decline with the increase of nodes), and data can have certain privacy. Developers have the ability to change the protocol under the consensus. There is no problem with bitcoin hard fork, but it also means that everyone can tamper with the data together under the consensus. Collaborative blockchain also means that the application scope of this blockchain will not be too wide, lacking the network propagation effect of bitcoin
private blockchain
example: Eris instries. The participating nodes are only users themselves, and the access and use of data have strict authority management. Most of the blockchain technologies recently announced by some financial institutions for internal use are vague, but they are probably all within this scope
highlights and pain points: private blockchain is actually a confusing term. Such a system is nothing more than a shared database in the traditional sense. Merkle tree and other methods are used to try to show that the data in it is verifiable. There are already mature solutions for such databases, and Merkle tree is only one of many mature solutions. It's easy for these projects to be "like eggs". Because the user has the final say, the data inside can not be changed, and there is not much protection for the third party. Therefore, many private blockchains exist by attaching to bitcoin, such as recording system snapshots to bitcoin regularly
for example, in the network, all information flows to the network. As an indivial, information is uncontrollable. Blockchain is different, with controllable and confidential characteristics
you can invest in blockchain technology companies in the stock market.
1. Regularly clean the st in the computer, turn off the computer, open the chassis, use a hair dryer and blow with cold air< At ordinary times, 360 guard, Jinshan guard and other tools should be used to clean up the system garbage and temporary files generated by the Internet, and check and kill malicious
Italian software
3. The computer configuration is poor, so try to set the virtual memory as large as possible, and install anti-virus software with less resources, such as NOD32, or only one
auxiliary anti-virus software
4. Try to set the IP to static IP, which can rece the startup time of the computer
5. Don't put too many files and icons on the computer desktop, which will slow down the reaction of the computer. Try not to install the software on disk C
6. Regularly defragment the disk. Open the drive of my computer to defragment - properties - tools
select the disk to be defragmented. Open the "disk defragmenter" window - Analysis - defragmentation - the system will start to defragment
.
on May 19, 2019, the general office of the State Council transmitted the guidance on deepening the integration and sharing of public resources trading platform issued by the national development and Reform Commission, One of its main goals is to "fully implement the electronization of public resources and realize the online real-time supervision of the whole process of public resources transactions" by 2020....
on May 30, 2019, the decision of the Standing Committee of Hebei Provincial People's Congress on strengthening the supervision and management of the construction market was deliberated and adopted by the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th Hebei Provincial People's Congress and implemented on June 1, On June 15, 2019, the general office of Guangzhou Municipal People's government officially printed and issued the implementation plan for deepening the reform of the bidding system of construction projects in Guangzhou (hereinafter referred to as the plan), and proposed nine reform measures in view of the new situation and new problems in the current bidding work, To further deepen the reform of the bidding and tendering in Guangzhou construction project, China's tendering and bidding public service platform in from July 18th to 19th
2019 held a two day collaborative promotion of Internet plus bidding technology innovation achievements in Beijing. The conference mainly focused on the three themes of "CA code scanning mutual recognition and sharing", "system network, big data, security" and "blockchain", CFCA mobile electronic authentication: to build the whole process security guarantee of handheld electronic bidding....
on July 24, 2019, the first anniversary of the whole process electronic bidding in Hengshui, Hebei Province....
the above electronic bidding pilot and policy promotion have made the electronic bidding develop rapidly in the whole country, and become an important platform for engineering construction, government procurement, information technology and so on Mineral trading and other fields of the mainstream bidding mode. Electronic bidding is closely related to the development of information technology all over the world. With the rise and development of e-government, commerce and project management, electronic bidding has become the main means of bidding, which is an inevitable development trend
looking forward to the future, how will electronic bidding develop
Future Prospects: the government, large state-owned enterprises and third-party institutions will work together to build a benign ecological environment for electronic bidding
(1) as the main three parties involved in the E-bidding market, the government, large state-owned enterprises and the third-party E-bidding institutions can only build a benign ecological environment of the instry and build an efficient, open, fair and just bidding instry pattern through win-win cooperation
(2) as the main body of the public resources trading center, the government must perform the supervision and management responsibilities, accelerate the reform of the separation of the three networks, separate the administrative supervision platform, public service platform and electronic bidding trading platform, distribute different functions to the most professional people, and guide the market capital to actively participate in, which can effectively prevent insider trading, Improve the overall efficiency and transparency of the instry
electronic bidding is a bidding activity completed in the form of data message. Generally speaking, it means that some or all of the paper documents are discarded, and the business processes such as bidding, bidding, bid evaluation, contract signing, and even the whole process are electronically realized by means of computer and communication technology
there is a special definition of bidding in China, and bidding activities are subject to the bidding law and its implementation regulations. For electronic bidding, the national development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of instry and information technology, the Ministry of supervision, the Ministry of housing and urban rural development, the Ministry of transportation, the Ministry of railways, the Ministry of water resources and the Ministry of Commerce jointly formulated the "electronic bidding method" and its annex "technical specification for bidding system" The promulgation of the measures for electronic tendering and bidding will provide unified standards and legal basis for the practice of electronic tendering and bidding in various regions and departments, and make it develop in a more standardized and unified direction
it should be pointed out that the online bidding operation of each trading platform will be slightly different. In actual operation, we also need to understand the specific process of a specific trading platform. Do specific analysis of specific problems
on the issue of E-bidding, what are the advantages of E-bidding
e to the existence of E-bidding, the traditional bidding methods are suffering from the test of the times, and the future prospects become uncertain and unpredictable. With the strong support of national policies for E-bidding, E-bidding has been widely used in engineering bidding, e-procurement, government procurement and other instries. Following the pace of China Bidding network to analyze the advantages of electronic bidding
combined with the views of experts and instry insiders, several advantages are summarized:
1. The bidding instry is full of corruption, and transparency is more important. All information of bidding projects, including procurement, bidding notice, bid winning announcement, etc., are publicly released on the electronic bidding system to realize the open, fair and just principles of bidding activities
2. Rece the cost and improve the efficiency
using the electronic bidding system, the cost is lower. Save manpower and material costs
3. Detailed analysis of bidding documents and locking of illegal clues
the system automatically records the user's hardware characteristic code, tool software, pricing software identity code, etc., binds the information with the bidding documents, and concts identification, comparison and detailed analysis of these information that should not be the same ring bid evaluation, which can effectively lock the illegal clues< In the traditional bidding activities, the bidding data can only be managed by manual registration or re entry, which not only wastes manpower e to repeated labor, but also provides effective data support for government regulatory departments to grasp the instry development status and trend in real time and make scientific macroeconomic decisions, Moreover, because the data update is not synchronized, the data association is poor, resulting in the disconnection between business and management. The electronic bidding platform directly collects relevant information and data in the business process, which is closely related and has strong linkage effect. The preciseness of the bidding process ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data information. Through the accumulation of a certain period of time, the formation of the bidding resource information database is concive to the analysis and summary of the bidding and procurement work of the bidding agencies, and improve the level of business management. At the same time, it provides effective data support for the government regulatory departments to grasp the current situation and trend of the instry development in real time and make scientific macroeconomic decisions
5. Keep the bidding information confidential, increase the difficulty of breaking the rules, and detect and curb the bidding collusion
through the application of online downloading bidding announcement, online bidding registration, online downloading bidding documents, online answering questions, online payment and other functions, the handling situation of each node can be quickly fed back through the SMS platform. In this way, the information of bidders is in a highly confidential state before the deadline of bidding, which makes it difficult for those who intend to collude with each other to master the relevant information
6. Set up multiple rounds of inspection to curb the directional rejection of bids
conct comprehensive proofreading and inspection on the integrity, conformity and accuracy of the contents of the bid documents in multiple links such as bid preparation, upload and evaluation, so as to prevent the judges from choosing the directional rejection of bids with the intention of bid evaluation, so as to cut off the interest relationship between the judges and some bidders< (1) the online bidding system is supported by the enterprise credit database. Once confirmed, the fraulent enterprises will be listed in the blacklist database and publicized online. The system will automatically close their information channels, and they will not be eligible for online registration in future bidding activities. This undoubtedly increases the illegal cost of bidding enterprises, Make bidding enterprises cherish bidding credit record more
(2) through the information feedback from the bidding units to the construction units, the malicious default of the construction funds of the construction units can be effectively curbed, which helps to improve the integrity construction of the construction units; Improving the evaluation system of judges is concive to supervising the professional ability and professional ethics of judges
the Internet has profoundly changed people's way of work and life, and has become a new form of business. Electronic bidding is the core application of "Internet plus bidding", and will graally become the mainstream mode of China's bidding field.