Blockchain formula
In 2009, bencong invented bitcoin, and set that there are only 21 million bitcoins. By participating in the proction of blocks and providing proof of work (POW), he can get the reward of bitcoin network. This process is mining
the concept of "mining" comes from the existing concepts in our real economic life, such as gold mining and silver mining. Because minerals are valuable, it drives people to pay labor to dig
another important point of bitcoin mining is that the miners who participate in mining recognize the value of bitcoin, and some of them are willing to spend money in the bitcoin market. Therefore, the mining of bitcoin is meaningful
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currency characteristics of bitcoin
1, decentralized
bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency, and the whole network is composed of users without central bank. Decentralization is the guarantee of bitcoin's security and freedom
2, bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin
3, exclusive ownership
controlling bitcoin requires a private key, which can be stored in any storage medium in isolation. No one can get it except the user himself
4, low transaction cost
bitcoin can be remitted free of charge, but in the end, about 1 bitfen transaction fee will be charged for each transaction to ensure faster transaction execution
5, no hidden cost
as a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome limit of quota and proceres. If you know the other party's bitcoin address, you can pay
6, cross platform mining
users can explore the computing power of different hardware on many platforms
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database. The data or information stored in it is characterized by "unforgeability", "trace in the whole process", "traceability", "openness and transparency" and "collective maintenance". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid "trust" foundation, created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects
on January 10, 2019, the state Internet Information Office issued the regulations on the management of blockchain information services. In October 24, 2019, ring the eighteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau, general secretary Xi Jinping stressed that "block chain as an important breakthrough in core technology and independent innovation", "accelerating the development of block chain technology and instrial innovation". "Blockchain" has entered the public field of vision and become the focus of social attention
on December 2, 2019, the word was selected into the top ten catchwords of "biting words" in 2019
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Application of blockchain Finance:
since 2016, the major financial giants have also carried out blockchain innovation projects to explore the possibility of applying blockchain Technology in various financial scenarios. In particular, Puyin group took the lead in creating a "blockchain +" standard digital currency
standard digital currency refers to the process of assets identification, evaluation, right confirmation and insurance completed by a third party organization, which is written into the blockchain through careful digital algorithm to form the standard corresponding relationship between assets and digital currency, which is called standard digital currency
in order to realize the great leap forward development of blockchain finance, promote the new development of China's economy, accelerate the circulation of global assets, and realize the dream of rejuvenation that has been struggling for generations, Puyin group will hold the Guiyang strategic development ceremony of Puyin blockchain finance in Guizhou on December 9, 2016
the meeting will discuss the realization of digital circulation of assets by blockchain, the financial transaction mode of blockchain, and the application of blockchain services and social public instry. This conference will mark the beginning of the application of blockchain finance and the change and development of the new financial ecology
In recent years, blockchain and artificial intelligence have been very popular
first of all, blockchain is to establish a decentralized network. The so-called decentralization means that the network does not belong to you or me
it belongs to everyone
Artificial intelligence is a new technology science that researches and develops the theory, method, technology and application system for simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence. In other words, "machine self-learning"in this way, we can think about the combination of blockchain and artificial intelligence
first of all, we need to understand that blockchain can be divided into three stages
However, in the first three stages, there are some problems, such as the lack of decentralization, low scalability, the mismatching between the incentive of the blocker and the best profit of the whole network, and the network always running at the maximum capacity. Serious waste of resources and rece efficiencyso can we combine artificial intelligence with underlying public chain technology to solve these problems
The answer is yes! And there has been team research and development, and has made a certain progressVelas is a public chain that enhances its consensus algorithm through artificial intelligence (AI) optimized neural network, and carries out self-learning and self optimization. It is committed to improving the security, interoperability and high scalability of the transfer process and intelligent contract. Velas adopts the dpos consensus enhanced by AI, which completely realizes decentralization without recing the security and transaction speed. Not only that, AI chooses who to mortgage the token according to the needs of the blockchain; Velas only blocks when needed; Every 1 second to every 2 minutes; Scalability (up to 30000 TPS); Block procers are selected by artificial intuition
As for this question, I suggest you go to lobby the community to have a look (web link), where there are big guys and big V to answer for you. Here I share with you an article by Mr. Ruan Yifeng, which should be able to answer your questions
I. what is the essence of blockchain? In a word, it is a special distributed database
the current rule is that new nodes always use the longest blockchain. If there is a fork in the blockchain, we will see which branch is behind the fork point and reach six new blocks first (called & quot; Six confirmations. According to the calculation of a block in 10 minutes, it can be confirmed in one hour
since the generation speed of new blocks is determined by computing power, this rule means that the branch with most computing power is the authentic blockchain
9. As an unmanaged distributed database, blockchain has been running for 8 years since 2009, and there is no big problem. This proves that it is feasible However, in order to ensure the reliability of data, blockchain has its own costs. One is efficiency. When data is written to the blockchain, it takes at least ten minutes. If all nodes synchronize data, it takes more time; The second is energy consumption. The generation of blocks requires countless meaningless calculations by miners, which is very energy consumingtherefore, the application scenarios of blockchain are very limited
there is no management authority trusted by all members
the data written by
does not require real-time use of
the benefits of mining can make up for its own costs
if the above conditions cannot be met, then the traditional database is a better solution
at present, the biggest application scenario (and possibly the only one) of blockchain is cryptocurrency represented by bitcoin
EOS can be understood as enterprise operation system, which is a blockchain operating system designed for commercial distributed applications. EOS is a new blockchain architecture, which aims to extend the performance of distributed applications. Note that it is not a currency like bitcoin and Ethereum, but a token based on the EOS software project, known as blockchain 3.0. The main features of EOS are as follows:
1. EOS is a bit similar to Microsoft's windows platform. By creating a developer friendly underlying platform of blockchain, it supports multiple applications running at the same time and provides the underlying template for the development of DAPP
2. EOS solves the problems of delay and data throughput by means of parallel chain and dpos. EOS can process thousands of data per second, while bitcoin has about 7 transactions per second, and Ethereum has 30-40 transactions per second
3. There is no service charge for EOS, and the general audience is more extensive. The network and computing resources needed to develop DAPP on EOS are allocated according to the proportion of EOS owned by developers. When you have EOS, it is equivalent to having computer resources. With the development of DAPP, you can lease your EOS to others. From this point alone, EOS has a wide range of value. To put it simply, if you have an EOS, it is equivalent to having a set of rent to collect rent for others, or having a piece of land to rent for others to build a house< br />
About dragonex dragon token
1, basic introction
Dragon token (DT) is a token issued by dragonex based on Ethereum erc20 standard, and each dragon token stored on the platform has the right of project dividend
every day, the transaction commission income of dragonex project will be distributed to all dragon coin holders according to the holding proportion of dragon coin
2. Mining method
longcoin can not be obtained through ICO or pre excavation
all dragon coins can only be generated in the form of "mining", and the only way of mining is to trade on the platform“ Miners (i.e. platform users) contribute to the platform through trading behavior, and the platform issues dragon coins to miners as rewards
the total number of dragon coins issued was 37339500, and promised never to be issued
3. Release rules of dragon coin
Dragon coin is a token based on Ethereum smart contract. Since the launch of Genesis, the smart contract will be released for a total of 3650 times, with an interval of 24 hours and a cycle of 365 times
in the first cycle, 51200 dragon coins will be released each time; The yield of each cycle will be 50% lower than that of the previous cycle
4. Longcoin distribution mechanism
the platform will make statistics on the mining situation of "miners" every day, and the statistical cycle is 0:00:00-23:59:59 on that day; Each time the smart contract releases the Dragon coin, the platform will allocate the new dragon coin to the corresponding "miner" account on the next day according to the statistical data
"miners" dig out dragon coins through trading behavior, but the excavated dragon coins are not 100% owned by miners, among which:
① "miners" get 30% dragon coin reward and
② market brokers get 20% dragon coin reward Market broker: if miner a uses the invitation link of user B when registering, then B is the market broker of user a)
③ dragonex project party gets 10% block dragon coin Award (frozen for one year: for project marketing)
(4) dragonex project party gets 40% block longcoin Award (permanently frozen: used for platform technology research and development, talent introction, project operation, buy back longcoin and destroy)note: Singapore standard time (UTC / GMT + 08:00)
5. Longcoin dividend mechanism:
① 100% of the daily platform revenue will be distributed to longcoin holders according to the proportion of longcoin holdings
② the platform will take a snapshot of the balance of dragon coin holders at 23:59:59 every day. Since the Dragon coin g up on the same day will arrive the next day, the user can share the Dragon coin on the same day = snapshot data + dragon coin g up on the same day. Dividends will be paid the next day, in the form of usdt to each holder's account
③ dividend formula:
project party's income to be paid dividends = transaction fees + other income of the project
dividend income of currency holding users =
income to be paid dividends * [number of indivial dragon coins held / (number of issued dragon coins - number of destroyed dragon coins)]
6. Online time of dragon coins
Dragon coins began to "mine" and calculate dividends from November 2, 2017
e to the fact that Longyuan is still in the development stage, it can not be released to miners and market brokers. However, the project side will record the data of everyone, and after the development of longcoin is completed, the longcoin and dividends e to everyone will be distributed to the account
longcoin is expected to be developed before November 25, 2017, and will be traded online on dragonex platform. The specific online transaction time will be subject to the official announcement later