Mathematical basis of blockchain

3. Blockchain technology uses mathematical methods to achieve distributed accounting and solve the trust problem, so as to complete the decentralization, which will bring far-reaching influence in many fields such as communication, finance, Internet of things, government management and so on
blockchain refers to the technical solution of collective maintenance of a reliable database through centralization and distrust in the past, and it is a technical way for the whole people to participate in bookkeeping. Previous bookkeeping methods were all centralized and needed centralized intermediary, whether it was traditional government, financial institutions, notarization institutions or emerging e-commerce platform and online payment platform
in economic hypothesis, information is sufficient. In fact, it is precisely because of insufficient information that there are very large intermediaries. The existence of intermediaries increases the transaction cost and raises the transaction threshold. In essence, blockchain technology is a large-scale collaboration tool. It makes direct value transfer possible by using pure technology for the first time, and continues the trend of Internet decentralization and disintermediation. Disintermediated blockchain technology will greatly subvert the information intermediary instry
blockchain technology is the basic technology for building bitcoin data structure and encrypted transmission of transaction information, which realizes the issue and transaction of bitcoin. The core of blockchain technology is that all the current participating nodes jointly maintain the transaction and database, so that the transaction is based on the principle of cryptography rather than trust, so that any agreed parties can directly carry out payment transactions without the participation of a third party
technically, a block is a data structure for recording transactions, reflecting the capital flow of a transaction. In the system, the transaction blocks are connected to form a main chain, and all the nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain
a block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash formed by the previous block and random number. Transaction information is the task data carried by the block, including the private keys of both parties, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc; The hash hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks and realize the sequence of past transactions; Random number is the core of the transaction. All nodes compete to calculate the answer of the random number. The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for updating, so as to complete a transaction.

4.

Blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. It is essentially a disintermediated database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains the information of a bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the effectiveness of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

in a narrow sense, blockchain is a kind of chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential way according to the time sequence, and it can not be tampered with and forged by cryptography

broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithm to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method to program and operate data by using intelligent contract composed of automated script code

extended data:

the evolution mode of blockchain is as follows:

& 9642; Blockchain 1.0 - digital currency

▪ Blockchain 2.0 - digital assets and smart contracts

▪ Blockchain 3.0 - Implementation of distributed applications in various instries

blockchain features:

1. Disintermediation. Due to the use of Distributed Accounting and storage, there is no centralized hardware or management organization in the system, the rights and obligations of any node are equal, and the data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system

2. Openness. The system is open. In addition to the private information of all parties to the transaction is encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

3. Autonomy. Blockchain adopts consensus based specifications and Protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the whole system to exchange data freely and safely in a de trusted environment, so that the trust in "people" is changed into the trust in machines, and any human intervention does not work

The information can not be tampered with. Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid. Therefore, the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high

5. Anonymity. Because the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the data interaction does not need to be trusted (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is effective). Therefore, the counterparties do not need to make the other party trust themselves by disclosing their identities, which is very helpful for the accumulation of credit

5.

1. Application of blockchain technology in the banking instry the biggest feature of blockchain technology is decentralization, which will rece a lot of costs for the banking instry. The development of digital currency will make it possible for banks to realize real-time digital transactions. For example, in bill transaction, bank bill transaction always relies on the third party to realize the transfer of valuable documents. Even in electronic bill transaction,

also needs to be authenticated through the information of central bank ECDs system. The blockchain technology can realize the point-to-point value transmission, which no longer needs centralized system control. This not only speeds up the bill transmission speed, but also reces the mistakes caused by human factors. The rection of process will naturally rece the demand of the bank for personnel and save the labor cost of the bank

2, the application of blockchain technology in the insurance instry

blockchain technology also has incomparable advantages in the insurance instry. From the perspective of data management, the application of blockchain technology can effectively improve the risk management and control ability of insurance companies, including the risk supervision of insurance companies and the risk management of policyholders

the application of blockchain technology in the insurance instry can strengthen the internal risk supervision of insurance companies. Blockchain technology can record the daily operation process of insurance company on the node, realize the in-process control of the company's capital flow, investment situation, compensation amount and other business, and improve the company's risk management and control ability

3. Application of blockchain technology in the securities instry

4, blockchain technology and financial infrastructure

blockchain technology is a decentralized mechanism for value exchange, which will lead to earth shaking changes in the existing financial infrastructure characterized by centralization

5. Application of blockchain technology in supply chain, It has become an effective guarantee for enterprise bank's loan credit, financing credit and transaction credit

6. Without a solid foundation such as computer programming language development, cryptography or mathematical algorithms, you can't understand or learn it yourself. At this stage, blockchain technology and application can only be regarded as just starting in the world. In the future, blockchain has a great prospect. It can be said that all of them are indispensable, and talents in this field are also very scarce, This kind of subject is very few, want to self-study, the course of the system is very few, only a few universities have opened this course, and it is not perfect

7.

A: the basic characteristics of blockchain

I. decentralization
blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage

Second, openness

the foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

Third, independence

based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention

Four, safety

as long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily controlled and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes

5. Anonymity

unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information transmission can be anonymous

8. Recently, the principle of blockchain has been talked about by many people. Obviously, blockchain has been deified by many people. It seems that all walks of life can use blockchain technology, but to some extent, it is like a black box. We all know that blockchain has many features and benefits