The most typical representative of blockchain in the 20th centur
1. Germination stage: the real germination stage of blockchain was from 2007 to 2009. In 2008, a Japanese American with the pseudonym of Nakamoto first expounded a new fantasy report on electronic money in the form of a synonym on the cryptography discussion group, and bitcoin came out. As early as 2007, Nakamoto began to explore a series of new technologies to create a new currency. On October 31, 2008, bitcoin white paper was released, and on January 3, 2009, bitcoin system officially began to operate
the main technologies supporting bitcoin system include hash function, distributed ledger, blockchain and asymmetric encryption; It can be seen that these technologies build the initial version of the blockchain, and it can also be said that the blockchain is the underlying technology of bitcoin. During the three years from 2007 to 2009, bitcoin was an experimental stage in which a very small number of people participated, and the real commercial activities had not really started
2. "Geek" niche stage: here, "geek" refers to people who are crazy about Internet technology and take technological innovation as fashion and life. On February 6, 2010, the first exchange of bitcoin appeared. On May 22 of the same year, someone bought two hamburgers with 10000 bitcoins. On July 17 of the same year, the exchange Mt. GOx was established, marking the official inflow of bitcoin into the market. Nevertheless, the only people who can really understand and enter the market to participate in bitcoin trading are geeks who are keen on Internet technology. They discuss bitcoin technology on the forum, mine for bitcoin on their own computers, and then buy and sell bitcoin on Mt. GOx. Now these geeks have become billionaires
3. Market brewing stage: the price of bitcoin was $13 at the beginning of 2013, but on March 18 of the same year, the government of Cyprus closed the bank and stock market e to the financial crisis, which made the price of bitcoin soar, and the highest price rose to $266 in April. On August 20 of the same year, the German government confirmed the currency status of bitcoin. On October 14, China network announced the opening of bitcoin payment channel. In November, the US Senate hearing also confirmed the legitimacy of bitcoin. On November 19, the price of bitcoin rose to US $1242, forming a new high. Nevertheless, the foundation for blockchain to enter the mainstream social economy is not yet available, and the soaring price of bitcoin is only e to over optimistic expectations. The containment of China's banking system, the collapse of Mt. GOx and other events made the price of bitcoin continue to fall. At the beginning of 2015, the price of bitcoin has dropped below $200. From 2013 to the beginning of 2015, the public began to understand bitcoin and blockchain
4. The mainstream period of blockchain: on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom left the European Union, the fifth nuclear test of North Korea in September, Trump's election in November and other events, the uncertainty of the world's mainstream economy led to the recovery of bitcoin with the function of risk aversion. The market demand was large, and the increase of trading volume made the price of bitcoin soar from $400 in 2016 to $20000 in 2017, The wealth effect of bitcoin and the transaction overflow caused by network congestion of bitcoin have led to the outbreak of other series of virtual currencies, as well as a variety of blockchain applications, resulting in the emergence of a large number of blockchain assets that are 100 times, even 1000 times and 10000 times, which has aroused the crazy pursuit of the world, Subsequently, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange launched bitcoin futures trading, marking that bitcoin has officially entered the mainstream investment proct series, and bitcoin and blockchain have entered the global attention
5. Instry landing stage: after the market frenzy in 2017, the virtual currency and blockchain have been adjusted in terms of market, supervision, cognition, etc. in 2018, returning to rationality. In 2017, many blockchain projects that follow the blockchain technology will graally die out with the cooling of the market, and the projects with real blockchain applications will be initially implemented. 2018 is not only the first year of the blockchain, but also a gold rush period for the blockchain. After the waves wash away the sand, what remains is relatively good gold
from the perspective of the history of blockchain development, blockchain technology is not yet mature and is currently in the growth period. The specific practical application of blockchain is only used in the financial field. It still needs a long way to go to apply blockchain from other instries. However, we should grasp the trend of blockchain and actively learn from the new field of blockchain.
this generation of blockchain technology has no application function, which is to issue currency, represented by bitcoin
in the era of blockchain 2.0
blockchain 2.0 is a programmable blockchain
the era of blockchain 3.0
blockchain 3.0 is beyond the financial instry, covering all aspects of social life.
in addition to solving the security problem, blockchain technology can also change the following areas:
1. In the future, music right distribution is likely to enter the stage of blockchain, removing the intermediate link, so that musicians can get more direct income. In the past, record companies or the Internet were required to increase user stickiness. There were a lot of fees in the middle of promotion or song playing, but not many were really given to the authors, because the original right was still in the hands of several major record companies
2. Writing right is the same. For example, you may have to find a publisher before. This right can't be sold many times, and the money given to the author is also very small. With blockchain technology, all users need to pay the right fee to the author, not limited to a single publisher. Previously, Mr. Li Xiaolai did the press one project, which is mainly aimed at right distribution
3. The Internet of things and blockchain technology will combine to proce the blockchain Internet of things (Biot). Blockchain Internet of things can greatly rece the risk of hacker attacks. With the help of blockchain Internet of things, it may be as convenient as mobile phones to obtain warehouse sensor data
Kevin Kelly's book out of control has become the wind vane of the development of the Internet. In his later book necessity, he also mentioned that "technology has a preference in nature, which makes it move in a certain direction. On the premise that other conditions are the same, the physical and mathematical principles that determine the development of science and technology will favor certain specific behaviors
the development of blockchain technology is an "inevitable" trend, and bitcoin and some valuable digital currencies are only proced because of one of the needs. Today's blockchain is like the Internet in 1994. The development of the times will screen out the best technology and procts. It's just a matter of time
now there are too many "pseudo blockchain" projects focusing on blockchain, because too many people blindly invest in them without understanding. I want to make a fortune in this market. Those people are aiming at leeks that enter the coin circle without learning anything. They casually make small packages on the open public chain, issue a coin, hold a roadshow and want to circle a group of people to come in. They want to run after they circle money. In fact, they have no actual technical content and can't solve any practical problems.
Characteristics of blockchain
one of the four characteristics of blockchain: tamper proof
the most easily understood characteristic of blockchain is tamper proof
tamper proof is based on the unique account book of "block + Chain": the blocks with transactions are added to the end of the chain in time order. To modify the data in a block, you need to regenerate all blocks after it
one of the important roles of consensus mechanism is to make it almost impossible to modify a large number of blocks at high cost. Take the blockchain network (such as bitcoin and Ethereum) with workload proof as an example, only with 51% of computing power can all blocks be regenerated to tamper with data. However, the destruction of data is not in line with the self-interest of players with large computing power. This practical design enhances the reliability of data on the blockchain
generally, the transaction data in the blockchain ledger can not be "modified", it can only be "modified" through the new transactions that are approved. The process of correction will leave traces, which is why the blockchain can not be tampered with. Tampering refers to changing or misinterpreting by means of forgery
in today's common files and relational data, unless a special design is adopted, the system itself does not record modification traces. Blockchain ledger adopts a design different from that of files and databases. It draws on the design of ledger in reality, that is, to retain the traces of records. Therefore, we can not "modify" the account book without leaving traces, but can only "modify" the account book (see Figure 2)
Figure 6: bitcoin is centralized in the organization and logically centralized
when we imagine the future organization, the ideal prototype in our mind is often bitcoin organization: completely decentralized autonomous organization. But in practice, for the sake of efficiency and advancement, we will move closer to the centralized organization and finally find a suitable balance point
nowadays, in the blockchain projects that are created and issued through the smart contract of Ethereum and run in a community or ecological way, the ideal state of many projects is similar to the bitcoin organization, but the actual situation is between the completely decentralized organization and the traditional company
when we discuss the fourth feature of blockchain, which is decentralized self-organization, we are actually going out of the code world, involving human organization and collaboration. Now, various discussions and practical explorations have also revealed the significance of blockchain beyond technology: it may serve as an infrastructure to support human proction organization and collaborative change. This is another example of the complete isomorphism between blockchain and Internet. Internet is not only a technology, it has changed people's organization and collaboration
in general, Ethereum has brought blockchain into a new stage. When discussing Ethereum, if we want to summarize two key words, they are smart contract and token; If I can only say one, I will choose "Tong Zheng". I would rather look for its meaning from the history of the Internet and repeat the previous analogy: as a token of value, its role is similar to HTML. With HTML, what kind of website to build depends entirely on our imagination