Blockchain market development

1.

in 2019, the market scale of China's blockchain instry will reach 1.2 billion yuan

in 2016, the market scale of China's blockchain instry will be about 100 million yuan, and it will grow to 1 billion yuan by 2018.
in 2019, the scale of China's blockchain instry will grow steadily, with an instrial scale of about 1.2 billion yuan. With the attention and attention of local governments, it is estimated that by 2022, the market scale of China's blockchain core procts and solutions and related derivative instries will reach 10 billion yuan

from the research results, in terms of consensus mechanism, China's consensus mechanism graally moves from single algorithm to mixed consensus; In terms of cryptographic algorithms, cryptographic algorithms such as secure multiparty computation, homomorphic encryption and zero knowledge proof are continuously integrated and applied; The research of cross chain technology and security technology has graally become a research hotspot

from the perspective of blockchain hardware, at present, the world's most important digital currency mining equipment suppliers are all located in China, and only bitmainland, Jianan Yun and Yibang technology occupy more than 90% of the market share

from the perspective of instry application, the financial instry is the instry with the largest number of blockchain technology implementation projects and the richest scenarios, such as supply chain finance, asset certificate aromatization, credit reference and risk control

in 2020, the blockchain instry will be further standardized

in 2020, China's blockchain policy will continue to be favorable, the standard specifications will be more perfect, the instrial scale will continue to grow, the technology will continue to innovate and develop, and the application demonstration effect in key fields will accelerate. At the same time, according to the problems existing in the development of China's blockchain in 2019, CCID blockchain Research Institute puts forward six suggestions: accelerating the formulation of top-level design, establishing and improving the regulatory system, accelerating the innovation and development of core technologies, promoting the third-party evaluation and certification, strengthening the cultivation of professional talents, and accelerating the implementation of applications in various fields

- the above data comes from the analysis report of China's blockchain instry market outlook and investment strategic planning of foresight Instry Research Institute

2.

definition of blockchain

according to the definition in the white paper on blockchain (2019) issued by China Academy of information technology, blockchain is an accounting technology that is jointly maintained by multiple parties, uses cryptography to ensure the security of transmission and access, and can realize consistent data storage, difficult to usurp and prevent repudiation; In the people's Bank of China's "financial distributed ledger technology security specification", it is defined that distributed ledger technology is a distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm formed by the high integration of cryptographic algorithm, consensus mechanism, point-to-point communication protocol, distributed storage and other core technology systems

blockchain technology is a decentralized way to collectively maintain the trusted database technology, which has the characteristics of decentralization, tamper proof and highly scalable. It is rapidly integrating with the new generation of information technology such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and 5g, and has been applied to various important fields such as government affairs, medical care, public charity and judicial governance, It is expected to promote human from the era of information internet to the era of value Internet

blockchain development stage

in the past decade, blockchain technology has been continuously upgraded, and the instry divides its evolution and development process into three stages, which are not realized in turn, but a process of common development and mutual promotion

in 2020, the blockchain instry will be further standardized

in 2020, China's blockchain policy will continue to be favorable, the standards and specifications will be more perfect, the instrial scale will continue to grow, the technology will continue to innovate and develop, and the application demonstration effect in key fields will accelerate. At the same time, according to the problems existing in the development of China's blockchain in 2019, CCID blockchain Research Institute puts forward six suggestions: accelerating the formulation of top-level design, establishing and improving the regulatory system, accelerating the innovation and development of core technologies, promoting the third-party evaluation and certification, strengthening the cultivation of professional talents, and accelerating the implementation of applications in various fields

- the above data comes from the analysis report of China's blockchain instry market outlook and investment strategic planning of foresight Instry Research Institute

3. Since blockchain will become the future development trend, blockchain technology has its own advantages over traditional technology
1. Decentralization
the core advantage of blockchain technology is that it does not need a traditional centralized organization, and does not rely on the point-to-point transaction, coordination and cooperation of a credit center in the distributed system, so as to avoid the common problems of data security, collaborative efficiency and risk control of centralized organizations
2. High security
in blockchain technology, data is difficult to tamper with. Anyone can access the database that records transactions. In this transparent and open mode, everyone can act as a supervisor. We can see at a glance what changes have taken place in the data, which is more secure than traditional technology
3. More reliable
the blockchain technology is connected by multiple nodes in different places. The nodes in the blockchain interact through the point-to-point communication protocol. Under the condition of ensuring the consistency of the communication protocol, different nodes can be processed by different developers using different programming languages and different versions of the whole node
in short, when a node encounters network problems, hardware failures, software errors or is controlled by hackers, the operation of other participating nodes and systems will not be affected
therefore, blockchain is more reliable than traditional technology
therefore, I firmly believe that the application of blockchain must be the development trend in the future.

4. Preface to the interpretation of Finance
(2014-10-13 08:05:31)
label:
miscellany

Finance is the promoter of human civilization
if there is no division of labor, human beings may still be wandering in the age of slash and burn cultivation. Therefore, the first part of Adam Smith's great book, an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, is about the principle of division of labor. He fully affirms the contribution of division of labor to the improvement of labor proctivity
however, without the emergence of money, division of labor is impossible. Because division of labor means the inevitability of exchange, and if the success of exchange is not mediated by money, but by direct barter exchange, then the success of exchange can only depend on luck. Money makes the exchange smooth and smooth, so the division of labor can be expanded, and the proction efficiency and technological invention can be accelerated
many things are so common that they don't feel important. Such as air, water and sunshine, as well as the love of relatives, are often ignored, but they are of great importance. The function of money as a unit of valuation is just like this. If it is not priced in currency, the "price" of each commodity will be expressed by the exchange ratio with each other. With the increase of the number of commodities, the price will be innumerable and the transaction can not be concluded. Money makes each commodity have only one price, so the exchange is much easier
another example is insurance. If there is no insurance, sudden changes of indivials and families, whether natural or man-made, may cause the tragedy of family destruction. However, with insurance, allowing a large group of people to share the losses of indivials and families can, to a considerable extent, alleviate the pain of tragedy and rece social shocks, so that society can move forward as usual. Insurance is a moral thing, isn't it
for example, the initial function of futures market is to stabilize the cost of procers. Without the futures market to lock in the cost of proction, proction can only be intermittent, and social life will not be stable. With the futures market, procers can focus on the proction itself and disperse the risk of cost changes to the financial market. Isn't that serving the people
everyone knows the importance of the University. For hundreds of years, the university has been the main inheritor of human civilization, as well as the main source of new knowledge, new technology and new civilization. However, just as religious places need donations to survive, the University also needs a steady stream of huge financial support
the first-class universities in the United States, including Harvard University, Yale University and MIT, all have foundations, have considerable financial assets and employ financial experts to take care of them. Without high salary, masters and famous professors, how can they condescend to preach and teach in these private universities? It's the old yellow calendar. Without capital investment, how can a magnificent building and so many excellent students enjoy the best higher ecation in the world? Keynes, the great economist, used to work for the Cambridge foundation
many people always think that only hard-working and hard-working can be valuable. Such as farming, such as working, such as manufacturing, in short, it is a real thing. Finance, a virtual instry, does not create value. This is a serious misunderstanding
I often say that hard work, sometimes to avoid more hard mental work, is a kind of real laziness. There is no real instry in the world. Even farming requires seeds, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, farming techniques, and soil improvement. All of these can not be achieved by "sweating down the soil", but by science
it's very easy to simply make one thing. China is now the center of global manufacturing. But what to make and how to make it? But not the manufacturer has the final say. Apple mobile phones (iPhones), though mostly made in China, are just assembly. Its R & D and design are not in China, and the main profits are not in China. This is because the manufacturing is too simple. The assembly line workers just repeat a few actions. We will, and others will, such as Mexicans, Vietnamese and Brazilians, but R & D is something that a few talents can do. Apple's mobile phone is a gifted and epoch-making proct
it is impossible to create a new world only by exerting great efforts, sweating and repetitive manual operation. All the labor that can create a new world is the work of scientists who seem very relaxed on the surface. And behind science is investment. For example, research on new procts and new technologies costs a lot of money. Who dares to spend money on something that sounds unreliable and unlikely to succeed, such as Steve Jobs' iPhone idea? Just like the real people, how can they be willing to invest in these strange ideas. But some people dare. These are venture capitalists
Silicon Valley in the United States has bred many world-class high-tech enterprises, such as apple, Intel, HP, Facebook, Google, Oracle, Cisco, etc. with them, today's human life style is very different. But behind these leading enterprises, there is the support of venture capital
Keynes has demonstrated this point incisively for a long time. He said that economic prosperity is not determined by proction (supply), but by demand, and the key to demand is investment demand. Without banks and financial markets, investment would be greatly inhibited. In fact, the prosperity of social undertakings, such as the film instry, is not so? Hollywood blockbuster is popular, but it's made of money
Finance is a kind of system
no matter in the past coinage, or later paper money and electronic money, they are not "real things". They have little value in themselves, but they can leverage and replace those "real things" that are much bigger than themselves. It's because money is trustworthy. The foundation of trust is the power of system
exchange comes from people's inner needs, and the essence of money is only a means of transition, a lubricant, and an idea. Therefore, it is not necessary to use real things. Therefore, the government, with its coercive force, stipulates that people must accept it. Therefore, paper money is a kind of institutional arrangement
the bank is also a system. Modern commercial banks, not only deposit and loan institutions, but also create new and large amounts of money under the guidance of the central bank through the partial reserve system. Money in an economy is not mainly printed, but proced out of thin air. On the surface, it's a trick, but it's a real trick to improve people's welfare. Because the financial society tells you, sometimes just a little more money, your life will really be better, magic bar
most people have deposits, but others have loans, such as mortgage loans. People who go to the bank for loans are wise. Even your best friend, brother and sister, is willing to lend you hundreds of thousands of yuan to repay in decades? I'm afraid I can't, because borrowing money has turned many friends and relatives into enemies. But the bank is willing to lend you, let you pay back slowly! Mortgage is a system of mutual encouragement and restriction
the original meaning of finance is the flow of funds. Since the emergence of money as the main form of wealth, there have been surpluses (potential suppliers) and deficits (potential demanders). Rich people are not necessarily good at making money, but those who are good at finding opportunities for making money are not necessarily rich. Without banks, the demanders and suppliers of funds would never know each other in their lifetime even if they were looking for each other blindly. Generation after generation of life and desire, in the waiting disappeared
the bank is the organization to realize the dream and the magic wand of the fairy. With banks, lenders and borrowers will no longer have to go around and find banks. The bank promotes the communication between the surplus and the deficit, and realizes the "finance". How many people are successful in their career, from nobody to wealth and celebrity, because of this magic wand
interest rate is also a system. The demanders and suppliers of funds exchange cash flow between the present and the future. How to balance the supply and demand or make both sides achieve their wishes? It depends on interest. The function of interest is to suppress demand and encourage supply. When the interest rate rises, the demand will fall and the supply will rise; If the interest rate falls, the demand will increase and the supply will decrease. Therefore, there must be an interest rate that both parties are satisfied with, that is, the equilibrium interest rate, so as to balance the lending relationship
the stock market is also a kind of institutional arrangement, and investors' investment funds cannot be refunded. How can this be accepted? Investors can participate in the general meeting of shareholders, receive dividends and dividends, and transfer shares in the secondary market. Listed companies must disclose information on time. By these, in exchange for long-term financial support from shareholders, then listed companies can do business with long-term plans
how important is the financial system!

5.

1. The "load" in dispatching is the electric quantity, unit: degree, also is kilowatt hour, kW & 8226; h;

load is not a constant value, but a variable value with time. Because the electrical equipment does not run at the same time, even at the same time, not all can reach the rated capacity. In addition, the working system of each electrical equipment is different, including long-term, short-term and repeated short-term

2. "Load" used in power flow calculation refers to the outgoing power flow of a node, which is the power

S=P+jQ

where p is active power

unit: W, kW, MW

q is reactive power, unit VaR, kvar, Mvar

s is complex power, unit VA, KVA, MVA

in design, if the capacity of each electrical equipment is simply added up as the basis for selecting conctor, cable section and electrical equipment capacity, the equipment will be under loaded, resulting in a waste of investment and non-ferrous metals; If it is too small, overload operation will occur

the result is either uneconomic, or overheating insulation damage and line loss increase, which will affect the safe operation of wires, cables or electrical equipment, and even cause fire accidents. Therefore, the load calculation is only close to the actual capacity

< H2 > extended data

the total load of power system is the sum of the total power consumed by all electrical equipment in the system; By adding the power consumed by instry, agriculture, posts and telecommunications, transportation, municipal administration, commerce and urban and rural residents, the comprehensive power load of power system can be obtained; The power of comprehensive power load plus network loss is the power that each power plant in the system should supply, which is called the power supply load (power supply) of power system; The power supply load plus the power consumed by each power plant itself (i.e. auxiliary power) is the power that should be generated by each generator in the system, which is called the generation load (generation capacity) of the system

the load is a random change, every time the electrical equipment starts or stops, the corresponding load will change, which can be found to have a certain regularity to some extent. For example, some loads change to a certain extent with seasons (summer and winter) and enterprise working system (one shift or shift operation). The regularity of its change can be described by load curve: the so-called load curve refers to the graph of active and reactive load changing with time of electrical equipment in a certain period of time, which constitutes active load curve (P) and reactive load curve (q) respectively

6.

in 2019, the expenditure scale of China's blockchain market will be close to US $300 million

according to the statistical data of in depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of China's blockchain instry , released by foresight Instry Research Institute, as of 2017, the expenditure scale of China's blockchain market is only US $83 million. In 2018, the expenditure scale of China's blockchain market will reach US $160 million. It is predicted that the expenditure scale of China's blockchain market will be close to US $300 million in 2019. At this stage, the overall market scale of blockchain is small, because most blockchain projects in the market are in the trial stage, with little investment. On the other hand, many enterprises have realized the potential of blockchain and plan to increase the budget in the future. Affected by this, China's blockchain market will usher in rapid growth. It is estimated that the market expenditure will reach US $1.95 billion by 2023, and the average annual compound growth rate will be 60.51% from 2019 to 2023

statistics and forecast of China's blockchain market expenditure scale from 2017 to 2023

data source: Analysis on adverse factors of China's blockchain development sorted out by the prospective instry research institute

1. Immature technology. At present, blockchain technology is not mature in system stability, application security, business model, etc., which can not meet the requirements of "high efficiency and low energy", "decentralization" and "security" at the same time. First, performance. The transaction throughput that can be carried out on the blockchain is not high, and the current block capacity is very small, which leads to network congestion, and it is difficult to meet the needs of high-frequency business. Many projects are also starting to optimize, but there is still a certain distance from the transaction throughput of real scenes such as banks and stock exchanges. Second, consensus mechanism. In terms of energy consumption, consensus algorithms such as workload proof consume a lot of energy and cost, which makes blockchain waste a lot of network computing power and pairing power; In terms of types, there are too few types of blockchain consensus mechanisms at present. In the future diversified business scenarios, more abundant consensus mechanisms are necessary to adapt. Third, security. Privacy protection, harmful information on the chain, smart contract vulnerability, consensus mechanism and private key protection, computing power attack, cryptography algorithm security and other issues make the blockchain face a severe situation of platform security and application security. Fourth, the database problem. Different from traditional databases, blockchain applications require a lot of write operations, hash calculation and verification operations. The database system for blockchain is still a difficult point to break through

2. Unclear application scenarios

currently, the blockchain project is still in the exploration stage, and no specific landing scenarios can be found. At present, the more promising fields are finance, sharing economy, Internet of things, public services, etc., but from the perspective of the existing blockchain technology maturity, there are still many problems in the application of blockchain, and there is still a gap from the actual use. First, the immaturity of blockchain technology restricts the implementation of commercial applications. At present, although there are many kinds of blockchain core technologies such as privacy protection algorithm and consensus mechanism, they generally do not have commercial availability. Second, the application mode of blockchain is still in exploration, and the "irreplaceable" advantage of blockchain has not been reflected. Blockchain itself represents a consensus system, so we should build a consensus system in line with the corresponding business scenarios from a higher level, rather than just "business + blockchain". There are many users in China, and the business scenario is complex. Moreover, any commercial proct will involve a very large flow and population. The current blockchain technology can not meet the demand

3, lack of professional talents

blockchain technology is a multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary technology, which mainly involves operating system, network communication, cryptography, mathematics, finance, proction and so on. However, at present, there are still deficiencies in interdisciplinary and fields in China, and the supply of talents in related fields is seriously insufficient. On the one hand, there is a large gap of R & D technical talents. Blockchain technology research and development mainly focuses on go, JavaScript, C and C + programming languages, and new smart contracts use Haskell, Ocaml, rhoang and other new functional programming languages. In China's talent market, there is a big gap for technical talents with senior R & D experience in relevant languages. On the other hand, there is a lack of bottom design talents. Different from R & D technical talents, blockchain bottom system architecture designers need to master a number of interdisciplinary professional skills, not only to deeply understand the block chain bottom design principle, but also to have the system architecture design experience, but also to master the business logic of specific application scenarios. Although some colleges and universities have launched interdisciplinary ecation and blockchain special skills discipline setting, professional talents are still very scarce

analysis of favorable factors for China's blockchain development. In January 2017, the Ministry of instry and information technology issued the development plan of software and information technology service instry (2016-2020), which proposed that the innovation in blockchain and other fields should reach the international advanced level. In August 2017, the State Council issued the guidance on further expanding and upgrading information consumption and continuously releasing the potential of domestic demand, proposing to carry out the pilot application of new technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence. In October 2017, the State Council issued the guidance on actively promoting the innovation and application of supply chain, which proposed to study the use of blockchain, artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies to establish a credit evaluation mechanism based on supply chain

in March 2018, the Ministry of instry and information technology (MIIT) issued the key points for standardization of informatization and software service instry in 2018, proposing to promote the establishment of the national informatization and instrialization Integration Management Standardization Technical Committee, and the national blockchain and Distributed Accounting Technology Standardization Committee. In June 2018, the Ministry of instry and information technology issued the instrial Internet development action plan (2018-2020) to encourage the application and research of emerging cutting-edge technologies such as edge computing, deep learning and blockchain in the instrial Internet

since the blockchain was listed in the 13th five year plan for national informatization for the first time in 2016, the national government has paid more and more attention to the blockchain. 24 provinces and cities or regions, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Guizhou, Gansu and Hainan, have launched dividend policies to carry out the layout of the blockchain instry chain, Actively explore instry applications based on blockchain

At present, China's blockchain technology continues to innovate, and the blockchain instry graally takes shape, and has begun to be applied in supply chain finance, credit reference, proct traceability, right trading, digital identity, electronic evidence and other fields, which is expected to promote China's economic system to achieve technological change, organizational change and efficiency change, To make important contributions to the construction of a modern economic system. With the continuous influx of entrepreneurs and capital, the number of enterprises is increasing rapidly. The application of blockchain will accelerate the landing, boost the high-quality development of traditional instries, accelerate the instrial transformation and upgrading, use blockchain technology to "rece costs" and "improve efficiency" for the real economy, and boost the standardized development of traditional instries. In addition, blockchain technology is becoming a new business form and a new driving force for economic development. Blockchain technology is promoting a new round of business model reform and becoming an important support for building a social system of integrity

In the past, the circulation of physical banknotes was difficult to trace, but with the application of blockchain technology, the flow of all digital assets will have a "chain" to check. For example, in the financial field, blockchain is expected to solve the pain points and difficulties in the payment field, rece the complexity of transactions, improve the end-to-end speed of transactions, rece the communication cost in the transaction process, and improve the transparency and non tamperability of transaction records. The cost of reconciliation, clearing and settlement among financial institutions, especially cross-border financial institutions, has always been very high, and there are complex manual processes. The application of blockchain technology can help rece the cost of reconciliation and dispute resolution among financial institutions, and significantly improve the processing speed and efficiency of payment business, It also makes small cross-border payments possible. In addition, the application of blockchain will also extend to many fields, such as health care, ecation, charity, social management and so on. The market prospect is very broad