What is the mode of blockchain network transaction

1.

From the perspective of technology and architecture, I will tell you my understanding of blockchain in common language

what is blockchain? In a word, blockchain is a storage system. To be more specific, blockchain is a distributed storage system without an administrator and each node has all the data

What are the common storage systems like

first, how to ensure high availability

the common storage system usually uses "rendancy" to solve the problem of high availability. As shown in the figure above, if the data can be copied into several copies and rendant to multiple places, high availability can be guaranteed. The data in one place is hung, and there is data in other places. For example, the master-slave cluster of MySQL is the same principle, and the raid of disk is also the same principle

two points need to be emphasized in this place are: data rendancy often leads to consistency problems

1. For example, in the master-slave cluster of MySQL, there is actually a delay in reading and writing, which means there is a inconsistency in reading and writing in a short period of time. This is a side effect of data rendancy

The second point is that data rendancy often reces the efficiency of writing, because data synchronization also consumes resources. If you add two slave libraries, the write efficiency will be affected. The common storage system is to use rendancy to ensure the high availability of data

so the second question, ordinary storage system, can write more

the answer is yes, for example, take this graph as an example:

in fact, MySQL can do a master-slave synchronization of al masters, master-slave synchronization of al masters, two nodes can be written at the same time. If you want to do a multi room multi live data center, in fact, multi room multi live data synchronization. What we should emphasize here is that multi-point writing often leads to the consistency problem of writing conflicts. Take MySQL as an example, suppose that the attribute of a table is self incrementing ID, then the data in the database is 1234 now. If one of the nodes writes and inserts a piece of data, it may become 5, and then these 5 pieces of data are synchronized to another master node, Before synchronization, if another write node inserts a piece of data, a piece of data with self incrementing ID of 5 will be generated. Then, after the generation, synchronize to another node, and the synchronized data will conflict with the two local 5's after it arrives, which will lead to synchronization failure and write consistency conflict. This problem will occur in the case of multi-point writing

how to ensure consistency in multi-point writing

the reform "Swan class" gives you more technical work

2.

first, define the

blockchain as an open network ledger. It originated from bitcoin and is the underlying technology of bitcoin. In bitcoin transactions, all the information of transaction records will be packaged into a "block" for storage. With the expansion of information exchange, one block links with another, forming a blockchain

Second, the digital currency represented by bitcoin is a point-to-point e-cash system. Among them, every transaction will broadcast to all participants in the network, and it will be recorded in the account book after repeated confirmation, which is called "blockchain". Each participant will have his own account book. In this way, when false information occurs, it can be broken through mutual verification, so as to ensure network security

in the blockchain, every node is equal, and there is no centralized management organization. This "decentralized" feature makes the blockchain do not need to rely on a third party, its operation does not need any human intervention, and it can independently conct self verification. In addition, the network of blockchain is open to the world, and anyone can query data through the public port, so the whole system is highly transparent

In a word, blockchain is a reliable database and a reliable "account book". In the future, it will be applied in cross-border payment, securities, loans, voting, etc. For example, in cross-border payment, with the security of blockchain, you can remit money to the world anytime and anywhere, which saves a lot of intermediate links and high fees

3. There are still many blockchain trading platforms, such as coin an, fire coin, OK and so on, which are relatively large platforms
blockchain is the core supporting technology of digital cryptocurrency system represented by bitcoin. The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize point-to-point transaction, coordination and cooperation based on decentralized credit in a distributed system without mutual trust by means of data encryption, time stamp, distributed consensus and economic incentive, so as to solve the common high cost, low cost and low cost of centralized institutions Low efficiency and data storage insecurity provide solutions
the application fields of blockchain include digital currency, token, finance, anti-counterfeiting traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. with the popularity of blockchain and bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered, which has a great impact on the domain name instry.

4. Blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database and the underlying technology of bitcoin. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography. Each data block contains the information of a bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
in a narrow sense, blockchain is a kind of chained data structure, which is composed of data blocks connected in sequence according to the time sequence, and is a distributed account that can not be tampered with and forged by cryptography. In a broad sense, blockchain technology is a new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm, which uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithm to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses intelligent contract composed of automated script code to program and operate data
blockchain and big blockchain are not the same concept. Big blockchain should be the name of a company. Bitcoin, Ethereum and decent are all successful cases of blockchain technology.

5. Blockchain originated from Nakamoto's bitcoin. As the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is essentially a decentralized database. It refers to the technical solution of collective maintenance of a reliable database through centralization and distrust in the past
blockchain technology is a technology solution that does not rely on a third party and stores, verifies, transmits and communicates network data through its own distributed nodes. Therefore, from the perspective of financial accounting, some people regard the blockchain technology as a distributed, open and decentralized large-scale network bookkeeping book. Anyone can use the same technical standards to add their own information at any time, extend the blockchain, and continuously meet the data entry needs brought by various needs
generally speaking, blockchain technology refers to a way for the whole people to participate in bookkeeping. There is a database behind all the systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. So it's very important who keeps this account book. At present, whose system will keep accounts, wechat's account book is Tencent's account book, and Taobao's account book is Ali's account book. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system can have the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. If there is any data change in a certain period of time, everyone in the system can conct bookkeeping. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best bookkeeping in this period, write the content of his records into the account book, and send the content of the account book to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete account book. This way, we call it blockchain technology
blockchain technology is considered to be the most disruptive technological innovation since the invention of the Internet. Relying on the ingenious distributed algorithm of cryptography and mathematics, it can make the participants reach a consensus without the intervention of any third party center on the Internet where the trust relationship cannot be established, and solve the problem of reliable transmission of trust and value at a very low cost
bitcoin peer-to-peer network stores all transaction history in "blockchain". The blockchain continues to extend, and once new blocks are added to the blockchain, they will not be removed. Blockchain is actually a distributed database composed of a group of scattered client nodes and all participants, which is a record of all bitcoin transaction history. After bitcoin transaction data is packaged into a "data block" or "block", the transaction is initially confirmed. When a block is linked to a previous block, the transaction is further confirmed. After six block confirmations in a row, the transaction was irreversibly confirmed
blockchain is public on the network and can be queried in every offline bitcoin wallet data. The lightweight bitcoin wallet uses online confirmation, that is, it will not download the blockchain data to the device storage
digital currency is easy to be regarded as a new currency by traditional financial institutions, but in fact, the significance and value of its underlying technology is far greater than its monetary attribute. Taking bitcoin as an example, it is generally regarded as a kind of point-to-point digital currency, but from the technical level, it is actually a point-to-point decentralized network platform, which relies on the blockchain technology. Digital currency is a global peer-to-peer network platform based on blockchain technology. Represented by bitcoin, the application of blockchain in the field of digital currency is also known as blockchain 1.0 [1].

6. Since the implementation of the People's Republic of China Bidding Law 2011, for the first time, "electronic bidding has been encouraged by the state to encourage information networks", electronic bidding has graally emerged in the Internet plus procurement. With the green light of policy in recent years, electronic bidding technology has covered engineering construction, major equipment bidding procurement, government procurement, drug procurement and other fields< Since br />2013, the state has been promoting electronic tendering and bidding in the layout, and has promulgated important rules and regulations such as the electronic bidding and bidding system and the "Internet plus" bidding and procurement action plan (2017-2019 years). Hebei province seriously implements the national deployment and requirements, takes the implementation of electronic bidding as a key task of comprehensively deepening the reform, and is listed in the provincial key reform project in 2017. Hengshui, as the only pilot city, takes the lead in carrying out the whole process of electronic bidding in Hebei Province< On April 9, 2019, the Department of housing and urban rural development of Guangxi Province, the national development and Reform Commission and the Administration Bureau of organ affairs jointly issued the notice on continuing to promote the electronic bidding of housing construction and municipal infrastructure projects (Draft for comments)
on May 19, 2019, the general office of the State Council transmitted the guidance on deepening the integration and sharing of public resources trading platform issued by the national development and Reform Commission, One of its main goals is to "fully implement the electronization of public resources and realize the online real-time supervision of the whole process of public resources transactions" by 2020....
on May 30, 2019, the decision of the Standing Committee of Hebei Provincial People's Congress on strengthening the supervision and management of the construction market was deliberated and adopted by the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th Hebei Provincial People's Congress and implemented on June 1, On June 15, 2019, the general office of Guangzhou Municipal People's government officially printed and issued the implementation plan for deepening the reform of the bidding system of construction projects in Guangzhou (hereinafter referred to as the plan), and proposed nine reform measures in view of the new situation and new problems in the current bidding work, To further deepen the reform of the bidding and tendering in Guangzhou construction project, China's tendering and bidding public service platform in from July 18th to 19th
2019 held a two day collaborative promotion of Internet plus bidding technology innovation achievements in Beijing. The conference mainly focused on the three themes of "CA code scanning mutual recognition and sharing", "system network, big data, security" and "blockchain", CFCA mobile electronic authentication: to build the whole process security guarantee of handheld electronic bidding....
on July 24, 2019, the first anniversary of the whole process electronic bidding in Hengshui, Hebei Province....
the above electronic bidding pilot and policy promotion have made the electronic bidding develop rapidly in the whole country, and become an important platform for engineering construction, government procurement, information technology and so on Mineral trading and other fields of the mainstream bidding mode. Electronic bidding is closely related to the development of information technology all over the world. With the rise and development of e-government, commerce and project management, electronic bidding has become the main means of bidding, which is an inevitable development trend
looking forward to the future, how will electronic bidding develop
Future Prospects: the government, large state-owned enterprises and third-party institutions will work together to build a benign ecological environment for electronic bidding
(1) as the main three parties involved in the E-bidding market, the government, large state-owned enterprises and the third-party E-bidding institutions can only build a benign ecological environment of the instry and build an efficient, open, fair and just bidding instry pattern through win-win cooperation
(2) as the main body of the public resources trading center, the government must perform the supervision and management responsibilities, accelerate the reform of the separation of the three networks, separate the administrative supervision platform, public service platform and electronic bidding trading platform, distribute different functions to the most professional people, and guide the market capital to actively participate in, which can effectively prevent insider trading, Improve the overall efficiency and transparency of the instry
electronic bidding is a bidding activity completed in the form of data message. Generally speaking, it means that some or all of the paper documents are discarded, and the business processes such as bidding, bidding, bid evaluation, contract signing, and even the whole process are electronically realized by means of computer and communication technology
there is a special definition of bidding in China, and bidding activities are subject to the bidding law and its implementation regulations. For electronic bidding, the national development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of instry and information technology, the Ministry of supervision, the Ministry of housing and urban rural development, the Ministry of transportation, the Ministry of railways, the Ministry of water resources and the Ministry of Commerce jointly formulated the "electronic bidding method" and its annex "technical specification for bidding system" The promulgation of the measures for electronic tendering and bidding will provide unified standards and legal basis for the practice of electronic tendering and bidding in various regions and departments, and make it develop in a more standardized and unified direction
it should be pointed out that the online bidding operation of each trading platform will be slightly different. In actual operation, we also need to understand the specific process of a specific trading platform. Do specific analysis of specific problems
on the issue of E-bidding, what are the advantages of E-bidding
e to the existence of E-bidding, the traditional bidding methods are suffering from the test of the times, and the future prospects become uncertain and unpredictable. With the strong support of national policies for E-bidding, E-bidding has been widely used in engineering bidding, e-procurement, government procurement and other instries. Following the pace of China Bidding network to analyze the advantages of electronic bidding
combined with the views of experts and instry insiders, several advantages are summarized:
1. The bidding instry is full of corruption, and transparency is more important. All information of bidding projects, including procurement, bidding notice, bid winning announcement, etc., are publicly released on the electronic bidding system to realize the open, fair and just principles of bidding activities
2. Rece the cost and improve the efficiency
using the electronic bidding system, the cost is lower. Save manpower and material costs
3. Detailed analysis of bidding documents and locking of illegal clues
the system automatically records the user's hardware characteristic code, tool software, pricing software identity code, etc., binds the information with the bidding documents, and concts identification, comparison and detailed analysis of these information that should not be the same ring bid evaluation, which can effectively lock the illegal clues< In the traditional bidding activities, the bidding data can only be managed by manual registration or re entry, which not only wastes manpower e to repeated labor, but also provides effective data support for government regulatory departments to grasp the instry development status and trend in real time and make scientific macroeconomic decisions, Moreover, because the data update is not synchronized, the data association is poor, resulting in the disconnection between business and management. The electronic bidding platform directly collects relevant information and data in the business process, which is closely related and has strong linkage effect. The preciseness of the bidding process ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data information. Through the accumulation of a certain period of time, the formation of the bidding resource information database is concive to the analysis and summary of the bidding and procurement work of the bidding agencies, and improve the level of business management. At the same time, it provides effective data support for the government regulatory departments to grasp the current situation and trend of the instry development in real time and make scientific macroeconomic decisions
5. Keep the bidding information confidential, increase the difficulty of breaking the rules, and detect and curb the bidding collusion
through the application of online downloading bidding announcement, online bidding registration, online downloading bidding documents, online answering questions, online payment and other functions, the handling situation of each node can be quickly fed back through the SMS platform. In this way, the information of bidders is in a highly confidential state before the deadline of bidding, which makes it difficult for those who intend to collude with each other to master the relevant information
6. Set up multiple rounds of inspection to curb the directional rejection of bids
conct comprehensive proofreading and inspection on the integrity, conformity and accuracy of the contents of the bid documents in multiple links such as bid preparation, upload and evaluation, so as to prevent the judges from choosing the directional rejection of bids with the intention of bid evaluation, so as to cut off the interest relationship between the judges and some bidders< (1) the online bidding system is supported by the enterprise credit database. Once confirmed, the fraulent enterprises will be listed in the blacklist database and publicized online. The system will automatically close their information channels, and they will not be eligible for online registration in future bidding activities. This undoubtedly increases the illegal cost of bidding enterprises, Make bidding enterprises cherish bidding credit record more
(2) through the information feedback from the bidding units to the construction units, the malicious default of the construction funds of the construction units can be effectively curbed, which helps to improve the integrity construction of the construction units; Improving the evaluation system of judges is concive to supervising the professional ability and professional ethics of judges
the Internet has profoundly changed people's way of work and life, and has become a new form of business. Electronic bidding is the core application of "Internet plus bidding", and will graally become the mainstream mode of China's bidding field.