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Closing transactions during blockchain expansion
Publish: 2021-04-14 00:15:46
1. This is not a rigid rule. It has nothing to do with blockchain. There is a relationship between the algorithm of this currency. The confirmation method of each currency is different, so this is not a rigid rule
the confirmation times of bitcoin are different from that of Ruitai coin, Laite coin and doggy coin.
the confirmation times of bitcoin are different from that of Ruitai coin, Laite coin and doggy coin.
2. Yes, but the hardware is constantly updated, so basically don't worry. A transaction only takes about 100 bytes, or 100 kb.
3. Forget the private key, the mnemonic note lost... This is the most basic. When it comes to the essence of investment, it is the investment risk caused by the fluctuation of currency price. GRE global risk trading all specialized insurance can be bought to avoid the risk of digital money market.
4. Contract transaction refers to an agreement between the buyer and the seller to accept a certain amount of certain assets at a specified price at a certain time in the future. The trading object of contract trading is the standardized contract formulated by the exchange. The exchange specifies the standardized information such as the commodity type, trading time and quantity. The contract represents the rights and obligations of both parties
to put it simply, we should make an appointment to trade a certain amount of certain goods at a certain time and place in the future.
to put it simply, we should make an appointment to trade a certain amount of certain goods at a certain time and place in the future.
5. The issue of bitcoin is determined by the block height, that is, the distance from the No. 0 block of Genesis. Now when the number is reached, the total amount of bitcoin should be limited. After this village, there will be no store. If the miners dig a block but don't receive the reward of the block, the bitcoin will be destroyed forever
coinbase transaction is a special transaction that generates bitcoin "out of thin air". Only miners can write this kind of transaction, and the number of generated bitcoin is limited by rules (new currency reced by half for every 210000 blocks + transaction fee for this block)
however, the rules do not stipulate that the miner must take away all the rewards that can be taken, and can choose not to take them
therefore, a mine pool connected with the RSK side chain has made a bug before, forgetting to take away the reward and occupying a pit in a block for nothing, which is equivalent to destroying the corresponding amount of bitcoin, making the total amount of bitcoin decrease a little bit permanently
in addition, to spend a bitcoin, you only need to specify the transaction ID and output serial number
as like as two peas in multiple blocks repeatedly write identical coinbase transactions, the transaction ID is also repeated.
therefore, this kind of situation also occupies the pit of a block in vain, and permanently destroys the corresponding amount of bitcoin
it seems to me that this is still a security vulnerability, so the new version of bitcoin software later banned the writing of repeated coinbase transactions. But until now, there has been no ban on miners not getting their e rewards
generally speaking, a coin is controlled by a private key. If a coin is transferred to an address where no one knows the private key, it will be destroyed
if the owner does a good job in security, and the private key is not disclosed and cannot be guessed, but he accidentally loses the private key, it is equivalent to destroying all the coins he owns
there are only some special circumstances that require intentional destruction of coins
one is irreversibly converted into another kind of currency, such as the contract currency XCP attached to bitcoin and wormhole cash WHC attached to BCH
the second is to save certificates and data on the chain, such as the time stamp: panbiao.com/2013/08 /
and the crowd funding of the original Ethereum founding team: zhuanlan.hu.com/p/29
the private key is essentially a big number. Whoever knows this number can control the currency on the corresponding address. So the private key must be generated with reliable random number, otherwise it may be guessed and stolen
compared with the token, the address is the hash of the public key. There is no way to judge whether an address has a corresponding public key and private key (even if the public key is known, the corresponding private key cannot be known). Therefore, even if it is explicitly the address of "burned" token, the system does not prohibit the transfer in
strictly speaking, what locks the currency is a small program (script). This program takes the input as the public key and digital signature. First, check whether the public key hash is consistent, and then check whether the digital signature is valid. If it is valid, it will be verified and transfer is allowed; Otherwise, it will be judged that the transaction is illegal and refuse to package into the chain
it is the whole node software that explains and executes this program. It can be said that the software code of the whole node specifically defines a coin
however, the current situation is very embarrassing. Most miners do not run the whole node, only a few mines are running. The vast majority of users do not run the whole node, even if they run the whole node, they can only perform verification, no computing power, no block
coinbase transaction is a special transaction that generates bitcoin "out of thin air". Only miners can write this kind of transaction, and the number of generated bitcoin is limited by rules (new currency reced by half for every 210000 blocks + transaction fee for this block)
however, the rules do not stipulate that the miner must take away all the rewards that can be taken, and can choose not to take them
therefore, a mine pool connected with the RSK side chain has made a bug before, forgetting to take away the reward and occupying a pit in a block for nothing, which is equivalent to destroying the corresponding amount of bitcoin, making the total amount of bitcoin decrease a little bit permanently
in addition, to spend a bitcoin, you only need to specify the transaction ID and output serial number
as like as two peas in multiple blocks repeatedly write identical coinbase transactions, the transaction ID is also repeated.
therefore, this kind of situation also occupies the pit of a block in vain, and permanently destroys the corresponding amount of bitcoin
it seems to me that this is still a security vulnerability, so the new version of bitcoin software later banned the writing of repeated coinbase transactions. But until now, there has been no ban on miners not getting their e rewards
generally speaking, a coin is controlled by a private key. If a coin is transferred to an address where no one knows the private key, it will be destroyed
if the owner does a good job in security, and the private key is not disclosed and cannot be guessed, but he accidentally loses the private key, it is equivalent to destroying all the coins he owns
there are only some special circumstances that require intentional destruction of coins
one is irreversibly converted into another kind of currency, such as the contract currency XCP attached to bitcoin and wormhole cash WHC attached to BCH
the second is to save certificates and data on the chain, such as the time stamp: panbiao.com/2013/08 /
and the crowd funding of the original Ethereum founding team: zhuanlan.hu.com/p/29
the private key is essentially a big number. Whoever knows this number can control the currency on the corresponding address. So the private key must be generated with reliable random number, otherwise it may be guessed and stolen
compared with the token, the address is the hash of the public key. There is no way to judge whether an address has a corresponding public key and private key (even if the public key is known, the corresponding private key cannot be known). Therefore, even if it is explicitly the address of "burned" token, the system does not prohibit the transfer in
strictly speaking, what locks the currency is a small program (script). This program takes the input as the public key and digital signature. First, check whether the public key hash is consistent, and then check whether the digital signature is valid. If it is valid, it will be verified and transfer is allowed; Otherwise, it will be judged that the transaction is illegal and refuse to package into the chain
it is the whole node software that explains and executes this program. It can be said that the software code of the whole node specifically defines a coin
however, the current situation is very embarrassing. Most miners do not run the whole node, only a few mines are running. The vast majority of users do not run the whole node, even if they run the whole node, they can only perform verification, no computing power, no block
6. The increase of blockchain network information is bound to need expansion, but it is not limited to a BTC public chain. No matter which public chain develops to a certain stage, it needs expansion technical support network. Therefore, it can be said that expansion is a necessary link for the implementation of blockchain scheme
the expansion of blockchain is the general trend, but there are differences in the specific operation. According to the different levels of blockchain architecture, the instry has proposed a number of expansion solutions: first, optimize the data transmission protocol for the underlying data layer of blockchain, do not change the upper structure of blockchain, and improve the scalability, such as bloxroute, the 0-layer expansion scheme of blockchain; The second is to change the data structure and consensus algorithm to improve the scalability of the basic protocol of blockchain, such as DAG (directed acyclic graph), fragmentation, dpos algorithm, etc; Third, aiming at the application level, such as side chain, sub chain, state channel lightning network and so on, part of the on chain transactions are transferred to the off chain execution to rece the on chain processing pressure and improve the overall efficiency.
the expansion of blockchain is the general trend, but there are differences in the specific operation. According to the different levels of blockchain architecture, the instry has proposed a number of expansion solutions: first, optimize the data transmission protocol for the underlying data layer of blockchain, do not change the upper structure of blockchain, and improve the scalability, such as bloxroute, the 0-layer expansion scheme of blockchain; The second is to change the data structure and consensus algorithm to improve the scalability of the basic protocol of blockchain, such as DAG (directed acyclic graph), fragmentation, dpos algorithm, etc; Third, aiming at the application level, such as side chain, sub chain, state channel lightning network and so on, part of the on chain transactions are transferred to the off chain execution to rece the on chain processing pressure and improve the overall efficiency.
7. The solutions are as follows:
1. Regularly clean the st in the computer, turn off the computer, open the chassis, use a hair dryer and blow with cold air< At ordinary times, 360 guard, Jinshan guard and other tools should be used to clean up the system garbage and temporary files generated by the Internet, and check and kill malicious
Italian software
3. The computer configuration is poor, so try to set the virtual memory as large as possible, and install anti-virus software with less resources, such as NOD32, or only one
auxiliary anti-virus software
4. Try to set the IP to static IP, which can rece the startup time of the computer
5. Don't put too many files and icons on the computer desktop, which will slow down the reaction of the computer. Try not to install the software on disk C
6. Regularly defragment the disk. Open the drive of my computer to defragment - properties - tools
select the disk to be defragmented. Open the "disk defragmenter" window - Analysis - defragmentation - the system will start to defragment
.
1. Regularly clean the st in the computer, turn off the computer, open the chassis, use a hair dryer and blow with cold air< At ordinary times, 360 guard, Jinshan guard and other tools should be used to clean up the system garbage and temporary files generated by the Internet, and check and kill malicious
Italian software
3. The computer configuration is poor, so try to set the virtual memory as large as possible, and install anti-virus software with less resources, such as NOD32, or only one
auxiliary anti-virus software
4. Try to set the IP to static IP, which can rece the startup time of the computer
5. Don't put too many files and icons on the computer desktop, which will slow down the reaction of the computer. Try not to install the software on disk C
6. Regularly defragment the disk. Open the drive of my computer to defragment - properties - tools
select the disk to be defragmented. Open the "disk defragmenter" window - Analysis - defragmentation - the system will start to defragment
.
8. The format of the transfer contract is: Party A: (signature, address, ID card, etc.) Party B: (signature, address, ID card, etc.) specific terms: name, existing form, existing location, value and other delivery methods of the goods Dispute resolution can be divided into virtual currency transfer agreement
9. Yes~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
10. Capacity expansion is a means that when a container or load is not enough to support or carry the demand of existing things, we can expand the capacity of the container or load to meet the growing demand, so as to relieve the pressure on the current container or load
at the beginning of the birth of bitcoin, Ben Cong, the founder of bitcoin, did not deliberately limit the block size. The maximum block size was 32MB, and the average block size was 1-2kb at that time
at that time, there are few bitcoin users and the transaction volume is not so large, which will not cause block congestion. However, since 2013, with the price of bitcoin rising sharply, there are more and more users, resulting in network congestion of bitcoin and rising transaction costs of users
up to now, there is a backlog of hundreds of thousands of transactions on the bitcoin blockchain. The average transaction cost of bitcoin is 376 times higher than that in September 2010. The processing speed of seven transactions per second has obviously been unable to meet the needs of users. The bitcoin community has begun to explore how to "expand the capacity" of bitcoin
by modifying the underlying code of bitcoin, the transaction processing capacity can be improved
there are two development and design schemes for bitcoin expansion, namely, the first layer and the second layer expansion technology
· the first layer of capacity expansion technology is to improve the blockchain itself, to make the blockchain itself faster and larger. Generally speaking, it is to change the content of the consensus part of the blockchain
· the purpose of the second layer expansion technology is to move the computing to the lower chain, that is, to solve the problem through the side chain technology
expansion protocol and outcome
expansion protocol generally needs the support of miners, which can be roughly divided into modifying block size, soft fork, hard fork, isolation witness and so on
take bitcoin as an example:
bitcoin is now divided into big block bitcoin cash (BCH) and isolation witness. Isolated witness is now recognized as bitcoin in the market, while big block coin is named bitcash. It can be predicted that in the future, bitcoin will focus on off chain trading. Including lightning network and side chain. These two new things are not mature at present, but they are highly expected by many people
bitcoin will develop a large number of isolated witness transactions and make more derivative technologies on the basis of isolated witness. Most likely, bitcoin will be pushed forward by technology
bitcash will focus on the development of monetary function, rece transaction friction as the main way, and gain more extensive users on the chain as the main development direction
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
at the beginning of the birth of bitcoin, Ben Cong, the founder of bitcoin, did not deliberately limit the block size. The maximum block size was 32MB, and the average block size was 1-2kb at that time
at that time, there are few bitcoin users and the transaction volume is not so large, which will not cause block congestion. However, since 2013, with the price of bitcoin rising sharply, there are more and more users, resulting in network congestion of bitcoin and rising transaction costs of users
up to now, there is a backlog of hundreds of thousands of transactions on the bitcoin blockchain. The average transaction cost of bitcoin is 376 times higher than that in September 2010. The processing speed of seven transactions per second has obviously been unable to meet the needs of users. The bitcoin community has begun to explore how to "expand the capacity" of bitcoin
by modifying the underlying code of bitcoin, the transaction processing capacity can be improved
there are two development and design schemes for bitcoin expansion, namely, the first layer and the second layer expansion technology
· the first layer of capacity expansion technology is to improve the blockchain itself, to make the blockchain itself faster and larger. Generally speaking, it is to change the content of the consensus part of the blockchain
· the purpose of the second layer expansion technology is to move the computing to the lower chain, that is, to solve the problem through the side chain technology
expansion protocol and outcome
expansion protocol generally needs the support of miners, which can be roughly divided into modifying block size, soft fork, hard fork, isolation witness and so on
take bitcoin as an example:
bitcoin is now divided into big block bitcoin cash (BCH) and isolation witness. Isolated witness is now recognized as bitcoin in the market, while big block coin is named bitcash. It can be predicted that in the future, bitcoin will focus on off chain trading. Including lightning network and side chain. These two new things are not mature at present, but they are highly expected by many people
bitcoin will develop a large number of isolated witness transactions and make more derivative technologies on the basis of isolated witness. Most likely, bitcoin will be pushed forward by technology
bitcash will focus on the development of monetary function, rece transaction friction as the main way, and gain more extensive users on the chain as the main development direction
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
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