Micro blockchain

The earliest is a kind of network virtual currency. It is characterized by decentralization, anonymity, and can only be used in the digital world. It does not belong to any country or financial institution, and is not subject to geographical restrictions. It can be exchanged anywhere in the world. Therefore, it is used as a money laundering tool by some criminals. In 2013, the U.S. government recognized the legal status of bitcoin, making the price of bitcoin soar

bitcoin is e-cash similar to e-mail. Both parties need "bitcoin wallet" similar to e-mail and "bitcoin address" similar to e-mail address. Just like sending and receiving e-mail, the remitter pays bitcoin directly to the other party through a computer or smart phone according to the recipient's address

starting from the essence of bitcoin, the essence of bitcoin is actually a special solution generated by a bunch of complex algorithms. A special solution is one of the infinite (in fact, bitcoin is finite) solutions that can be obtained from the equations. Every particular solution can solve the equation and is unique

many websites for technology players have begun to accept bitcoin transactions. Websites such as mtgox and btcchina, as well as some Taobao stores, can even accept services such as bitcoin exchange for us dollars and euro. There is no doubt that bitcoin has become a real currency in circulation, rather than a virtual currency like Tencent Q coin

"Blockchain is equivalent to this account book, and the block is equivalent to a page of this account book. The information carried in the block is the transaction content recorded on this page. The blockchain is block by block, and each block is filled with transaction records and connected together to form a chain, which is called blockchain. "

take bitcoin as an example, there is a "power race" every ten minutes to compete for the right to charge. It's like saying that you have a lot of calculation power, just like your muscles are stronger and more capable of fighting. Everyone will convince you to keep this account, that is, the right to write a block (note that it is not the content in the block) to the general ledger of the blockchain. However, it should be noted that computing power can only determine the probability of winning the competition. For example, there are several lotteries in total, and those with more computing power can buy more to improve the winning probability. However, those who buy more may not win the lottery in the end.

blockchain is a data block chain guaranteed by such computing power. Starting from the first block, each block collects data according to certain rules, and then attaches a value to these data, so that the result of the formed data block after similar one-way function calculation falls into a certain range. By estimating the computing power of the whole network and the size of the control result range, the data blocks that meet the requirements can be found in a long enough time. This calculation result will be included by the next block, and the chain data structure formed in this way is called blockchain

each small ledger is called a block, and each different blockchain protocol (generating different cryptocurrency) will specify the size of each block (the initial bitcoin is 1m). The ledger constitutes a block, the block constitutes a chain list, and the block header contains the hash value of the previous block, which is the blockchain. In this way, no one can modify the content or exchange the order at will. If you do, it means you need to recalculate all the special numbers

regulations allow everyone in the world to build blocks. Every person who builds a new block (finds this special number - sha256 value has 30 zeros) can get a reward. For this part of people (miners) who build a new block:

1. There is no sender information, There is no need to sign

2. Each new block will add a new virtual (encrypted) currency to the whole currency

3. The process of building a new block is also called "mining": it requires a lot of work and can inject new currency into the whole economy

4. The work of mining is: receiving transaction information, building blocks, broadcasting blocks, Then get new money as a reward

for each miner, each block is like a small lottery, and everyone is trying to guess the number quickly until a lucky person finds a special number, so that there are many zeros at the beginning of the hash value of the whole block, and they can get a reward. I remember a Zhihu respondent gave an image analogy. Blockchain is like a king with a beautiful daughter (block). Many young people are looking forward to it. The king's method is to give a very difficult topic for all young people to calculate (learning to change their lives), Who can calculate quickly (or be lucky in the process of calculating the hash value) will be able to win the beauty

for users who want to use this system to collect and pay, they don't need to listen to all the transactions, but just listen to the blocks broadcast by the miners, and then update them to their saved blockchain

"block" can also be imagined as a box, There are some digital currencies and a small note in the block, on which the only transaction information generated in the past ten minutes is recorded, such as "small a transferred to small B100 yuan"; Of course, this piece of information must have been encrypted to ensure that only small a and small B (through the key in their hands) have the ability to interpret the real content

after this magical block was created, it was soon buried underground. Where is it buried? No one does not know that all computer nodes need to participate in digging three feet before it is possible to find (find an effective workload proof). Obviously, this is an event with huge workload and random results. However, for the computer node, once the block is g out from the ground, it will get the valuable digital currency in the block, as well as the tip paid by small a in the process of "small a transferred to small B100 yuan". At the same time, for this node, only he has the right to truly record the contents of the note, which is an honor, while other nodes can only use its , a without digital currency blessing. Of course, there are some other special things about this magical block.

the process of computer nodes digging out blocks from underground is called "mining". As I said just now, this is a huge workload, a lot of luck and a lot of profits. A node on zhangheng road in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China, suddenly jumped out and said excitedly, "I've g the block! The little notes inside are all valid! The reward belongs to me! ". Although Zhang Heng Road node has got digital currency at the moment, for other computer nodes, because it also involves some other interests, they will not choose to believe what Zhang Heng Road node says by default; Based on the principle that strangers do not trust each other, they take the so-called block () g by Zhang Heng Road node, and start to check whether the small note information in the block is true and effective, etc. In the world of blockchain, nodes check the accuracy of the small note information, or indirectly or directly judge whether the node that successfully digs out the block is lying How to define the true and effective information of a small note will be explained later, but I won't go into details here. In the verification process, each node will directly express their identification (accurate) and attitude towards zhangheng road node through the following two behaviors: stop half or even 80% of the mining process; Add the block () g out by zhangheng road node to the end of its own blockchain. You can be a little confused: if you stop mining, you may have done 80% of the mining work. Then 80% of the previous work is in vain?! Then, what the hell is at the end of the blockchain? For the first puzzle. I want to say that what you said is right, but there is no way. The reality is so cruel. Even if 80% of the work is done, you have to give up. The 80% of the work can be regarded as useless, absolutely damaging the wealth and the masses. The second puzzle is, what is the ghost at the end of blockchain and blockchain? Here, it is not clear in advance, but you can simply imagine: blocks are generated and g out periodically, and a computer node may have executed "take blocks from others" n times in advance; The process of "checking the validity of small notes" must have stored n blocks on its own node, and these blocks will be arranged in a chain in order of time. Yes, this chain is what you always think of as the blockchain. If you still can't understand, it doesn't matter. There will be many opportunities for in-depth study later in the article

go into the more microcosmic world of the block and have a look at what the little note really is, how it came into being and its mission all its life: when initiating a transaction, the initiator will receive a little note, and he needs to write the transaction record, such as "stealing transfer to a piece of RMB 340" on the paper. It's amazing that when it's finished, on the back of the note, the transaction record will be automatically formatted to at least contain the two important fields of "input value" and "output value"“ Input value is used to record the effective source of digital currency, and output value is used to record the object to which digital currency is sent. The newly created note is immediately marked as an "unconfirmed" note. Small pieces of paper that are successfully g out of the ground and eventually connected to the blockchain are initially marked as "valid.". If the valid slip is used as the input value of other transactions, the valid slip will soon be marked as invalid. Due to various reasons, the block is disconnected and discarded from the chain, and the small notes once marked as "valid" in the block will be re marked as "unconfirmed". There is no concept of account balance in the blockchain. The digital asset you really own is actually a piece of transaction information; Get the balance in your digital wallet by simple addition and subtraction. The above 1, 2 and 3 are just the knowledge points forced to you at the beginning. Some of the descriptions may be a bit confusing, which makes you feel confused. Only by understanding the whole blockchain can you have a more comprehensive understanding of the mystery

block capacity. Bitcoin specifies that the block capacity is 1m when it is created, or in the source code. The reason why it was originally designed as 1m is, on the one hand, to prevent DoS attacks. On the other hand, when Zhongben Cong created the blockchain, the capacity was 32m. However, he changed the block capacity to 1m through a humble commit like "clear up". In order to prevent the volume of the blockchain from growing too fast, he added some mystery to the problem of block capacity. The capacity of 1m means that the maximum number of transactions processed by bitcoin is about 2400 (the size of 486882 block 1034.39 is very close)

to put it bluntly, blockchain is a small book for distributed bookkeeping, a tool for bookkeeping, and based on cryptography and cryptography technology, once data transactions are recorded in the book of blockchain, data can not be tampered with and denied. The Internet is the transmission of value, and the blockchain is the transmission of trust. Under the premise of blockchain technology as a credit endorsement, each node in the blockchain changes from a single center to a unified multi center with multi-party participation, which can achieve transaction transmission without the participation of a third party organization and improve the efficiency

Blockchain is full of novel games. They are unique. Once it's owned by you, it can't be copied, modified or destroyed by anyone. This is the advertisement of blockchain game. This is a blockchain game. You can have a look at it< br />

The first economic wave: the outbreak of the self-employed from 1978 to 1991, when China was just carrying out reform and opening up, most of the people only pursued to enter universities, state organs and state-owned enterprises. Most of the self-employed people lived at the bottom of the society with low cultural quality, but they seized the opportunity and became the first group of rich people in Chinese society

throughout the first four business opportunities in China, their representatives and super tycoons all appeared in the early stage of the instry, before and after the legislation and regulation of the instry, we have never heard of any super tycoons! That's because if we are in the early stage of the development of an emerging instry and before legislation and regulations, it is also the time when the profits are the highest, the risks are the lowest and the operation is the simplest. In any instry, those who know in advance are the opportunity, those who know later are the instry, and those who unknowingly become consumers

reference: China's reform and opening up_ Network

Let's take a look at what the chief analyst of AI media consulting, a professional third-party mining and analysis organization of new economy instry, said

recently, at the "2019 AI media night and new economy instry development trend forum" held by AI media consulting, Zhang Yi, CEO and chief analyst of AI media consulting, talked with data, reviewed the ups and downs in 2018, summarized the problems existing in the instry development, and also made a bold prediction of the new economy instry trend in 2019 with data, causing extensive discussion in the instry and the media

on the eve of the Spring Festival, Zhang Yi, CEO and chief analyst of AI media consulting, said in a live speech at the forum that every Spring Festival is the innovation peak of new applications, and reminded that the new trend applications are likely to challenge the old Internet procts ring the Spring Festival, Downloads are exploding. In addition, the Spring Festival every year may be the most dangerous time for Internet companies, because before many "killer" businesses appeared ring the Spring Festival. In the limelight of 2018, the example of short video business in tiktok said that the popularity of APP was actually the result of a large number of users bringing home the short video usage habits to bring home ring the Spring Festival. P>

2. tiktok said that the demographic dividend is at the bottom, and the new mode enterprise can still rise rapidly.

recently became the popular language in the Internet circle. The "demographic dividend" and "the end of the traffic age" have become the popular language in the Internet circle. But Zhang Yi did not agree with this view. Instead of shaking up the voice, playing a lot of things and NetEase koala, the demographic dividend has not really disappeared, that is the claim of the interests of the winners. In his view, in recent years, from the rise of wechat to the popularity of short video, they are all "pop money" applications under the condition that China's total population is basically stable. In the past decade, China's Internet enterprises have seen explosive growth, and the new model enterprises can still quickly stand out. Therefore, Internet enterprises need to be highly alert to the competitive situation ring the Spring Festival

3. In the next two years, most of the "blockchain" that people can directly contact are illegal fund-raising and pyramid schemes

the application of blockchain technology is still in the primary stage of exploration, and has not yet reached the stage of real application. Just one year's experience of digital currency will make you feel deeply. The so-called "money circle boss" is just to constantly fertilize you in the early stage, so that you can quickly grow into a "qualified leek" farmer. Public data shows that there are more than 10000 cryptocurrency exchanges in the world. With the continuous drop of currency price, it is difficult to realize the dream of ten times, one hundred times and ten thousand times of Chinese chives. The trading volume of the whole market is also sharply reced, and the major exchanges need to launch procts. Futures contracts and perpetual contracts are becoming a new money collecting machine for major exchanges, attracting the hearts of all leeks

in addition, why did bitcoin plummet? Zhang Yi said that the current landing of various currencies, with various opportunities of various chains, are doing all kinds of things related to money. Once the assets are transferred, there will be no follow-up orders, and the slump is the inevitable result

at present, blockchain has almost become a hotbed of illegal fund-raising and pyramid schemes. Zhang Yi said frankly that in the next 1-2 years, most of the "blockchain" that ordinary people can directly contact with are illegal fund-raising and pyramid schemes. Blockchain technology is not at fault. It will completely change our way of life in the future, but it may not make your money bag swell

4. Internet car making: appearance is not as important as safety, so we should pay close attention to safety.

with the birth of mobile Internet and sharing economy, and the deep integration of Internet and automobile, a large number of traditional car companies began to aim at the online car Hailing market, or developed new energy vehicles one after another. By the end of 2017, China Mobile had 440 million users. But the fundamental problems such as safety and battery have not been solved effectively

in the next few years, Chinese government agencies and new energy vehicle manufacturers will continue to make great efforts to solve the problems of short driving range and difficult charging of new energy vehicles. The participation of more and more enterprises and the overall layout of government agencies will promote the rapid improvement of the technical level of all links in the new energy vehicle instry chain and the rapid improvement of supporting infrastructure, The bottleneck of new energy vehicle development is expected to be broken

it is estimated that Internet vehicles will have a breakthrough in 2025, with sales exceeding 10 million. The market of intelligent driving is broad. Although there is no great change in the market of unmanned driving in the short term, it may break out in a large area in the future. Zhang Yi also mentioned that the appearance of Internet vehicles is not important, and the safety factor is the key to its development

6. With the rise of new retail, retail stores may face a "tide of bankruptcy" in 2019.

in recent years, new retail formats have matured, the instry has accelerated the pace of bringing forth new ones, and many new species have emerged, including home furnishings, supermarkets, convenience stores, catering, entertainment and other formats. According to iimedia research, China's mobile e-commerce has 510 million users, which is expected to grow to 550 million by 2019

why new retail? Zhang Yi said that the current online traffic is becoming more and more expensive, and the user experience of online retail is poor. Only by combining online retail with offline experience, can users be surrounded. From the current market environment, the new retail is an inevitable choice to promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional retail. It can enrich the proct style, improve proct quality, better meet the personalized needs of users, and effectively stimulate greater consumption potential

in addition, Zhang Yi believes that if wechat apps are purely used as information acquisition tools, they may become another "Taobao" in the future. Different from Alibaba Taobao, wechat app relies on the huge wechat user traffic, which has the characteristics of spontaneous, strong timeliness, fission type communication and high conversion rate of sharing communication. It has lower cost threshold and greater opportunity to become a social e-commerce

7. Cross border e-commerce will continue to be popular in the next three years

with the popularity of mobile Internet and the popularity of consumption upgrading concept, users' demand for cross-border goods will increase, and the scale of China overseas shopping users will continue to expand. According to the data of iimedia research, in 2019, China's number of overseas Taoists will reach 149 million. Compared with purchasing on foreign websites, purchasing on behalf of others and purchasing on their own abroad, overseas Taoists are more inclined to shop on cross-border e-commerce platforms

with the development of e-commerce and the continuous improvement of residents' income, the consumption concept of users has also changed. They pay more attention to the quality and quality of goods, and no longer blindly pursue low price promotion. When purchasing goods, they will comprehensively consider the degree of brand and safety of goods. The era of price driven purchase has passed, How to strictly control the quality of goods will become the focus of the platform, and the platform with good reputation will have greater development opportunities

8. Knowledge payment: let intellectuals find cash opportunities in the Internet

with the advancement of the era of knowledge payment and more and more people feel the urgent need for lifelong learning, knowledge payment will present more iterative and higher quality content created for lifelong learning and create a new and creative experience. Knowledge payment platform will compete for more high-quality segmentation areas. A large number of we media have begun to realize the layout of knowledge. Knowledge payment will present the trend of vertical differentiation and specialization, and constantly refine the content advantages, including service advantages, to solve the core knowledge needs of users

at present, the content tends to be vertically subdivided, the platform is constantly innovating proct technology, and the user consumption is becoming rational. According to the data of iimedia research, the number of users of knowledge payment in China in 2018 is about 300 million, and the anxiety of users in seeking knowledge will become the core driving force of the future development of knowledge payment instry, which has a huge space for increment. With the development of user payment habit, the development space of knowledge payment market has attracted much attention

China Mobile E-sports is going through the stage of beyond development, the professional league of mobile E-sports is becoming mature, and the commercial value is emerging.. According to the data of iimedia research, in 2018, the market scale of China Mobile E-sports reached 44.93 billion yuan, with 302 million users. The increment of games in 2019 depends on the "new track". The development of mobile E-sports events can greatly stimulate players' sense of participation. In the future, in the competitive sports environment, mobile E-sports can burst out more instrial energy

it is said that Toutiao has been looking at houseparty projects since this year, and similar procts developed by former employees are booming in the domestic social market. On the other hand, snapshot, fly chat, and the face photos exposed before the new technology are all attacking the field of instant messaging. Tencent's 14 main forces, including moment video just launched by wechat, are attacking the short video market from various proct forms. Public comments on a lbs community software, but also through short video transformation, increase social function. "Who said" practiced by Momo this year is intended to make short videos in the form of houseparty + Q & A procts. There is also the deer carving in Ali's internal test, which plays a short video of Zhihu's proct logic

the whole Internet market is keen on the layout of short video market. In the dazzling short video social tide, short video is actually just the basic media form

11.5G is expected to "shuffle" the smart terminal market