World Bank blockchain

1.

The most significant applications are

1. Think about using blockchain in enterprise applications to provide more flexible, safe and efficient business processes and distributed, independent markets. Blockchain allows asset owners to track and trade valuable things, such as outstanding invoices, on a transaction "chain" that is more secure, transparent, private and self-coordinating. This capability improves the speed and flexibility of cash and asset management. For example, you are afraid to buy fake things, because a manufacturer transfers proction to several middlemen, and then you buy through middlemen, not manufacturers. If all the data is distributed, point-to-point and transparent, you can buy and pay directly from the manufacturer

The automation market of other assets will be diversified. In essence, because the software itself is controlled and open architecture, and visible to all transaction participants, the transaction based on blockchain can rece the demand for third-party supervision. If the enterprise can publish the value information to multiple potential buyers, and for all buyers, the content can be trusted and visible, and the seller can't sell again, then an open and transparent competitive environment will be formed when purchasing, and the seller can get better prices

3. Rece business transaction friction. Managing spending is a challenge for most organizations. However, blockchain enables enterprises to create self-management networks for suppliers and partners, realize contract automation, real-time payment, tracking of goods transportation, and visibility of the whole supply chain. For example, if a company uses refrigerated containers to transport perishable goods, when the container temperature exceeds a certain threshold, the IOT sensor on the truck may call the smart contract on the blockchain. This will cause the corresponding order to be cancelled, and it will also be able to automatically create a new order, so that a second batch of goods can be sent immediately. Trucks with faulty refrigeration equipment can also go to the repair Office for repair

This kind of network can rece transaction errors and information omission by recing or eliminating human-computer interaction. Moreover, by connecting buyers and sellers directly, transactions can become faster. Manage and secure decentralized private records. Its traditional instry practice is to rely on a third party, using firewalls and restricted access to protect their shared information database. And frequent data leakage events show that this approach is not very ideal. A fundamental advantage of blockchain is that each indivial data record or element is encrypted by the key of a blockchain member. Cybercrime may need to obtain each key of each member in order to access all the blockchain data. This is not to say that blockchain can guarantee 100% security of all data, which helps to rece the possibility of exposure of a large number of private records

5. A reasonable application is the record of employees or students. Employers, ecational institutions and even instry certification bodies can add new qualifications, grades or work places when necessary. Imagine giving employees a key to access all their employee records as part of a secure blockchain containing human resources. Indivials can safely share their university transcripts or employment history with other companies or ecational institutions without relying on unreliable and easily falsified faxes. Trace the origin of procts and raw materials. Blockchain can help ensure proct quality and safety by simplifying the tracking and positioning of procts and raw materials in use. For example, if an automobile manufacturer forms a quality centered blockchain including parts suppliers, parts assemblers, quality control suppliers and public management organizations (such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). Then the recall process of defective parts will be faster. It makes sense to think that thousands of people die every year because of defective car parts

6. Verify identity, verify published information and data. Create a better user control mechanism. Nowadays, user information is easy to be manipulated, distributed to third parties, or even sold, so as to create revenue streams for owners of social media platforms, which will never be shared with users of information. Blockchain can disrupt all of these activities. It allows users to control their own information and its exact location. No platform can be accessed without permission. Users can decide who can access their information. They can deal directly with advertisers and third parties according to their choice, rather than like others. Moreover, users can choose to share their information with advertisers on any platform for a fee

to sum up, blockchain is a kind of chained data structure that combines data blocks in chronological order in a sequential way, and it can not be tampered with and forged by cryptography. In a broad sense, blockchain technology uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithm to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access A new distributed infrastructure and computing method (reference network) for programming and operating data by using intelligent contract composed of automated script code

Application in finance

three major applications of blockchain technology

1. Application of blockchain technology in asset securitization field

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in recent years, The domestic asset securitization (ABS) instry is developing rapidly. At the same time, the problems of asset cash flow management need to be improved, the transparency and efficiency of underlying asset supervision need to be improved, the efficiency of asset transaction settlement is low, and the cost of credit enhancement is high are graally exposed. In order to apply blockchain technology in ABS field, participants need to build ABS blockchain alliance, which is composed of asset side, pre ABS investor, SPV (trust), escrow bank, manager, intermediary, ABS investor and exchange. Its core business includes fund transaction reconciliation, transaction file management, data interaction interface, information release and sharing, underlying asset management, intelligent ABS workflow and so on. Blockchain application can at least empower ABS instry in the following five aspects

To improve the cash flow management of ABS< Second, it is concive to penetrating supervision
thirdly, it can improve the settlement efficiency of financial assets< (4) the efficiency and transparency of securities trading will be greatly enhanced
fifthly, it can rece the transfer cost of credit enhancement

2. Application of blockchain technology in insurance instry. However, with the tightening of regulatory policies on medium and short-term survival procts, the business scale of universal insurance has declined significantly. In the aspect of insurance proct design, blockchain is concive to promoting the breakthrough and rapid development of customized insurance categories, such as agricultural insurance and proct quality insurance

quality insurance can endorse the reputation of enterprises and protect the rights and interests of consumers. However, insurance companies need to make a comprehensive evaluation of enterprises and procts to underwrite quality insurance, but these data are often difficult to collect truly and effectively, which restricts the development of quality insurance. The establishment of proct traceability and anti-counterfeiting application platform based on the underlying technology of blockchain can help insurance companies easily trace the information of proct proction, processing, sales, purchase, complaints and other links through the platform, so as to effectively judge the incidence of quality defects of related procts, formulate insurance procts, and promote consumption upgrading and instrial upgrading


in insurance sales, the application of blockchain technology can simplify the sales process, save the sales cost and realize the traceability of insurance sales. From the perspective of insurance companies, when willing policyholders purchase insurance policies through channels, channel providers uniformly send policyholders' information to the blockchain platform. The platform judges whether willing policyholders are in the white list according to the distributed storage information. If they meet the standards, they will accept the purchase request, which saves the tedious process of manual transmission, acceptance, review and feedback. From the perspective of consumers, blockchain technology can realize the traceability of insurance sales behavior and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. The insurance sales market has been in chaos, and the phenomenon of false publicity of insurance procts through deception, concealment or incement has been repeatedly prohibited. Blockchain technology can link the key actions of each link of insurance sales, and realize the traceability of the whole process of sales actions, so as to standardize the insurance sales behavior and promote the sustained, healthy and stable development of the instry

in the insurance claim process, the application of blockchain technology can improve the claim efficiency and customer experience. Claim and loss handling process is an important process in insurance market. The complex claim process increases the cost, reces the claim efficiency and affects the customer experience. Smart contract technology can simplify the claim submission process, rece the need for manual review and shorten the processing cycle. At the same time, it is easier to identify suspicious behaviors through the historical claims and asset source records in the distributed ledger
in the field of insurance anti fraud, the application of blockchain technology can effectively prevent the occurrence of insurance fraud. Insurance fraud not only erodes the profits of insurance companies, but also damages the legitimate rights and interests of other insurance consumers. Although every insurance company has made a lot of efforts in anti fraud, the reality is still grim. Blockchain technology can at least help the insurance instry alleviate or even resolve this stubborn disease in the following two aspects. First, establish anti fraud sharing platform to rece fraud and strengthen evaluation through historical claim information; The second is to establish "unique and identifiable identity information" by using reliable data sources and coded business rules, so as to prevent false use of identity

3. The application of blockchain technology in the field of asset custody
in recent years, the global asset custody instry has entered the fast lane of rapid development, and the scale of Custody Assets and main custody procts have maintained rapid growth., However, there is still a certain gap between this scale and the international advanced peers, and there is still a large space for the development of China's asset custody instry

the application of intelligent contract technology in blockchain can effectively solve the operational risk in asset custody business. We can optimize the business process of asset custody from the following aspects: first, we realize the automation of the whole process, encapsulate the business instruction judgment and execution rules into the smart contract, use the smart contract execution and provide risk tips; The second is to improve the process efficiency, the real-time sharing of asset change, transaction details and other information among the asset consignor, manager, trustee and agent, eliminating the process of repeated verification and right confirmation; The third is to ensure the security of the performance and the authenticity of the transaction. By setting the key, the formal information of the participants, the limited visibility of the account information and the verifiability of the transaction are guaranteed; The fourth is to ensure that the information can not be tampered with, and put the compliance verification requirements of the investment plan on the blockchain to ensure that each transaction is completed on the basis of consensus


at present, bitcoin is the most closely related to blockchain. If you want to learn more about bitcoin blockchain, you can follow some new media. For example, Sohu, Baijia, mustard circle and so on. Foreign websites, such as CCN, coindesk, etc., all have huge applications

2.

Bitcoin is a kind of virtual encrypted digital currency in the form of P2P. Different from all currencies, bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses the distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, And the use of cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of money circulation. However, on September 4, 2017, the central bank and other seven ministries and commissions announced that virtual currency trading is prohibited in China, and bitcoin is prohibited from circulating in China

according to the first article of the notice on preventing the financing risks of token issuance, we should accurately understand the essential attributes of token issuance financing activities. Token issuance financing refers to the illegal sale and circulation of tokens by the financing subject to raise the so-called virtual currency such as bitcoin and ether coin from investors. In essence, it is an unauthorized illegal public financing behavior, which is suspected of illegal sale of token bills, illegal issuance of securities, illegal fund-raising, financial fraud, pyramid schemes and other illegal criminal activities

Relevant departments will closely monitor relevant developments, strengthen cooperation with judicial departments and local governments, strictly enforce the law in accordance with the current working mechanism, and resolutely deal with market chaos. If suspected crimes are found, they will be transferred to judicial organs. The token or "virtual currency" used in token issuance financing is not issued by the monetary authority, does not have such monetary attributes as legal compensation and compulsion, does not have the same legal status as currency, and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market

extended information:

Article 3 of the announcement on preventing the financing risk of token issuance strengthens the management of token financing trading platform. From the date of this announcement, any so-called token financing trading platform shall not engage in the exchange business between legal tender and token and "virtual currency", nor buy or sell token or "virtual currency" as a central counterpart, nor provide pricing, information intermediary and other services for token or "virtual currency"

for the token financing trading platform with illegal problems, the financial management department will request the competent department of telecommunications to close its website platform and mobile app according to law, request the network information department to remove the mobile app from the app store, and request the instrial and commercial administration department to revoke its business license according to law

Article 4 financial institutions and non bank payment institutions shall not carry out business related to token issuance financing transactions. All financial institutions and non bank payment institutions shall not directly or indirectly provide procts or services such as account opening, registration, trading, clearing and settlement for token issuance and financing and "virtual currency", nor undertake insurance business related to token and "virtual currency" or include token and "virtual currency" into the scope of insurance liability. Financial institutions and non bank payment institutions shall report to the relevant departments in a timely manner if they find clues of violation of laws and regulations in token issuance financing transactions

3. Theoretically, blockchain technology will be the future of financial services, but in fact, it is still a long way to go. However, domestic European crowdfunding and international NASDAQ are already trying blockchain projects
the invention and development of blockchain and its related technologies benefit from the rapid development of computer instry: 1. The processing speed of computer chips has been greatly improved; 2; 2. The cost of storage devices is greatly reced. Blockchain technology derived from a variety of technologies, such as: smart contract; Digital rights management; Internet of things (IOT) innovates business model; Private data protection; Distributed storage of digital content; Voting; Credit system strengthening and so on<
financial services instry can benefit from blockchain technology
subversive potential
Professor Peters and panayi of University of London believe that "blockchain technology has the potential to subvert the world banking instry, which can improve and promote services such as global currency exchange, smart contracts, automated banking books and digital assets." In addition, there are "blockchain technology can be applied to many fields, such as transaction processing program, government cash management, commercial bank account book management, financial asset clearing and other fields."

4. Do you think digital currency is MLM? In fact, we need to make a concrete analysis of this issue. At present, China has not issued legal digital currency, let alone promotion team. The basic routine of this kind of MLM is that in order to attract investors' investment in the early stage, the money price will be very high, and then the money will be sold intensively, the price will drop sharply, and the investors will lose all their money. What's more, when the money is returned, the platform is closed directly and the organizers lose contact. Then they go to other places to pack new concepts and continue to cheat according to similar deception methods. Compared with other pyramid schemes, digital money pyramid schemes generally have the following characteristics: first, there are real procts - digital money, and they are highly packaged; The second is that participants can get a head pulling reward, and the prize is the digital currency itself; Third, the digital currency will appreciate with the increase of the number of participants in the scam, and the number of participants who can obtain digital currency will also increase, including the lowest level participants will also make profits, but once entering the depreciation period, the bottom level participants will lose all their money. In fact, digital currency and MLM are different concepts and cannot be equated. Whether digital currency is pyramid scheme depends on whether it meets the conditions. Strictly speaking, not all digital currencies are pyramid schemes. Bitcoin, for example, is a digital currency, but not a pyramid scheme. Therefore, we must treat problems differently.

5.

Almost everyone, even those who don't believe in universal certification, has a positive view on blockchain technology, because it may change the whole world. However, it has been ten years since the invention of blockchain technology, and we still do not really use blockchain technology. Some people say that bitcoin is based on blockchain technology, so with its development, the main use of blockchain is as a payment system or value storage means

there are many examples

there is no doubt that blockchain technology can be integrated into almost all sectors of modern life (including the above sectors). However, it has been nearly 10 years since the birth of blockchain technology, and no field has replaced the original technology with blockchain technology. These ideas are good, but the technology is too slow to implement

6.

Load the coin and go overseas! Over the past few months, this seems to be the most popular topic among the smart minds in the currency circle

indeed, after the relevant ban, the innovators of the currency circle began to participate in the research of "currency" trading and "agent investment and private placement" and other hedging means, and made great achievements. However, this has not restrained the pace of many exchanges and money circle tycoons moving overseas, and the Machiya houses in Kyoto, Japan, and the cryptocurrency company registration applications in Minsk (the capital of Belarus) have also gone up

It's just that what's going up in Kyoto is the local house price (including the price of a big guy's house); And Minsk rises, it is its high-tech park (HTP) the intermediary company that agent registers offers

as soon as anything gets hot, the cost of all aspects will increase. So more intelligent people began to focus on Africa, an ancient and mysterious land

As one of the cradles of ancient human beings and civilizations in the world, Africa is also plagued by poverty and backwardness. Recently, this piece of land is being regarded as "the next blockchain center" by more people in the monetary circle. Many investors and entrepreneurs begin to shout, "blockchain related enterprises are constantly emerging here, and Africa, which is quite different from the traditional impression, may soon appear in front of people."

people always believe what they want to believe, even ignore the facts. From the current point of view, Africa should have a long way to go from the title of "blockchain center". If you want to go gold panning, you must think twice

we analyze it from four aspects:

the concept of management department is rigid

Cape Town is the second largest city in South Africa, which is famous for its beautiful natural landscape and wharf

just recently, a "blockchain Research Institute" was quietly established in Cape Town. According to media reports, the blockchain research institute does not do academic research. Its main work is to provide training services related to blockchain technology to some local start-ups. According to its insiders, they not only provide training services, but also provide blockchain consulting services to enterprises

in addition, the blockchain Research Institute has also carried out close cooperation with local financial institutions, including the Bank of Africa, Standard Bank of South Africa, etc. Interestingly, some managers of these banks have received relevant training in the "blockchain Research Institute"

in fact, this blockchain Research Institute is a very common ecational institution, and it is profitable. Its teaching ability is questionable. More importantly, there is no university offering blockchain related courses on the African continent, and there is no corresponding supply of blockchain talents. The vast majority of the people still know little about blockchain

in developed countries, blockchain courses have been implemented in Colleges and universities. According to incomplete statistics, dozens of universities such as Princeton University, Tsinghua University, Stanford University, Copenhagen University, MIT, Imperial University of London, Cambridge University and New York University have offered blockchain courses

if ecation can't keep up with it and there is no large supply of talents, the construction of instry will be inadequate. For the road of blockchain in the African continent, talent is a top priority

worrying about infrastructure

when it comes to blockchain, mining is an inevitable topic. Mining requires a lot of power consumption. The S9 miner usually consumes 1350 watts of power ring operation, which is equivalent to exhausting the life of a hair dryer

However, the price of electricity varies from country to country e to different factors, including local natural conditions, development level of proctivity and relevant welfare policies

according to a research result of an organization, the cost of mining in Africa is the lowest, and the average cost of digging out a bitcoin is $4626. The rest were South America (US $5456), Middle East (US $6249), Asia (US $6378) and Europe (US $6695)

does this mean that digital currency mining can be carried out on a large scale in Africa

The Research Report "people, power, planet" released by the African development group tells us the answer from the side: in Africa, one out of every three people has no electricity. According to the total population of Africa, about 621 million Africans have no electricity. According to its development trend, it will not be until 2080 for Africa to realize the power popularization of the whole continent. In terms of grid capacity, sub Saharan Africa is about 90 megawatts, which is even lower than South Korea, which has a fifth of its population

although the electricity price is cheap, the future of blockchain's large-scale implementation is unknown when the backward infrastructure has not completely rid the public of the problem of power shortage

content source: Phoenix Technology