Bencongnobel in blockchain
Who is Nakamoto? Why are people so curious about him? This person, who calls himself Nakamoto Tsung, said that he lost his bitcoin, not one or two, but a lot. What does 980000 bitcoins mean
so we should take a calm attitude towards bitcoin
so far, no one knows the true face of this Nakamoto. Even his so-called 980000 bitcoins are skeptical
because, generally, people who are really rich are disdainful of showing off their wealth
1. Blockchain links
as the name suggests, blockchain is a chain composed of blocks. Each block is divided into block head and block body (including transaction data). The block head includes the prevhash value (also known as hash value) of the previous block used to realize the block link and the random number (nonce) used to calculate the mining difficulty. The hash value of the previous block is actually the hash value of the head of the previous block, and the random number calculation rule determines which miner can obtain the right to record the block
2. Consensus mechanism
blockchain is accompanied by the birth of bitcoin, which is the basic technology architecture of bitcoin. Blockchain can be understood as an Internet-based decentralized accounting system. A decentralized digital currency system like bitcoin requires the consistency of accounting of honest nodes without a central node, which needs blockchain to complete. Therefore, the core of blockchain technology is a consensus mechanism to reach a consensus on the legitimacy of transactions between indivials without mutual trust without central control
there are four main types of consensus mechanisms in blockchain: pow, POS, dpos and distributed consistency algorithm
3. Unlocking script
script is an important technology to realize automatic verification and contract execution on blockchain. Every output of every transaction does not point to an address in the strict sense, but to a script. A script is like a set of rules that constrain how the receiver can spend the asset locked on the output
the validation of transactions also depends on scripts. At present, it depends on two kinds of scripts: Lock script and unlock script. Locking script is a condition added to the output transaction, which is realized by a script language and located in the output of the transaction. The unlocking script corresponds to the locking script. Only when the conditions required by the locking script are met can the assets corresponding to the script be spent, which is located in the input of the transaction. Many flexible conditions can be expressed by script language. Interpretation script is similar to the "virtual machine" in our programming field, which runs in every node of the blockchain network in a distributed way
4. Transaction rules
blockchain transaction is not only the basic unit of a block, but also the actual effective content recorded by the blockchain. A blockchain transaction can be a transfer, or the deployment of smart contracts and other transactions
as far as bitcoin is concerned, a transaction refers to a single payment transfer. The transaction rules are as follows:
1) the input and output of the transaction cannot be empty
2) for each input of a transaction, if its corresponding utxo output can be found in the current transaction pool, the transaction will be rejected. Because the current transaction pool is the transaction not recorded in the blockchain, and each input of the transaction should come from the confirmed utxo. If it is found in the current trading pool, it is Shuanghua trading
3) for each input in a transaction, the corresponding output must be utxo
4) each input unlocking script must verify the compliance of the transaction together with the corresponding output locking script
5. Transaction priority
the priority of blockchain transaction is determined by the blockchain protocol rules. For bitcoin, the priority of a transaction to be included in a block is determined by the time when the transaction is broadcast to the network and the amount of the transaction. With the increase of transaction broadcast time on the network and the increase of transaction chain age, the priority of transaction will be improved and eventually be included by the block. For Ethereum, the priority of the transaction is also related to the transaction fee that the publisher is willing to pay. The higher the transaction fee that the publisher is willing to pay, the higher the priority that the transaction is included in the block
6. Merkle proof
the original application of Merkle proof is bitcoin, which was described and created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. Bitcoin blockchain uses Merkle proof to store transactions in each block. So that the transaction can not be tampered with, but also easy to verify whether the transaction is included in a specific block
7. RLP
RLP (recursive length prefix) is one of the main encoding methods of object serialization in Ethereum. Its purpose is to encode the sequence of arbitrary nested binary data.
On January 3, 2009, the first batch of 50 bitcoins were g up on a small server in Finland. On May 21, 2010, the first bitcoin transaction: programmer Laszlo hanyecz bought a $25 pizza coupon with 10000 BTC. This transaction gave birth to the first fair exchange rate of bitcoin.
< H2 > extended materials
Satoshi Nakamoto, a self styled Japanese American, is often translated by Japanese media as the founder of bitcoin protocol and its related software bitcoin QT, but his real identity is unknown. In 2008, Nakamoto published a paper called "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system", which describes an electronic currency and its algorithm called "bitcoin"
In 2009, he released the first bitcoin software and officially launched the bitcoin financial system. In 2010, he graally faded out and handed over the project to other members of the bitcoin community. Nakamoto is believed to hold about one million bitcoins. These bitcoins were worth more than $1 billion at the end of 2013since the publication of the paper, the real identity of Nakamoto has long been unknown to the outside world. Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks, claims that Nakamoto is a cypherpunk. In addition, some people said that "Nakamoto is an anarchist. His original intention is not to control digital cryptocurrency by a certain government or central bank, but to become a global free flowing currency that is not regulated and controlled by the government."
main entry: bitcoin history
on November 1, 2008, Nakamoto published a paper entitled "bitcoin: a point-to-point e-cash system" in the cryptography mailing list of "metzdowd. Com". This paper describes in detail how to create a decentralized electronic trading system, and this system does not need to be built on the basis of mutual trust between the two parties. Soon, on January 3, 2009, he developed the first client program to implement the bitcoin algorithm, concted the first "mining" and obtained the first batch of 50 bitcoins. This also marks the formal birth of bitcoin financial system
on December 5, 2010, ring the WikiLeaks leak of US diplomatic cables, the bitcoin community appealed to WikiLeaks to accept bitcoin donations to break the financial blockade. Nakamoto expressed his firm opposition, saying that bitcoin is still in its infancy and cannot afford conflicts and disputes. Seven days later, on December 12, he published his last article in the bitcoin forum, mentioning some minor problems in the latest version of the software. Then he did not show up and e-mail communication was graally terminated
grade 5 Qingliangshan should cross the river,
grade 10 Qingliangshan should not cross the river. The river on the left side of the village is mostly
grade 15 is in the mining area, above Lei Dayong<
grade 20 is located in the mining area, where cattle are beaten, Hukou Waterfall grade 20 is located in the mining area,
grade 25 is located in Luliang Mountain,
grade 30 is located in Taiyuan (there are 7 or 8 points concentrated at the entrance of Luliang Mountain to shentouling)
grade 35 is located at the top of LENGKOU city in lujiazhuang,
grade 40 is located at the bottom right of Jinan coachman, as if there are LENGKOU and weijiadian 40 / 45, From lotus root / Wuhan in Tongcheng to Zaozhuang in weijiadian
50, from Taiyuan, lujiazhuang, Matian and Jinan to Zaozhuang<
55 / 60 mines are located in Baiyangding and Shijiazhuang (the lower left corner of 60). There are many 55 mines in Shijiazhuang, and 55 / 60 mines are relatively difficult to dig. When you enter Baiyang from Beiping, you must hang to Fuping, and then enter Baiyangdian and Shijiazhuang. The
65 / 70 mine is in shentouling. It's dangerous to walk along the right side of the entrance. It's better to prepare for store red and battle red. There are less mines in Shanhaiguan, but it's safer. There are more mine liudian from Beiping and Tianjin to Shanhaiguan, Get ready for red
80 / 85 at the gate of Tianjin
Shanghai seems to have a 90 point
Dongyang Public Security Bureau of Zhejiang Province immediately started the investigation and found that Qiao was not the only one who suffered losses. Through efforts, the police of the special task force determined the identity of the manager of the GBL trading platform and implemented the pursuit in time. The first case of fraud on bitcoin trading platform in China was solved
lawyer analysis:
Zhang Yanlai, senior special researcher of China e-commerce research center and lawyer of Zhejiang Jin law firm, believes that virtual currency is not a new concept. Q-coin and online game currency have long been known by people. However, the emergence of bitcoin once again makes people realize the power of virtual currency. Compared with the traditional q-coin, the biggest feature of bitcoin is that it does not have a unified issuing agency. The generation of bitcoin completely depends on computer algorithms, and anyone can participate in the issuance of bitcoin
this makes it difficult to trace the source of bitcoin, which makes it a real virtual currency. The anonymity, cross-border and other Internet genes of bitcoin make people see a new form of currency that may circulate in the future society, so the pursuit and use of bitcoin also continued to rise in 2013. Some foreign governments have recognized the legal status of bitcoin. In China, some online stores have begun to use bitcoin for trading. Restaurants that accept "bitcoin" consumption have appeared in Beijing. The first "bitcoin" investment fund in China is also being raised. After the Ya'an earthquake, one foundation has received a total of 65 bitcoin donations, with a market price of about 50000 yuan
of course, money laundering, fraud, gambling and so on will follow. This case is a typical case of fraud under the banner of bitcoin trading. As the first case of bitcoin fraud in China, the public security organs have also concted in-depth study and understanding of the professional knowledge related to bitcoin, and finally cracked the case. On December 5, 2013, the people's Bank of China, the Ministry of instry and information technology and other five ministries and commissions issued the notice on prevention of bitcoin risk, which first made it clear that bitcoin does not have the status of legal tender, and required financial institutions and Payment institutions not to price procts or services with bitcoin. The central bank believes that there are three risks in bitcoin Trading: high speculative risk; High risk of money laundering and being used by criminals or organizations. In the future, the future of bitcoin is not clear, especially in sovereign countries, which will take a prudent and conservative attitude towards currency, which involves financial order and national security. Therefore, the public should also raise enough risk awareness.
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maybe he planned to disappear a long time ago, or some accidents forced him to disappear . At present, there is a lot of speculation: Nakamoto is an orderly and meticulous person. We can confirm this from his works. He's not the kind of person who suddenly makes impulsive decisions when he wakes up. He knew that once he decided to leave, he would not come back. He may have arranged his departure months or even years in advance and worked hard to meet the deadline
bitcoin has matured . On April 23, 2011, he sent his last email to Mike Hearn. He said he was going to do something else. Bitcoin reassures Gavin and others“ In the years since the formation of bitcoin, Nakamoto has well protected it. Now bitcoin can survive without having to mine, fix key vulnerabilities and introce a new core version. Maybe Nakamoto left because he had done what he should have done. When the world begins to have a strong interest in his creation, leaving behind will only tarnish his legacy and increase the risk of his destruction
some people identified Nakamoto as Michael clear, a 23-year-old graate of Trinity College in Dublin, but Michael clear immediately denied this. Leah McGrath Goodman then published a weekly magazine claiming that Nakamoto was a mathematical genius named Dorian Nakamoto, who lived in temple, California, and was not sure how to pronounce bitcoin. When Goodman's article appeared on the cover of the magazine, reporters from all over the world flocked to Dorian's home. He said he would be interviewed by the first reporter to take him to lunch. In fact, his hobby is not to replace currencies, but to trade patterns. Some people claim to be Nakamoto. They use Nakamoto's initial e-mail to log in to one of the forums that Nakamoto often visits and post a message: "I'm not Dorian Nakamoto."[ 2] Other commentators, including Nathaniel Popper of the New York Times, exposed Nick Szabo, a cool cryptocurrency fan and inventor of bitcoin. But he repeatedly denied it. Forbes thinks it's Hal Finney. According to the irrefutable record of the blockchain, he is the first person in the world to receive the bitcoin sent by Nakamoto
excerpt from serial reading of the Nakamoto incident
Nakamoto's digital currency experiment solves the two important functions of the micro market economy from the operational level: the endogenous ecational function of the market and the experimental function of anti-monopoly. Make market regulation more efficient and stimulate the enthusiasm of many market participants
by searching the Nobel economists in the last decade, we find that the research power of macro-economy accounts for the majority. The market behavior of microeconomics has almost evolved into a periodic game between the capital market, monopoly enterprises and government regulation. The market is in a unipolar mode in which the central bank uses the prospect theory to control liquidity. Many participants in the market are forced to follow this model, which makes people hate and have no choice
Digital monetary economy has built a new continent and become a rare experimental place in traditional monetary economy. This has become an important supplement to economic theory at the operational level. This is an unprecedented invention. So Nakamoto should be awarded the Nobel Prize in economics