Blockchain features distribution ledger
the third feature of blockchain assets is decentralized bookkeeping
the transfer you give to others will not be delayed for a few days because the bookkeeping agency is on holiday; Not because the bookkeeping institutions want to make profits, so they have to pay high fees; More will not be because of accounting institutions cheating, and suffer losses
because its bookkeeping is carried out by the whole network. The account book that you transfer to others will not be unified because of the loss of the account book data here or there, because the account book is jointly maintained by the whole network, and every node has a backup. If you transfer 0.5 coins to fire coin Niuniu, you two can look at the record data of the whole network together: whether it has arrived, several confirmed, etc., which is very transparent and fair.
Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database. The data or information stored in it is characterized by "unforgeability", "trace in the whole process", "traceability", "openness and transparency" and "collective maintenance". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid "trust" foundation, created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects
on January 10, 2019, the state Internet Information Office issued the regulations on the management of blockchain information services. In October 24, 2019, ring the eighteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau, general secretary Xi Jinping stressed that "block chain as an important breakthrough in core technology and independent innovation", "accelerating the development of block chain technology and instrial innovation". "Blockchain" has entered the public field of vision and become the focus of social attention
on December 2, 2019, the word was selected into the top ten catchwords of "biting words" in 2019
extended data:
Application of blockchain Finance:
since 2016, the major financial giants have also carried out blockchain innovation projects to explore the possibility of applying blockchain Technology in various financial scenarios. In particular, Puyin group took the lead in creating a "blockchain +" standard digital currency
standard digital currency refers to the process of assets identification, evaluation, right confirmation and insurance completed by a third party organization, which is written into the blockchain through careful digital algorithm to form the standard corresponding relationship between assets and digital currency, which is called standard digital currency
in order to realize the great leap forward development of blockchain finance, promote the new development of China's economy, accelerate the circulation of global assets, and realize the dream of rejuvenation that has been struggling for generations, Puyin group will hold the Guiyang strategic development ceremony of Puyin blockchain finance in Guizhou on December 9, 2016
the meeting will discuss the realization of digital circulation of assets by blockchain, the financial transaction mode of blockchain, and the application of blockchain services and social public instry. This conference will mark the beginning of the application of blockchain finance and the change and development of the new financial ecology
first, the meaning of blockchain technology
blockchain technology is a kind of technology that uses decentralized consensus mechanism to maintain a complete, distributed and tamper proof ledger database. It can enable the participants in the blockchain to realize a unified ledger system without establishing a trust relationship. The block is a public account book, which needs multi-point maintenance; Chain is covered with timestamps, which can not be forged. Blockchain is essentially a technology that focuses on security and credibility rather than efficiency
at present, there is a database behind all systems, that is, a large account book. So it's very important who keeps this account book. Now, whose system is who will keep accounts, and the bank accounts are the records of each bank, and Alipay's account is Ali. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system can have the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. If there are new transaction data changes in a certain period of time, everyone in the system can make bookkeeping. The system will judge the fastest and best bookkeeper in this period, write the recorded content into the account book, and send the content of the account book to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete account book
as a result, the data becomes very secure. Tamperers need to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. The cost of such tampering is so high that it is almost impossible. For example, bitcoin has been running for more than seven years, and countless hackers around the world have tried to attack bitcoin, but so far there have been no trading errors. It can be considered that bitcoin blockchain has been proved to be a safe and reliable system. Therefore, it can be considered that blockchain technology is a way for the whole people to participate in bookkeeping, and what it will bring is the innovation of bookkeeping.
decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain
openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention
This is a data center switch, which supports virtualization, that is VSU. Configuration reference
core switch 1:
Switch1 # configuration terminal
enter configuration commands, one per line. End with cntl / Z.
Switch1 (config) # switch virtual domain 1
Switch1 (config vs domain) # switch 1
Switch1 (config vs domain) # switch 1 priority 200 -- & gt; The default priority is 100, which is configured as a higher priority. After the VSU is successfully established, it will become the management host
Switch1(config-vs-domain)# exit
Switch1(config)# vsl-aggregateport 1 ------> At least two VSL links are needed, and the reliability of one link is low. When link oscillation occurs, VSU will be very unstable
Switch1(config-vsl-ap-1)# port-member interface TenGigabitEthernet 1/1 ------> Configure VSL link, heartbeat link and traffic channel between VSU active and standby cores
Switch1 (config-vsl-ap-1) ﹥ port member interface tengigabit Ethernet 1 / 2
Switch1 (config-vsl-ap-1) ﹥ exit
core switch 2:
switch2 ﹥ configuration terminal
enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Switch2(config)# switch virtual domain 1 ------> Domain ID must be consistent with the first one
switch2 (config vs domain) # switch 2 ----- & gt; The second device must change its ID to 2
switch2 (config vs domain) ｛ switch 2 priority 150
switch2 (config vs domain) ｛ exit
switch2 (config) ｛ VSL aggregateport 1 ----- & gt; At least two VSL links are needed, and the reliability of one link is low. When link oscillation occurs, VSU will be very unstable
Switch2(config-vsl-ap-1)# port-member interface TenGigabitEtherne 1/1 ------> Configure VSL link, heartbeat link and traffic channel between VSU active and standby cores
switch2 (config-vsl-ap-1) # port member interface tengigabit Ethernet 1 / 2
switch2 (config-vsl-ap-1) # exit
Distributed accounting technology is a database distributed on multiple nodes or computing devices. Each node can and save a ledger, and each node can update independently. Its feature is that the ledger is not maintained by any central organization, and the update of the ledger is built and recorded by each node independently
Thenode can vote on these updates to ensure that they are in line with the majority opinion. This kind of voting is also called consensus, and consensus is automatically reached through the algorithm. Once a consensus is reached, the distributed ledger will update itself, and the latest agreed version of the ledger will be saved on each node
distributed accounting technology solves the problem of trust cost, which is less dependent on banks, government and Justice Department, and the data is all on nodes. At the same time, it also solves the problems of consumer rights, financial integrity and transaction speed
extended data:
distributed ledger is a kind of database shared, copied and synchronized among network members. Distributed ledgers record transactions between network participants, such as the exchange of assets or data. This shared ledger eliminates the time and expense of mediating different ledgers
distributed ledger (also known as shared ledger, or distributed classification technology) is a replication consensus, sharing and synchronizing digital data geographically distributed in multiple websites, countries, or institutions. There is no central administrator or centralized data storage.
a point-to-point network is required, and consensus algorithms are used to ensure replication at nodes. A form of distributed classification design, blockchain system, can be public or private
but not all distributed accounts must use chain blocks to provide security and effectively realize distributed consensus: blockchain is just a type of data structure, which is considered as a distributed ledger. In 2016, many banks tested the balance of payments account
the participants in the network restrict and negotiate the updating of the records in the account book according to the consensus principle. There is no intermediate third-party arbitration institutions (such as financial institutions or clearing houses) involved. Each record in the distributed Ledger has a time stamp and a unique password signature, which makes the ledger an auditable history of all transactions in the network
Characteristics of blockchain
one of the four characteristics of blockchain: tamper proof
the most easily understood characteristic of blockchain is tamper proof
tamper proof is based on the unique account book of "block + Chain": the blocks with transactions are added to the end of the chain in time order. To modify the data in a block, you need to regenerate all blocks after it
one of the important roles of consensus mechanism is to make it almost impossible to modify a large number of blocks at high cost. Take the blockchain network (such as bitcoin and Ethereum) with workload proof as an example, only with 51% of computing power can all blocks be regenerated to tamper with data. However, the destruction of data is not in line with the self-interest of players with large computing power. This practical design enhances the reliability of data on the blockchain
generally, the transaction data in the blockchain ledger can not be "modified", it can only be "modified" through the new transactions that are approved. The process of correction will leave traces, which is why the blockchain can not be tampered with. Tampering refers to changing or misinterpreting by means of forgery
in today's common files and relational data, unless a special design is adopted, the system itself does not record modification traces. Blockchain ledger adopts a design different from that of files and databases. It draws on the design of ledger in reality, that is, to retain the traces of records. Therefore, we can not "modify" the account book without leaving traces, but can only "modify" the account book (see Figure 2)
Figure 6: bitcoin is centralized in the organization and logically centralized
when we imagine the future organization, the ideal prototype in our mind is often bitcoin organization: completely decentralized autonomous organization. But in practice, for the sake of efficiency and advancement, we will move closer to the centralized organization and finally find a suitable balance point
nowadays, in the blockchain projects that are created and issued through the smart contract of Ethereum and run in a community or ecological way, the ideal state of many projects is similar to the bitcoin organization, but the actual situation is between the completely decentralized organization and the traditional company
when we discuss the fourth feature of blockchain, which is decentralized self-organization, we are actually going out of the code world, involving human organization and collaboration. Now, various discussions and practical explorations have also revealed the significance of blockchain beyond technology: it may serve as an infrastructure to support human proction organization and collaborative change. This is another example of the complete isomorphism between blockchain and Internet. Internet is not only a technology, it has changed people's organization and collaboration
in general, Ethereum has brought blockchain into a new stage. When discussing Ethereum, if we want to summarize two key words, they are smart contract and token; If I can only say one, I will choose "Tong Zheng". I would rather look for its meaning from the history of the Internet and repeat the previous analogy: as a token of value, its role is similar to HTML. With HTML, what kind of website to build depends entirely on our imagination