What is the blockchain ecosystem
IBM and giant automobile manufacturers are trying to use blockchain technology to solve instry pain points. In addition, there are "declining" enterprises such as Kodak of Japan, hoping to fight a "turnaround battle" through blockchain
What does these phenomena show? This shows that the technology of block chain has great commercial value. Everyone hopes to cultivate a new world on this unknown land. So, with the development of blockchain technology this year, it has not only been a simple underlying technology, but also formed a complete ecosystem. Now let's talk with you from two aspects of "coin circle" and "chain circle": what is the ecosystem of blockchain, and let's understand the whole picture of blockchain instry
the first section of the coin circle
in the coin circle, there are always several terms: project party, exchange, media, mining machinery manufacturer. Next, let's take a detailed inventory of what's going on
first, the project side of the coin circle can be understood as follows: all those who issue tokens are the project side. Attention, it's a coin ring. There are also some project parties that don't issue money, such as Alibaba, Tencent and Netease, which are also doing blockchain projects. They don't issue money and only focus on technology. Then these project parties that don't issue money mainly focus on the role of blockchain in data security and supply chain, which we will talk about later
let's return to the topic of coin circle project parties. For example, yilaiyun and BoChang, which are more controversial recently, are the project parties of coin circle, as well as blockchain games, which are more popular recently. They also belong to coin circle project parties
one of the subversive aspects of the coin circle project is the combination of the project and the token, which directly replaces the equity with the token, and the token can be directly circulated. This is a very revolutionary point, so that many initial projects can be more convenient for financing. After financing, the feedback token can be circulated on the digital currency trading platform, and the investors can also exit very well
this "financing investment" approach seems to be another way to realize the listing and trading of equity in disguised form
therefore, it is such a mode that makes the project side of the coin circle the nearest place to the money. They can easily circle the money, and of course they can't resist the temptation, or they have been planning for a long time and run away after circling the money. The detailed process of token issuing by the project side is generally as follows:
the first step is to build a token system, which is similar to an app application. This is not very complicated, because Ethereum is open source, similar to Android Apple system, on which developers can develop specific applications
the second step is to write a white paper, which is similar to the business plan. The white paper is similar to the business plan, mainly including the team situation, technical situation and other information of the project
the third step is to find someone to do endorsement, and find some influential instry bigwigs to promote
the fourth step is to promote marketing, find some blockchain media to push soft articles and pull cooperation, which we will mention below
the fifth step is to find financing
Step 6: go to the stock exchange, and the token begins to spread widely
Second, the exchange
with the project side, let's talk about the exchange. If the project side is a procer, then the things they proce have to be sold and traded, right? The exchange is a trading place for the token of the project party. If the token of the project side is similar to the stock, then the exchange of the currency circle is similar to the secondary market of the stock market. However, the exchange of the currency circle has more power. It has the right to audit the currency, and can decide whether to put the currency in or out
of course, if the project party wants to pay the exchange a huge amount of money charging fees, the investors who trade in the exchange also need to pay the handling fee or withdrawal fee, and the rules of the handling fee and withdrawal fee of each exchange are different. In fact, the currency fees, handling fees and cash withdrawal fees constitute the profit model of the currency circle exchange. Of course, in addition to these three profit models, the profit model of the exchange includes the "market maker" business to earn the price difference, that is, the exchange creates liquidity through continuous trading, acts as a market maker and earns the price difference at the same time
at present, e to the increasingly fierce competition in the instry, there will be less and less currency fees and handling charges, or even no need, so the proportion of conventional profits will be less and less, which leads to the emergence of other profit models, such as platform currency and leverage handling charges. Let's talk about platform currency first. Platform currency is the currency issued by the exchange: okb and coin an belong to platform currency. These platform currencies issued by the exchange can be exchanged for BTC and eth. At the same time, the appreciation of platform currency's own value can lay a solid material foundation for the development of the exchange. For users, holding platform currency can enjoy the benefits of commission discount, platform dividend, special activities of the exchange, etc, This is platform currency. Leverage service charge refers to the currency financing function on the platform, which supports leveraged transactions and charges a certain proportion of service charge to currency financing users
all of the above are actually ecosystems constructed through the exchange's own resource output. Now, the exchange is still actively planning the whole instry to obtain income, such as the establishment of capital, mine pool, wallet, incubator, Engineering Institute, fund and other ways. We believe that if the exchange wants to develop for a long time, it must lay out the whole instry chain, find new breakout points of the instry, and build a complete ecosystem. Therefore, the proportion of strategic profits should be increased
3. Blockchain media
in the past two years when blockchain is hot, there are not only a lot of project parties, but also media. At present, there are about 200 well-known blockchain media. The content on the blockchain media platform is about the following points: policy, hacker, exchange, boss and project party. In addition to words, the operation mode of blockchain media also includes community activities, such as inviting "big guys" to share in the group, so as to achieve a precipitation of high-quality content and earn some traffic at the same time
Why do we have to mention blockchain media? It's because there are some differences between blockchain media and the media in our impression. What's the difference? The difference is that there are some interest relationships between blockchain media and the above mentioned project parties and exchanges. We just said that the project side is like a "procer" and the exchange is like a "sales market". Then, the role of the media is like "advertising platform & quot;. If the project wants to sell well, it needs publicity and advertising, then blockchain media plays such a role. Therefore, the investors of some blockchain media are the project side and the exchange
recently, there has been a bear market. Many blockchain media have laid off employees on a large scale. The reason is nothing more than the shortage of projects and funds. Therefore, it is far from enough for blockchain media to rely solely on the investment of the project side, the exchange and the advertising revenue. When the bear market comes and the project side and the exchange are affected, then the media is bound to face a very cruel winter. As a result, many blockchain media are also doing token issuing by project parties (the most typical are content communities such as coin and coin car, which belong to a media platform and are also doing token issuing by project parties), or some blockchain media are doing business such as wallet selling, mining machine renting and computing power
however, we believe that blockchain media, as the media, still play the role of guiding public opinion. Therefore, we should return to the essence and be a place to deliver instry value information, rather than a place to pile up advertisements. Therefore, blockchain media should keep up with the development of technology to realize its own survival and development. Relying on the advantages of blockchain technology and based on the consensus mechanism in the token system, it can realize the reasonable distribution of the interests of the media instry. In this regard, it may have a certain imagination< Fourth, mining machine manufacturers
in the final analysis, bitcoin mining is the competition of computing power. The stronger the computing power, the greater the probability of bitcoin mining. Therefore, in the business system of the whole coin circle, mining machinery manufacturers are a very important existence. We can see from one data: in the blockchain instry of Hurun 100 rich list in 2018, the richest person is Mr. Zhan ketuan, a partner of bitcontinental, a miner. In addition, according to the prospectus, bitcoin's net profit in the first half of the year was US $743 million, an increase of nearly eight times over the same period last year. Bitcoin once occupied more than 70% of the global market share of mining machinery, becoming the leader in the mining machinery instry. Not only mining machinery, bitmainland still occupies a near monopoly position in the mining pool (that is, a mode of cooperative mining): at present, the computing power of the top six mining pools in the world accounts for 79.2%
after the invention of China's first bitcoin miner, Jianan Yun, another miner chip research company, began to engage in the research of chips in the field of blockchain and artificial intelligence. In just a few years, it has also become an internationally famous chip enterprise
in fact, as early as 2012, the United States announced that it was going to sell a butterfly miner, but many people later thought it was a scam, because it took several years for the butterfly miner to go on sale, which also made the R & D of mining machines in other countries become very scared, and they were all scrambling for time, in a sense, Butterfly mining machine is also driving the prosperity of mining machine instry. So, in 2013, the mining machine has entered a season of contention, and a large number of ASIC mining machines have been put forward: or announced research and development, or announced pre-sale, or in the form of spot: cat roasting mining machine, pigeon mining machine, TMR mining machine, biter mining machine, Rand mining Bureau, little bee mining machine, Avalon original factory and various OEM, garden mining machine, Smart mining machine and so on... Maybe you haven't heard of these mining machines, because they are basically dead. Bitcontinental, Jianan Yun and Yibang have become mining machine giants< However, as a derivative instry under the prosperity of cryptocurrency market, the price of mining machinery is closely related to the cryptocurrency Market: in the bull market, the supply of mining machinery often falls short of demand, and it is common for miners to buy Mining machinery from "scalpers" at several times high prices. At this time, mining machinery manufacturers enter the dividend period. However, in a bear market, mining machinery manufacturers will also be adversely affected. As miners' enthusiasm for mining declines, some manufacturers have to rece the price of mining machinery to recover costs. For example, when bitcoin plummeted in March this year, a certain model of mining machine sold by Huaqiangbei was on sale at a price of 5000 yuan, and the price dropped from about 19000 yuan to
14000 yuan
[summary]
at this point, we can find that whether it is the project party, the exchange, the media, or the mining machinery, it can be said that it is a kind of "one-stop"
The strict definition of blockchain refers to the distributed database technology that multiple nodes in peer-to-peer network jointly maintain a continuously growing list ledger constructed by time stamp and orderly record data blocks through consensus mechanism based on cryptography technology. This technical solution allows any number of nodes in the participating system to calculate and record all the information exchange data in the system in a period of time to a data block through cryptography algorithm, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking the next data block and checking. All participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true
blockchain is a technical solution similar to NoSQL (non relational database). It is not a specific technology, and can be implemented through many programming languages and architectures. There are many ways to realize blockchain, including pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegate proof of stake), etc
the concept of blockchain was first proposed in the paper "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system" by indivials (or groups) who call themselves Satoshi Nakamoto. Therefore, bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payment
< H2 > [popular explanation]no matter how big the system or how small the website is, there is a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? In general, who is responsible for the operation of the network or system, then who is responsible for the maintenance. If it is wechat database, it must be maintained by Tencent team, and Taobao database is maintained by Alibaba team. We must think that this way is natural, but blockchain technology is not
if we think of the database as a book, for example, Alipay is a typical account book. Any change of data is bookkeeping. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple way of accounting. In the world of blockchain, everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. The system will select the fastest and best bookkeeper in a period of time, maybe within ten seconds or ten minutes. The bookkeeper will record the changes of the database and the account book in a block. We can think of this block as a page. After the system confirms that the records are correct, the system will record the changes of the database and the account book in a block, It will link the fingerprint of the past account book to this paper, and then send this paper to everyone else in the whole system. Then, over and over again, the system will look for the next person with fast and good bookkeeping, and everyone else in the system will get a of the whole ledger. This means that everyone as like as two peas in the system is called Blockchain. It is also called distributed account technology. P>
as like as two peas (computer) have identical accounting books, and everyone has the same rights, they will not collapse e to the loss of contact or downtime of a single person. As like as two peas, the data is transparent and everyone can see what changes are in every account. Its very interesting feature is that the data can't be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will think that the same number of books with the largest number are real books, and a small number of books with different numbers are false books. In this case, it's meaningless for anyone to tamper with his own account book, because unless you can tamper with most nodes in the whole system. If there are only five or ten nodes in the whole system, it may be easy to do so. However, if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of nodes and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someone can control most computers in the world, it is unlikely to tamper with such a large block chain
< H2 > [elements]combined with the definition of blockchain, we think that we must have the following four elements to be called public blockchain technology. If we only have the first three elements, we will consider it as private blockchain Technology (private chain)
1, peer-to-peer network (power equivalence, physical point-to-point connection)
2, verifiable data structure (verifiable PKC system, non tampering database)
3, distributed consensus mechanism (Solving Byzantine general problem, solving double payment)
4 Game design of Nash equilibrium (cooperation is the strategy of evolutionary stability)
combined with the definition of blockchain, blockchain will realize four main characteristics: decentralized, trustless, collective maintenance and reliable database. And the other two will be derived from the four characteristics Features: open source Privacy. If a system does not have these characteristics, it can not be regarded as an application based on blockchain technology
Decentralized: there is no centralized hardware or management organization in the whole network. The rights and obligations of any node are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect the operation of the whole system. Therefore, it can also be considered that the blockchain system has excellent robustnesstrustworthiness: there is no need to trust each other when participating in the data exchange between each node in the whole system. The operation rules of the whole system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also open. Therefore, within the specified rule range and time range of the system, nodes cannot and cannot cheat other nodes
collective maintenance: the data blocks in the system are maintained by all the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system, and these nodes with maintenance function can be participated by anyone
reliable database: the whole system will enable each participating node to obtain a of the complete database in the form of sub databases. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the whole system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid, and the data content on other nodes cannot be affected. Therefore, the more nodes and computing power in the system, the higher the data security in the system
Open Source: since the operation rules of the whole system must be open and transparent, the whole system must be open source for the program
Privacy Protection: since there is no need to trust each other between nodes, there is no need to disclose the identity between nodes, and the privacy of each participating node in the system is protected
Dao is a mechanism through which we can use software on the Internet to achieve reasonable economic incentives (allocation of risks / rewards). With Dao, people can coordinate with each other and achieve common goals on a global scale without relying on trust or a third party. Blockchain technology makes this mechanism feasible
the establishment of block community is under the background of the rapid development of blockchain, which is faced with some problems: the mainstream blockchain community focuses on media positioning, has a fickle mentality, pays attention to currency speculation and ignores the promotion and discussion of blockchain technology; After blockchain project financing, they are keen on media PR promotion, and do not solidly develop procts and build technology communities; There is no platform to focus on the development of blockchain technology, open up instry university research and government departments, and construct a complete blockchain ecosystem; There is no fair, independent and powerful third-party platform in the instry, which can objectively reflect the quality and community influence of blockchain project development
block is a community that serves blockchain developers and projects, and promotes the implementation of blockchain technology and applications.
blockchain is a distributed ledger database, and its core is the essence of trust, that is, the ledger is still used, and there are records that cannot be tampered with in the ledger, Its design is as like as two peas in the traditional account:
add a signature
in each record. Each device in the block chain network maintains a complete and identical account
another feature of the block chain is that this ledger book is kept in every computer, and each one is exactly the same as the 2. This can ensure that one account book is damaged (the disk is damaged or tampered with to make it unusable), and the account books on other machines can still be used to ensure that the data will not be lost
the above two points are the core technologies for blockchain to establish trust relationship, which ensures that the data is reliable and can not be tampered with. This revolutionary realization of trust transfer between two strangers does not require the participation of intermediate institutions. With this foundation, the whole "new institutional economics" will no longer exist, and even the trust companies derived from it will be replaced, This is probably why Alipay announced the introction of block chain technology in January 2017. It is a bold prediction that future Internet Co will be built on the block chain. What we can imagine is the property chain, food safety chain, financial service chain, chain chain and so on.