Research and development and promotion of non currency blockchai

1. blockchain is a kind of technology. "In the simplest and most popular way, blockchain technology is everyone bookkeeping, or distributed ledger."
in the Internet era, there is a database behind every system. This database can be regarded as a large account book. In the past, the person who maintained the system was responsible for managing the database and recording the user's behavior, that is, bookkeeping. However, the blockchain is "decentralized", which allows every member of the system to participate in it, not only everyone bookkeeping, but also through links, Everyone can have a complete account book
"blockchain is essentially a collective recording mode. What's special is that it adopts a set of techniques in an ingenious way to realize the authenticity and credibility of the recorded results, which is difficult to destroy and tamper with. " Zhang Xiaorong said, "first, everyone has the right to record and authenticate with each other to distinguish the true from the false, which is called consensus mechanism; Second, no one can tamper with the records, because there are cryptographic signatures; Third, everyone has a , so even if some account books are damaged, the whole will not be affected. This is called distributed storage. The information recorded in this way is presented in block mode according to the time chain, so it is called blockchain. "
various cryptocurrencies represented by bitcoin are originally an application of blockchain technology, which can be described as blockchain version 1.0. However, around 2014, the instry began to realize the important value of blockchain technology. Blockchain graally separated from digital currency and applied to various economic and social fields other than digital currency
it has broad application prospects
blockchain technology is considered as a disruptive innovation after steam engine, electric power and Internet. If the steam engine and electricity liberate the proctivity, and the Internet has changed the way of information transmission, the blockchain, as a machine for building trust, may change the way of value transmission
for example, in the financial field, the cost of reconciliation, clearing and settlement between financial institutions, especially cross-border financial institutions, has always been very high, and there are complex manual processes. The application of blockchain technology can help rece the cost of reconciliation and dispute resolution between financial institutions, and significantly improve the processing speed and efficiency of payment business, It also makes small cross-border payments possible. In December 2017, China Merchants Bank completed the RMB position transfer business from Hongkong Wing Lung Bank to Shenzhen Branch of Wing Lung Bank. This is the world's first interbank cross-border RMB clearing business based on blockchain technology
in addition, according to the white paper 2016 on China's blockchain technology and application development issued by the Ministry of instry and information technology of China, the application of blockchain has been extended to medical and health, ecation, charity, social management and other fields. Taking the cultural instry as an example, the low cost of reproction, the high cost of safeguarding rights, and the difficulty of providing evidence make the protection of intellectual property rights a pain point for the instry. With blockchain, the proction, dissemination and transaction records of cultural procts are true, transparent and reliable, and the problem can be solved
Zhang Xiaorong said that blockchain technology has solved two major problems in the era of Digital Economy: one is the visible flow direction, and the other is zero trust cost. In the past, the circulation of physical paper money was invisible, but the flow of all digital assets had a "chain" to check. Yang Yanchao, a researcher at the intellectual property center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, also believes that the biggest advantage of blockchain is that it has truly completed the credit construction in an anonymous society, bringing new opportunities to many fields, thus making various innovative applications possible
there is a long way to go in the future development
in terms of technology promotion, there is no big barrier to blockchain, which has been confirmed in the global practice of bitcoin, and its main resistance comes from the obstacles in concept and implementation
"on the one hand, the society may be very concerned about the" naked "state in the blockchain. Blockchain has built a "Skynet" for the commercial society. The company's economic activities are all recorded, so there is no secret to speak of. In this way, some business strategies may not be implemented under the blockchain. "
"on the other hand, the current legal system lags behind the development of information technology, so how to put the emerging blockchain technology under the legal supervision needs to be studied." Duan Yongchao said
the core of blockchain is decentralization, which will have an impact on the long-standing central management model. In addition to the law, how to establish a regulatory environment that can promote the application of blockchain technology, so that the technology can benefit the society and not be used to do evil, is also an urgent problem to be solved.

2. Shandong bianke Information Technology Co., Ltd. is a software development company with excellent technology
[blockchain exchange]
blockchain technology application research and development, exchange wallet system app development, blockchain technology is actually a new type of Internet. Why is it a subversion of the Internet? Because the Internet solves the problem of information transmission, and the blockchain solves the problem of value transmission. Yuanzhongrui's blockchain system has a lot of value transfer in the development of blockchain, such as distributed ledger, decentralized trust, smart contract, etc. What kind of society will it build in the future
the answer is: a distributed business and self disciplined society. Blockchain features first, decentralization; Without the intervention of the third party, it can realize people to people, point-to-point transaction and interaction
Second, information can not be tampered with; Once the data information is written into the block, it cannot be changed or revoked< Thirdly, it is open and transparent; In a very short time, the block information will be copied to all the blocks in the network to realize the data synchronization of the whole network, and each node can trace back all the transaction information of both sides in the past
Fourth, collective maintenance; In the whole blockchain network, all roles work together to maintain the reliability and security of the whole blockchain information
fifthly, reliable database; Only by mastering 51% of the nodes of the whole system can we tamper with the blockchain information, which is obviously impossible, because there are many participants in the whole system, and mastering so many nodes can not be realized at high cost
the characteristics of blockchain bring great opportunities for the financial instry. With the help of blockchain, the transformation of the internal application scenarios of the instry can bring three main benefits:
1) cost rection: communication cost: the centralized trading market generally needs the participation and coordination of the central clearing system, securities companies, exchanges and banks, and the coordination cost is very high, Through the signature and encryption technology of blockchain, the information can be shared and the coordination cost can be reced; Operating costs: recing labor and paper vouchers, improving automation through smart contracts, and centralizing coordination also bring very high operating costs
2) improve efficiency: the settlement cycle is very fast. When the financial transactions realized through blockchain technology are confirmed, they are actually the process of combining clearing, settlement and audit. The openness, transparency and non tamperability of the blockchain can preserve the operation traces, keep the supervision records and audit traces, and provide convenience for supervision and audit
3) risk rection: the transaction confirmation on the chain is the completion of clearing and calculation, which greatly reces the transaction risk. The research and development of blockchain technology application and the development of exchange wallet system app

3.

Financial instry

blockchain should be the most widely used in the financial instry

, for example, OMG (young model currency) in May 2017, omise announced that it was launching an electronic wallet with Alipay to integrate Alipay payment solutions into its own payment service suite, helping local e-commerce businesses in Thailand to accept online payment transactions from China tourists. p>

another example is PPT, which is a bill financial transaction system based on blockchain

gambling

the gambling instry probably entered the blockchain last year. Why does gambling favor blockchain? Blockchain provides a relatively fair guessing system. Why is it relatively fair? As can be seen from the previous introction, blockchain can not be tampered with or forged

for example, wicc is a rich application scenario that can realize asset issuance, guessing application, right traceability, mutual insurance, decentralized exchange, cross-border settlement, etc

for example, the STX stox application is designed to provide the full functionality of the forecast market application without any central server. Forecasting the market requires functions such as event planning, market making, providing information and analysis to traders, reporting event results, and of course collecting and paying

I believe that if the current lottery instry is set up on the blockchain, people's purchasing enthusiasm will be higher and higher, because too many insiders make people give up

Internet of things

there are still many applications of the Internet of things in the blockchain, because the traceability and timeliness of blocks are very suitable for this instry

for example, data is the concept of Internet of things, which is a decentralized P2P network. The data source can connect with any node in the whole network, and then publish the data, and the network will immediately send it to the subscriber. Horizontal scalability is achieved through fragmentation mode. This is very important for the timeliness and accuracy of Internet of things applications

game instry

for example, GTC (g coin) is a decentralized digital asset based on Ethereum erc20 issued by game.com, and G coin is committed to becoming the general digital currency standard of the global game instry

for example, mana is a distributed shared virtual platform. On this platform, users can browse and discover content, and interact with other people and entities. Users can also claim the ownership of virtual territory through the land ledger based on blockchain. The territory is demarcated by rectangular coordinates (x, y), and its owner can decide the content published on the territory, including interactive systems from static 3D scenes to games

there are many other instries. The great emperor did not list them one by one, but listed several representative instries. What is the point? It shows that blockchain is definitely not only the transaction of currency, it is a proct of the era change with real landing project and real practical use

in fact, the development of human society is just like the blockchain, which is irreversible and unstoppable. In my opinion, sooner or later, the blockchain will enter into thousands of households, no matter the ox or bear, hold the value currency in hand, and tonghuashun has begun to offer digital currency, which shows that the society is accepting it step by step, and the power of social development can not be blocked by any country or person

4. The development of blockchain technology is obvious to all, but there are essential differences between blockchain coin and virtual coin. It can be considered that blockchain projects developed with entity pain points have specific landing applications and entity support, and blockchain tokens issued with entity pain points still have certain value support; If there is no specific entity and application to support virtual currency, it is just air currency and has no value, then the risk is relatively large.

5. Renren blockchain service, built on the basis of financial cloud, enables users to quickly build their own IT infrastructure and blockchain services on an elastic and open cloud platform. Using baas can greatly rece the cost of realizing the underlying technology of the blockchain, simplify the construction and operation and maintenance of the blockchain. At the same time, facing various instry scenarios, it can meet the personalized needs of users and quickly deliver customized baas in one stop.

6. Through online games. Do an online game, and then implement the exchange of real currency for virtual currency. One thing to pay attention to is that the game should be set to cost at the beginning.

7. The link should be compared with the traditional currency reform. Generally speaking, the circulation of token is a very important part of currency reform. At present, it is generally realized through the centralized exchange. However, in the exchange circulation, it is easy to make token out of practical application, become a medium of speculation and speculation, and eventually become air currency. However, in the chain solution, the exchange is not necessary. For most applications, its stock exchange is not an additional income, but a burden. Because the market value of most applications may not be high, and the liquidity may be very low. However, the centralized exchange can not accommodate a large number of DAPP's all warrants. A common DAPP application of the stock exchange is not cost-effective. The chain communication scheme realizes the circulation of token through the association between the token of MOAC sub chain and parent chain.

8. Now, MOAC's sub chain technology can solve this instry problem! Moke MOAC sub chain has been verified in the public beta, which shows that Moke MOAC is the only bottom public chain that supports issuing chain with money and issuing chain without money on the sub chain at the same time.

9. 1. Technical support of borderless system
1) efficient and scalable performance
borderless system realizes over 100000 times / s batch transfer
high performance blockchain technology is necessary for cryptocurrency and smart contract platform, and can provide a solution that may replace the existing financial platform for the instry. In order to be able to process more transactions per second than visa and MasterCard, unbounded redesign starts from the bottom. Through the share authorization mechanism, the unbounded network can confirm more than 100000 transfer transactions in an average of one second

overview of borderless system architecture. The Lmax can process up to 6 million transactions per second. The key point of unbounded learning from its technology, As follows:
A) put everything in memory
b) put the core business logic in a single thread
C) put the encryption algorithm operation (hash and signature) outside the core business logic
d) divide the verification operation into state independent and state dependent checking
e) use an object-oriented data model

by following these simple rules, Unbounded can process 100000 transfers per second without disruptive optimization. If there is further optimization work, unbounded can achieve the performance similar to that of Lmax exchange (i.e. 6 million times per second). It should be noted that unbounded performance is highly dependent on one of the compatible transaction protocols. If you want to use business logic to run on a virtual machine that operates encryption algorithm and calls all objects with hash identifier, it is impossible to achieve the same level of performance. Blockchain is inherently single threaded, and the performance of single core CPU is one of the most scarce and difficult to expand. Unbounded technical logic can make the single thread execution highly efficient

endorsement of core business of borderless system
blockchain is a global account book that determines to modify a shared global state transaction. The orders contained in these transactions can change the validity of other transactions. For example, you cannot withdraw money from your bank account before the deposit of your check takes effect. You can't know if a transaction is valid until all previous transactions that can affect a particular account are processed. If two unrelated accounts do not share any common dependency, theoretically, the transactions between the two accounts can be processed at the same time. In fact, it's tricky to identify which transactions are truly independent on a smart contract driven ledger with arbitration conditions. The only way to ensure that the two transactions are truly independent is by maintaining a completely separate ledger and then transferring value between them on a regular basis. If we want to use this kind of performance tradeoff to compare, it can be like the relationship between non-uniform memory access (NUMA) and uniform memory access (UMA). In fact, the consistent memory access architecture is easier for developers to design, and the cost is lower. Inconsistent memory access architecture is usually used as a last resort when building supercomputers and large computer clusters. The computer instry has graally realized that it is not as easy to achieve performance expansion through parallel computing as it was in the early days. After all, the most important thing to do at that time was to increase the frequency of the processor. It is for this reason that processor designers are trying to improve the performance of single thread before trying to use multi thread settings. When multithreading is not enough, and only in this way, cluster computing will be considered

many people in the cryptocurrency instry try to solve the problem of scalability by cluster computing before exploring what can be achieved by a single core of a computer technically
2) Lmax disruptor decomposer technology
Lmax decomposer provides a learning example of what can be achieved on a single thread. Lmax is a trading platform for end customers with the goal of becoming the fastest exchange in the world. They have been very generous in publishing what they have learned<

overview of Lmax architecture:
business logic processor is where all sequential transactions and order matching occur. It is a single thread that can process millions of orders per second. This architecture can be easily used in the field of cryptocurrency and blockchain design. The role of the input resolver is to collect orders from many users from different sources and assign them to a certain order. When the order is assigned to them, they are copied, recorded and broadcast to many rendant business logic processors. The input resolver is highly parallel and can be easily sub contracted into a computer cluster system. When the business logic processor has finished processing the input, an output resolver is responsible for informing those who care about the result. This is also a highly parallel task. Finally, by using a single threaded sample processor and Java virtual machine in the business logic processor, Lmax can execute 6 million transactions per second. If Lmax can achieve this goal, then cryptocurrency and smart contract platform do not need to consider the cluster network solution under the condition of less than 10 transactions per second. High performance blockchain

to build a high-performance blockchain, we need to use the same technology as Lmax. Here are a few things that must be done: put everything in memory, avoid synchronization primitives (locking, atomic operations), and avoid unnecessary calculations on business logic processors. Because memory is designed to be highly parallel, it's getting cheaper. The amount of data needed to track everyone's account balance and permissions on the Internet can be stored in less than 1TB of ram, which can be purchased for less than $15000, and can be installed on the commercialized (high-end) server motherboard. Before the system was adopted by 3 billion people, this kind of hardware would be seen in ordinary desktop computers. The real bottleneck is not the demand of memory capacity, but the demand of bandwidth. In the case of 1 million transactions per second and 256 bytes per transaction, the network will need 256MB of data per second, that is, 1GBIT / s bandwidth. Such bandwidth is not common on ordinary desktop computers. However, such bandwidth is only a little bit of the 100Gbit / s bandwidth of the second generation Internet. The second-generation Internet is available to more than 210 U.S. ecational institutions, 70 companies and 45 non-profit and government agencies

in other words, blockchain technology can easily keep everything in memory, and if properly designed, it can be extended to support millions of transfers per second
3) allocate ID and avoid hash calculation
in a single threaded system, processor cycle is a scarce resource that needs to be reserved. Traditional blockchain design uses hash calculation based on encryption algorithm to generate a unique global ID system, so as to ensure that there will be no collision statistically. The problem with these hashes is that they consume more and more memory and processor cycles. Compared with a direct array index, this method will significantly take up more processor time to find the records of an account. For example, 64 bit integers are easier to compare and operate than 160 bit IDs. A larger hash ID mechanism means less space in the CPU cache and more memory is needed. In the modern operating system, the ram which is not often accessed will be compressed, but the hash identifier is a random number, which cannot be compressed. The model blockchain gives us a way to assign unique IDs around the world. These IDS will not conflict with each other. Therefore, it completely avoids using the identifier based on hash algorithm like bitcoin address to refer to an account, balance or license
4) remove signature verification from the business logic processor
all transactions in the cryptocurrency network depend on the use of encryption algorithm signature to verify permissions. In most cases, the requested permissions can be changed by the results of other transactions. This means that in the business logic processor, permissions need to be defined as a case that has nothing to do with the calculation of encryption algorithm

to achieve this goal, all public keys need to be assigned a unique and irreplaceable ID. After the ID is assigned, the input resolver can verify whether the provided signature matches the specified ID. When the transaction arrives at the business logic processor, you just need to check the ID

the same technology can remove prerequisite checking on objects with irreplaceable static IDs
5) designing transactions for static verification
for transactions, there are many features that can be statically checked without referring to the current global state. These checks include parameter range checking, input de rendancy and array sorting. In general, there are a lot of checks that can be done if the transaction contains data that it "assumes" is global. After these checks are executed, the business logic processor has to make sure that these assumptions are correct. The process is to check the modification timestamp of an object reference related to the transaction signature time
6) smart contract
many blockchains are integrating a common scripting language to define all operations. These designs ultimately define the business logic processor as a virtual machine, and all transactions are defined as scripts run by the virtual machine. This solution has a single threaded performance limit on a real processor, and the problem is exacerbated by forcing everything to be executed through a virtual processor. A virtual processor will always be slower than a real processor even if it uses JIT, but the computing speed is not the only problem of this "everything is a script" scheme. When the transaction is defined at such a low level, it means that the static check and encryption algorithm operation will still be included in the business logic processing, which will also rece the overall throughput. A script engine should never ask to perform a signature checking request for an encryption algorithm, even if the request is implemented through a native mechanism

according to the course we learned from Lmax, we know that a virtual machine designed for blockchain should consider single thread performance. This means that compiler optimization should be implemented at the beginning, and the most commonly used smart contracts should be natively supported by blockchain, while only those rarely used and customized contracts will run on a virtual machine. These custom contracts are designed with performance in mind, which means that the virtual machine should limit the range of memory that can be accessed to a level that can be placed on the processor cache
7) object oriented data schema
in memory