Quantum computer will conquer blockchain
in fact, in the real world, even if quantum computing is implemented, if the topology of the whole network is still in accordance with the existing model (the infrastructure will be updated for many years), quantum computers can only greatly improve the computing power on a few nodes and obtain accounting rights, So basically, quantum computing should be safe before it reaches everyone's personal computer.
zero knowledge proof is a technology that the verifier can make the verifier believe a certain conclusion is true and credible without providing the verifier with the information itself. At present, the anonymous transaction of zcash, a digital asset with outstanding anonymity, is realized by "zero knowledge proof"
for example, a has to prove to B that he has the key to a room. Suppose that the key can only be used to open the lock of the room, but no other method can. At this time, a can choose to give the key to B, and B can use the key to open the lock of the room, so as to prove that a has the correct key of the room
or a opens the room with the key, takes an object out of the room and shows it to B. B knows that the object is only in the room. The principle of method two is zero knowledge proof
zero knowledge proof can prove that I know the secret without disclosing the information itself, and can effectively solve many verification problems.
at present, we do not have such quantum algorithm, but what should we do if we find it in the future? As we all know, bitcoin aims to identify the speed of mining, and also increases the difficulty of mining. It means that the difficulty of finding the algorithm will become more complex
in fact, it is impossible to mine with ordinary computers, so miners use ASIC chips to dig bitcoin. At present, there are two kinds of cryptocurrency, RSA and elliptic curve cryptocurrency. In fact, these two cryptocurrency methods are vulnerable to quantum computer attacks. According to Anastasia, we only need 2500 cubits to interrupt algoant, interrupt EC, and about 4000 cubits to interrupt RSA
Hackers can identify bitcoin wallet addressesin the current situation, hard forking is impossible because many users have lost their wallet addresses and coins. Now, the worry is that quantum computers can easily help track lost wallets, and hackers can use them to decrypt and retrieve such lost coins
However, the main focus is the research of quantum computer. The entry of such computer system will make the cryptocurrency system face risks. The system could be the destroyer of bitcoinSince the birth of bitcoin in 2009, the first price to buy bitcoin in 2010 was about US $0.0025. At a price of $27000, bitcoin has risen 10.8 million times since its birth< In other words, the original investment of RMB 1 can buy 61.3 bitcoins, and the current position value is RMB 10.8 million even with bitcoin's amazing growth, Citibank recently announced a target price of $300000, which is 11 times the current price
Although centralized trading has many fatal disadvantages. 100% of the existing currencies and banks in the world are issued or abandoned by the National Central Bank, and ordinary people cannot participate in the issuance of currencies and banks or the central bank accounts. If the Central Bank continues to issue money silver, it will continuously dilute people's money silver and rece the purchasing power of money silver. It's not shocking at all. This has happened in some countries in the world. Take Zimbabwe as an example. In recent years, the government issued a large number of currency and silver, which led to the collapse of Zimbabwe's economy. Finally, the US dollar had to be introced into the local legal currency and silver< Economists are considering replacing bitcoin in Zimbabweon the evening of October 23, Beijing time, the 150th anniversary edition of Nature magazine published a paper claiming that Google has successfully achieved "quantum hegemony" this event named "Hello world" in the quantum field immediately occupied the front page of the mainstream media, and the description of "quantum computing in 200 seconds = 10000 years of the most powerful supercomputer on earth" in the paper has become a hot topic of the whole Internet
at present, many cryptography and quantum cryptography experts are advocating the establishment of financial security system as soon as possible, except that the encryption currency projects such as TaiFang and quantum chain focus on quantum resistance. According to William tooton, a reporter from Bloomberg technology, on twitter last month, the National Security Bureau has been committed to the research of related technologies. Therefore, unless the threat of quantum computing suddenly erupts, bitcoin still has time to deal with its arrival“ Bitcoin is alive, consensus is there, currency is there, if not upgraded, it will not disappear because of algorithms or vulnerabilities. But the problem of quantum resistance has not been solved. With the continuous development of quantum computers and the arrival of more qubit chips, this will still be the sword of Damocles hanging on the head of cryptocurrency. "< br />
on May 3, 2017, a big news in science and technology circles: the world's first optical quantum computer surpassing the early classical computer was born. This "world's first" is a genuine "made in China" and is the result of a breakthrough made by Professor Pan Jianwei and his colleagues of the University of science and technology of China and Professor Wang Haohua of Zhejiang University
if the speed of traditional computer is bicycle, the speed of quantum computer is just like airplane. In the past few months, IBM and Intel have announced that they have built 50 and 49 qubit quantum computers, respectively. Some experts point out that within ten years, the computing power of quantum computer may catch up with and surpass the current supercomputer
at the American Physics Annual Meeting held in Los Angeles on March 5, 2018, Julian Kelly, a research scientist at Google quantum AI laboratory, reported that he was leading the Google team to test a 72 qubit universal quantum computer. However, this is only 72 qubits. At this rate of development, the magic power of quantum computer will soon be terrifying
then, why do we say that quantum computers can easily crack bitcoin? What's the matter
it takes 600000 years to crack an RSA cryptosystem, but it takes less than three hours to use a quantum computer with considerable storage function! In other words, with the leap from electronic computer to quantum computer, the computing power and the ability to process big data of the whole mankind will be improved for tens of thousands or even hundreds of millions of times. In front of the quantum computer, the traditional electronic computer we used to be proud of is equivalent to the previous abacus, which is bulky and old
although the bitcoin protocol uses asymmetric cryptocurrency, the corresponding public key is used to verify the transactions signed by the private key to ensure that bitcoin can only be used by legitimate owners. It is not feasible to force the private key to be consistent with the public key by using the currently available computer, but quantum computer can solve the problem of asymmetric cryptocurrency
in addition, the rule of bitcoin is that the more processed block will be added to the blockchain, and the other block will be voided. For example, it's like 51 people in an account book say that you have saved 100 yuan in the bank, while 49 people say that you have saved 50 yuan. In this case, the minority of blockchain algorithm is subordinate to the majority, and the bank thinks that you have saved 100 yuan is true, and that you have saved 50 yuan is false. So once a miner has 51% of the computing power, other subsequent miners will not be able to continue to get bitcoin
Andersen Cheng, co-founder of a network security company in the UK, says bitcoin will come to an end the day quantum computers come into use. What's your opinion?
in the future, blockchain encryption can be said to be cracked. Of course, it's not the current computer system, it's the quantum computer. Once this thing is mass proced, the blockchain will be abandoned.
The technical difficulties of quantum computer are as follows:
1, quantum decoherence
the coherence of quantum computing is the essence of quantum parallel computing, but in practice, qubit will be affected by the external environment, resulting in quantum entanglement. Quantum coherence is easily disturbed by quantum entanglement, which leads to the decrease of quantum coherence, which is called decoherence phenomenon. In practical applications, it is impossible to avoid the contact between qubits and the outside world, and the quantum coherence is not easy to be maintained. Therefore, quantum decoherence is one of the important problems to be solved, and its solution will affect the future development of quantum computer to a certain extent
2, quantum entanglement
quantum, as the smallest particle, obeys the law of quantum entanglement. Even in space, the quantum may be separated, but the interaction between the quantum is inevitable. Therefore, quantum entanglement technology is associated with the field of quantum information transmission. In a certain sense, the use of quantum communication between the fast speed to achieve the transmission of information
3, quantum parallel computing
the unique parallel computing of quantum computer is an important point that the classical computer cannot compare. It is also an n-bit memory. There is only one result stored in classical computer. But the result of quantum computer storage can reach 2n. Its parallel computing not only surpasses the latter in storage capacity, but also has fast reading speed, and multiple reads and calculations can be carried out at the same time. It is the importance of quantum parallel computing that its effective application has become one of the key to the development of quantum computer
4, quantum non clonability
quantum non clonability refers to that any unknown quantum state does not exist the process of replication. Since the quantum state is to remain unchanged, there is no quantum measurement, so it is impossible to achieve replication. For quantum computer, it is impossible to realize the error correction application and function of classical computer
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