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Problems in blockchain bank bills
Publish: 2021-04-17 12:21:26
1. Ordinary electronic bills are stored in different platform media, which can not be well managed, and there is a problem of authenticity verification, so it is impossible to obtain the authenticity from the ticket. Ant chain electronic bills can be connected to a large number of billing units, including hospitals, schools, traffic police, etc., in one chain. They can be stamped in the whole process of generation, transmission, storage and use. The whole process can be traced and tampered with, and the authenticity and uniqueness are guaranteed. Thank you for accepting my answer
2. 1, Hengili, Taiyuan, 69 Shanxi West China World Trade Center street, China World Trade Center, one of the first floor of the center of the
4, Taiyuan City Kaihua Temple Street 87, Huayu shopping center, a list of area, tiansu special cabinet
5, All the above are authorized stores and counters of Taiyuan Tiansuo. Quality and after-sales service are guaranteed
4, Taiyuan City Kaihua Temple Street 87, Huayu shopping center, a list of area, tiansu special cabinet
5, All the above are authorized stores and counters of Taiyuan Tiansuo. Quality and after-sales service are guaranteed
3. Unknown_Error
4. 1 The circulation channel of bill is single, and the function of bill is difficult to play normally. Lack of understanding of the role of the bill market, the bill market has long been a monopoly of bank acceptance bills. In this context, it is difficult to avoid problems in bank acceptance business
(2) the format of bills is not uniform, which leads to capital risk. It is understood that at present, all bank acceptance bills are printed by commercial banks themselves. Because the bills printed by each bank have their own format, color and corresponding anti-counterfeiting marks, other commercial banks outside the system are unable to check the seal of other banks' bills because they do not have the bill samples of other banks, so it is difficult to identify other banks' bills, At present, fake tickets and "clone" tickets often occur, so the risk of the receiving bank is correspondingly increased< (3) there is a deviation between understanding and practice of bank acceptance bill. According to the current laws and regulations, as a settlement tool, there must be a real commodity trade background. In fact, e to the lack of financing tools in China, bank acceptance bills are often used simply as financing tools. At this time, the existence of trade background is often ignored.
(2) the format of bills is not uniform, which leads to capital risk. It is understood that at present, all bank acceptance bills are printed by commercial banks themselves. Because the bills printed by each bank have their own format, color and corresponding anti-counterfeiting marks, other commercial banks outside the system are unable to check the seal of other banks' bills because they do not have the bill samples of other banks, so it is difficult to identify other banks' bills, At present, fake tickets and "clone" tickets often occur, so the risk of the receiving bank is correspondingly increased< (3) there is a deviation between understanding and practice of bank acceptance bill. According to the current laws and regulations, as a settlement tool, there must be a real commodity trade background. In fact, e to the lack of financing tools in China, bank acceptance bills are often used simply as financing tools. At this time, the existence of trade background is often ignored.
5. Problems in bill business of commercial banks
1. The technical means of anti-counterfeiting and identification of commercial paper are lagging behind
the authenticity of bills includes two aspects: one is the issue of true and false bills, and the other is whether there is real commodity transaction behind bills. At present, e to the lack of necessary information communication between banks, there is no cross system bill information query network among financial institutions, and there is also a lack of information query system to check whether commercial bills issued by enterprises have real commodity transaction background, which makes it difficult for bank operators to verify the authenticity of bills, especially the emergence of "cloning" bills by social lawbreakers, It makes it more difficult to distinguish the authenticity of bills, and increases the risk of operating bills market business to a certain extent&# 160;&# 160;< (1) acceptance or discount of bills without trade background&# 160;
according to the payment and settlement measures and the Interim Measures for the administration of acceptance, discount and rediscount of commercial bills, the issuance of bank acceptance bills or discount bills requires VAT invoices, commodity shipping documents and commodity transaction contracts. However, in practice, some banks accept or discount bills without trade background, which shows that they sign a false contract. The contract does not explicitly use the bank acceptance bill as the settlement method. The value-added tax invoice amount does not correspond to the discount amount. There are differences between the name time of the enterprise and the record and discount time of the returned bills. The invoice or contract amount is less than the bill amount, The value-added tax invoice is used repeatedly, the overe or non-standard trade contract text is used to handle the acceptance bill, and the value-added tax invoice is used to replace the trade contract to handle the bank acceptance bill&# 160;< (2)
according to the Interim Measures for the administration of acceptance, discount and rediscount of commercial bills, the discounter shall make written inquiry to the acceptor for the commercial bills submitted by the discounter according to the regulations, so as to control the transaction risk. However, for some long-term customers, in order to speed up the business processing and improve the competitiveness, some banks have reached relevant agreements with enterprises, The method of discount first and then check is adopted to reverse the procere operation. When handling the bank acceptance bill, the issuing date of the bank acceptance bill is earlier than the signing date of the contract&# 160;&# 160;
3
when a bank issues a bank acceptance bill to an acceptance applicant, it is required to collect a certain amount of deposit according to the amount of the bill issued, or require the applicant to provide other forms of guarantee. However, some banks do not strictly enforce the deposit or other guarantees, such as insufficient deposit or inadequate guarantee. When a bank issues a bank acceptance bill, it uses the bank's loan as deposit and fails to collect the deposit at the specified rate, The deposit account is not managed one by one, and multiple acceptance bills are issued for one deposit&# 160;
4
the basis of bills is credit. The credit environment is directly related to the development of bill business. It can be said that China's unsound credit system and poor credit situation are the biggest obstacles to the development of the bill market. The poor credit of some enterprises, indivials and financial institutions affects the use and circulation of some bills, which makes the market doubt the credit of all bills. Even the bills issued by enterprises with good credit are difficult to be accepted“ "Bad credit drives out good credit" shakes the credit foundation of the market< The solutions to the problems in commercial bank's bill business are as follows:
1
with the characteristics of large space-time span and large amount of funds, commercial paper is easy to become the target of criminals who steal and defraud funds. In addition to implementing the rules and regulations, banks must strengthen the technical measures of anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting of commercial bills: collecting and accumulating the information of commercial bills with graphic scanners or digital cameras, and establishing business information database; Actively use broadband information network to transmit business information of commercial paper; To design and develop a software program to identify the authenticity of a ticket, we can refer to the software program adopted by the public security department“ The design and development of the software program should keep up with the development of bill business with high quality and high speed, so as to make it a technical guarantee to identify the authenticity of bills. Finally, there should be technical and institutional management measures for information collection, use, output and input. The people's Bank of China should make specific regulations on the exchange and use of information in different departments, break down the instry barriers, dredge the channels of anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting of commercial paper, and give full play to the use effect of commercial paper business information. Through strengthening the technical measures of anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting of commercial bills, we can form the information network of anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting of commercial bills in relevant instries, block up the fake bills, prevent fraud, deter criminals, and jointly prevent the risks of bills< br />
2. Financial institutions should improve and perfect the internal control mechanism
strict and scientific management methods and operating proceres should be formulated according to the characteristics of various bill businesses, and a strict and clear post responsibility system should be established, so that each link of business operation has rules to follow and evidence to check; We should strictly implement various rules and regulations, effectively eliminate operational risks, and strengthen the audit and inspection of the implementation of the system. Once problems are found, they should be corrected in time; It is necessary to strengthen business training, comprehensively improve the business quality of bill personnel, and rece risks; We should bring bill business into asset liability management and unified credit management, arrange the total scale of acceptance business based on our own strength, and rece the credit risk from acceptors as much as possible
3
in order to change the current situation of less use of commercial acceptance bills, we must establish the concept of credit in enterprises. Take the lead of the people's Bank of China, with the participation of financial institutions and enterprises with good reputation, establish a regular notification system among financial institutions, incorporate it into the enterprise credit registration system, regularly publish the credit rating system of relevant enterprises, strengthen the governance and openness of credit environment, and ensure the openness, fairness and transparency of credit information. The PBC and various financial institutions set up a credit evaluation group, adopt the recommendation, evaluation, publicity and assessment system, award "financial institutions focus on supporting the issuing of commercial acceptance bill qualification enterprises", and regularly assess and record credit, so as to stimulate the enhancement of enterprise credibility. In the process of cultivating credit, we must rely on modern means to eliminate the phenomenon of "information asymmetry", so that enterprises who maliciously evade bank debts and have bad bills will be punished by financial institutions. Once there is a bad credit record, it will bring great difficulties to their life and business activities. Without credit, they can't do anything. At the same time, the acceptance bank that delays payment at will and refuses to pay without reason should be exposed publicly and punished according to law until its acceptance qualification is suspended or cancelled.
1. The technical means of anti-counterfeiting and identification of commercial paper are lagging behind
the authenticity of bills includes two aspects: one is the issue of true and false bills, and the other is whether there is real commodity transaction behind bills. At present, e to the lack of necessary information communication between banks, there is no cross system bill information query network among financial institutions, and there is also a lack of information query system to check whether commercial bills issued by enterprises have real commodity transaction background, which makes it difficult for bank operators to verify the authenticity of bills, especially the emergence of "cloning" bills by social lawbreakers, It makes it more difficult to distinguish the authenticity of bills, and increases the risk of operating bills market business to a certain extent&# 160;&# 160;< (1) acceptance or discount of bills without trade background&# 160;
according to the payment and settlement measures and the Interim Measures for the administration of acceptance, discount and rediscount of commercial bills, the issuance of bank acceptance bills or discount bills requires VAT invoices, commodity shipping documents and commodity transaction contracts. However, in practice, some banks accept or discount bills without trade background, which shows that they sign a false contract. The contract does not explicitly use the bank acceptance bill as the settlement method. The value-added tax invoice amount does not correspond to the discount amount. There are differences between the name time of the enterprise and the record and discount time of the returned bills. The invoice or contract amount is less than the bill amount, The value-added tax invoice is used repeatedly, the overe or non-standard trade contract text is used to handle the acceptance bill, and the value-added tax invoice is used to replace the trade contract to handle the bank acceptance bill&# 160;< (2)
according to the Interim Measures for the administration of acceptance, discount and rediscount of commercial bills, the discounter shall make written inquiry to the acceptor for the commercial bills submitted by the discounter according to the regulations, so as to control the transaction risk. However, for some long-term customers, in order to speed up the business processing and improve the competitiveness, some banks have reached relevant agreements with enterprises, The method of discount first and then check is adopted to reverse the procere operation. When handling the bank acceptance bill, the issuing date of the bank acceptance bill is earlier than the signing date of the contract&# 160;&# 160;
3
when a bank issues a bank acceptance bill to an acceptance applicant, it is required to collect a certain amount of deposit according to the amount of the bill issued, or require the applicant to provide other forms of guarantee. However, some banks do not strictly enforce the deposit or other guarantees, such as insufficient deposit or inadequate guarantee. When a bank issues a bank acceptance bill, it uses the bank's loan as deposit and fails to collect the deposit at the specified rate, The deposit account is not managed one by one, and multiple acceptance bills are issued for one deposit&# 160;
4
the basis of bills is credit. The credit environment is directly related to the development of bill business. It can be said that China's unsound credit system and poor credit situation are the biggest obstacles to the development of the bill market. The poor credit of some enterprises, indivials and financial institutions affects the use and circulation of some bills, which makes the market doubt the credit of all bills. Even the bills issued by enterprises with good credit are difficult to be accepted“ "Bad credit drives out good credit" shakes the credit foundation of the market< The solutions to the problems in commercial bank's bill business are as follows:
1
with the characteristics of large space-time span and large amount of funds, commercial paper is easy to become the target of criminals who steal and defraud funds. In addition to implementing the rules and regulations, banks must strengthen the technical measures of anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting of commercial bills: collecting and accumulating the information of commercial bills with graphic scanners or digital cameras, and establishing business information database; Actively use broadband information network to transmit business information of commercial paper; To design and develop a software program to identify the authenticity of a ticket, we can refer to the software program adopted by the public security department“ The design and development of the software program should keep up with the development of bill business with high quality and high speed, so as to make it a technical guarantee to identify the authenticity of bills. Finally, there should be technical and institutional management measures for information collection, use, output and input. The people's Bank of China should make specific regulations on the exchange and use of information in different departments, break down the instry barriers, dredge the channels of anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting of commercial paper, and give full play to the use effect of commercial paper business information. Through strengthening the technical measures of anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting of commercial bills, we can form the information network of anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting of commercial bills in relevant instries, block up the fake bills, prevent fraud, deter criminals, and jointly prevent the risks of bills< br />
2. Financial institutions should improve and perfect the internal control mechanism
strict and scientific management methods and operating proceres should be formulated according to the characteristics of various bill businesses, and a strict and clear post responsibility system should be established, so that each link of business operation has rules to follow and evidence to check; We should strictly implement various rules and regulations, effectively eliminate operational risks, and strengthen the audit and inspection of the implementation of the system. Once problems are found, they should be corrected in time; It is necessary to strengthen business training, comprehensively improve the business quality of bill personnel, and rece risks; We should bring bill business into asset liability management and unified credit management, arrange the total scale of acceptance business based on our own strength, and rece the credit risk from acceptors as much as possible
3
in order to change the current situation of less use of commercial acceptance bills, we must establish the concept of credit in enterprises. Take the lead of the people's Bank of China, with the participation of financial institutions and enterprises with good reputation, establish a regular notification system among financial institutions, incorporate it into the enterprise credit registration system, regularly publish the credit rating system of relevant enterprises, strengthen the governance and openness of credit environment, and ensure the openness, fairness and transparency of credit information. The PBC and various financial institutions set up a credit evaluation group, adopt the recommendation, evaluation, publicity and assessment system, award "financial institutions focus on supporting the issuing of commercial acceptance bill qualification enterprises", and regularly assess and record credit, so as to stimulate the enhancement of enterprise credibility. In the process of cultivating credit, we must rely on modern means to eliminate the phenomenon of "information asymmetry", so that enterprises who maliciously evade bank debts and have bad bills will be punished by financial institutions. Once there is a bad credit record, it will bring great difficulties to their life and business activities. Without credit, they can't do anything. At the same time, the acceptance bank that delays payment at will and refuses to pay without reason should be exposed publicly and punished according to law until its acceptance qualification is suspended or cancelled.
6. In China, promissory note refers to the bank promissory note, which is delivered to the bank by the applicant and issued by the bank. It has a high degree of credit. Generally, it is limited to settlement in the same city. It is a bill payable at sight, and its effect is equivalent to cash
bills of exchange include bank bills and commercial bills. The issue of bank draft is similar to bank promissory note, but it is not used for settlement in the same city but in other places. Commercial bill is a kind of long-term bill. The payer pays the bill holder according to the date indicated in the bill. It can be used for settlement in the same city or in other places, but it must be used for settlement of goods purchase and sale business
a check is drawn by the payer himself, which is generally limited to settlement in the same city. Although it is also a bill payable at sight, the holder needs to deliver the check to the receiving bank and entrust it to collect on his behalf. In daily economic life, checks are relatively widely used
to put it simply, the check is in & quot; Bank deposit & quot;
bills of exchange and promissory notes accounted for in & quot; Other monetary funds & quot; In the accounting; Finally, add a detailed distinction on OK
bills of exchange include bank bills and commercial bills. The issue of bank draft is similar to bank promissory note, but it is not used for settlement in the same city but in other places. Commercial bill is a kind of long-term bill. The payer pays the bill holder according to the date indicated in the bill. It can be used for settlement in the same city or in other places, but it must be used for settlement of goods purchase and sale business
a check is drawn by the payer himself, which is generally limited to settlement in the same city. Although it is also a bill payable at sight, the holder needs to deliver the check to the receiving bank and entrust it to collect on his behalf. In daily economic life, checks are relatively widely used
to put it simply, the check is in & quot; Bank deposit & quot;
bills of exchange and promissory notes accounted for in & quot; Other monetary funds & quot; In the accounting; Finally, add a detailed distinction on OK
7. The main risks are
financing risks. That is, the risk of commercial banks issuing or discounting bank acceptance bills without real transaction background or uncertain of real transaction background. The main performance is: no transaction contract or using false or invalid contract; Issuing and discounting bank acceptance bills beyond the contract amount or time limit; No of VAT invoice, repeated use or forged of VAT invoice for discount business. Some commercial banks open accounts in the name of enterprises in violation of regulations, issue bank acceptance bills by borrowing these accounts, discount them to other commercial banks, and increase their deposits after the discount funds flow back to the bank, claiming to be "financing deposits". Issuing and discounting bank acceptance bills without real transaction background violates the relevant provisions of "payment and settlement measures" and "Interim Measures for the administration of acceptance, discounting and rediscount of commercial bills". Therefore, banks not only have financing risks, but also bear potential legal risks
credit risk. That is to say, in the case of no deposit or insufficient deposit, issuing and discounting bank acceptance bills will lead to a large amount of bank advances, resulting in credit exposure risk. The main performance is as follows: first, the margin is not collected according to the prescribed proportion or the margin is low; Second, the guarantee for the insufficient part of the deposit is insufficient or invalid, such as the amount of the guarantee contract is less than the insufficient part of the deposit, the guarantee ability of the guarantee enterprise is insufficient, the pledge does not comply with the relevant provisions, the pledge proceres are not handled in a timely manner and are not standardized, the guarantee by the affiliated enterprises or the mutual guarantee of enterprises, and the guarantee contract has no resolution agreed by the board of directors; Third, take the bank's loan as the guarantee for issuing bank acceptance bills, or turn the loan into time deposit as the pledge for applying for acceptance. In fact, the above-mentioned practice of banks is to transform acceptance risk into credit risk, which does not really implement the source of repayment, but also increases the scale of deposits and loans. Through such an abnormal way, banks expand the scale of deposit, loan and bill business, forming a strange circle of "enterprises use loan funds as margin → banks issue acceptance bills → enterprises discount at banks → enterprises use discounted funds as margin again → banks issue acceptance bills again → enterprises rediscount...". In the process of circulation, credit expands in vain, The expansion of money and credit multiplies, thus forming a credit bubble.
moral hazard. First, related enterprises and related parties collude with each other to obtain bank funds. The main ways are as follows: the drawer and the payee are affiliated enterprises or related parties, the drawer applies for acceptance with a certain proportion of margin, the payee provides guarantee for the insufficient part, and finally the funds flow from the payee's account to the drawer's account, realizing the reverse flow of funds. Second, some illegal persons in the society deliberately defraud bank funds by means of forgery, alteration of bills, cloning of bills or "subcontracting" of bills, which makes banks face the risk of capital loss. Third, when dealing with bill business, the bank's internal staff do not take the "three passes" seriously, that is, the examination of legal compliance of bill records, the verification of endorsement, the verification of authenticity of bills, or the illegal use of bank bills, which causes the bank to suffer financial losses
operational risk. First, paste first and then check, reverse operation. In order to compete for business and enhance market competitiveness, some banks require enterprises to issue a letter of commitment to discount in advance, and the date of check-up is several days or even half a month later than the date of discount. This method of handling bank acceptance bill discount or pledge has certain operational risks, and the security of bank funds is difficult to guarantee. Second, the endorsement of bills obtained by discount and pledge is illegal and incomplete. It is mainly manifested in the blank endorsement of bill discount and the discontinuous endorsement of multiple endorsements. This not only violates the provisions of the bill law, when there are legal disputes or the loss of bills, it can not claim the rights of bills, but also easily lead to moral hazard
internal management risk. The basic work of bill business in some small and medium-sized banks is weak, there are great security risks in the custody and use of bills, and the internal control is not effective, which lead to the bill cases and risk losses. At present, most small and medium-sized banks have the problems of incomplete and nonstandard archives, such as incomplete acceptance agreement, commodity transaction contract and other elements, incomplete basic information of acceptance applicant, and unclear business meeting records. There are also some problems in some banks, such as the inconsistency between the accounts and the actual accounts, the failure to really implement the "three responsibilities" of seal, certificate and pledge, the absence of supervisor for seal handover, the cross account of margin bookkeeping, and the use of administrative seal instead of special seal for settlement when bank acceptance bills are entrusted for collection
interest rate risk and liquidity risk. The four state-owned commercial banks seldom provide credit services to small and medium-sized enterprises. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized banks first discount bills and then rediscount bills to the four state-owned commercial banks. What small and medium-sized banks earn is the interest margin in the bill market. Once the market funds are tight and the discount rate rises, small and medium-sized banks will face interest rate risk, and even liquidity risk<
analysis of risk causes
misplaced management ideas and blind expansion of business scale. Small and medium-sized commercial banks are limited by their business areas, and they generally have the problems of capital shortage and small business scale. The bill business has the function of scale expansion and can obtain additional business volume. Therefore, small and medium-sized commercial banks first take the development of bill business as a major means to achieve scale growth. By issuing loans or discounting to enterprises, transferring deposits to margin or issuing certificates of deposit, and then issuing bills, such rolling processing can achieve the al growth of deposits and loans. Secondly, the bill business can dilute the non-performing loans by increasing the bill assets, expanding the loan scale, making the denominator bigger and recing the non-performing loan rate. At the same time, the bill business can adjust the profit and increase the operating income: by buying and selling the bill business, the interest income can be realized in advance and the profit realization situation can be adjusted; When the loan is turned into margin, the bank gets the loan interest, but pays the deposit interest to the enterprise, and the interest margin becomes the bank's operating income
the internal control construction is not perfect, and the risk awareness is weak. Although small and medium-sized banks have generally established the internal control system of bill business, the operation process and responsibility system of bill business are not unified, standardized and strict enough to cover all risk points and effectively prevent risks. Some banks do not bring bill financing into the scope of single customer credit, which is not concive to control and prevent the credit risk of single customer; Some banks can't fully grasp the credit status of enterprises because of the poor implementation of the "three checks" system; Some banks have not formed a system for the training of employees and the regular rotation of important positions, which is not concive to the prevention of operational risk and moral hazard; Other banks are restricted by the lack of auditors, and the audit supervision of bill business is relatively weak
the legal system is not perfect. Some provisions of the current bill law, payment and settlement measures, and the Interim Measures for the administration of acceptance, discount and rediscount of commercial banks' bills are too general. There is no special judicial interpretation for the laws and regulations of bank acceptance bills involved in the business of discount, rediscount and rediscount, and there is no legal basis in the supervision. First, there is no corresponding monitoring index for acceptance business of commercial banks. In 2002, the people's Bank of China cancelled the control index that the total amount of acceptance should not exceed 5% of the deposit balance at the end of last year, and no other guiding index was issued. For small and medium-sized financial institutions with small asset scale and low risk control ability, it is easy to cause blind development e to lack of external constraints. Second, there is no unified regulation on the management of acceptance deposit, the collection method and quantity of acceptance deposit, and there is no specific definition and punishment standard for the practice of transferring loan to deposit. Third, there is a lack of control measures for enterprises to open multiple accounts and repeatedly use VAT bills to discount in many banks
information asymmetry between banks and enterprises, and backward means of bill anti-counterfeiting. Some enterprises have weak legal concept and cheat bank funds by forging contracts or invoices. However, the relevant information sharing mechanism is not sound enough. For example, banks and tax departments are not connected to each other, so they are unable to query the authenticity of invoices, and the credit registration and consultation system lacks the information of bill confirmation and discount. In addition, the contracts and VAT receipts provided by some enterprises cannot correspond with each other, and a few enterprises cannot provide VAT receipts, which makes it difficult for banks to review the real transaction background. Due to the lack of a unified system or organization for issuing, querying and issuing bills, the electronic level of bills is low, which provides opportunities for "fake tickets" and "clone tickets"
vulnerable status is discriminated against. As small and medium-sized commercial banks, especially city commercial banks, lack national network, they need to be represented by big banks to inquire bills. Some agencies discriminate against the entrustment of small banks and deliberately delay the time of checking bills. The speed of checking bills is slow, and the longest time is one month, It forces the entrusting bank to discount the enterprises that are in urgent need of funds first or simply audit the large customers by sticking at sight, which forms the operational risk of bill business
risk prevention and management
correct business thinking and enhance the awareness of risk prevention. Small and medium-sized commercial banks should correct the one-sided pursuit of scale and speed, correctly handle the relationship between bill business development and risk prevention, and not bear huge advance risk for bill income. We should establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development concept, establish a scientific assessment mechanism, and specify the development goals and plans of bill business in combination with our own characteristics and reality. We should not blindly pursue the expansion of development speed and scale. The development of bill business should be based on controllable risks
strengthen internal control and improve risk prevention mechanism. Small and medium-sized commercial banks should adhere to the principle of "internal control priority", focus on risk management, strengthen the construction of internal control system of bill business, formulate standardized and highly operational proceres and systems for bill issuing, registration and inquiry, and strengthen the examination and inspection of the authenticity of bills, so as to ensure the authenticity of bill transactions and the safety of funds. At the same time, the risk points in the bill business are carefully predicted and analyzed, and the "firewall" is set up for each risk link, and the risk management proceres are regularly evaluated. Small and medium-sized commercial banks should also strengthen the professional training, improve the understanding and ability to grasp the risks of bill business, improve the preventive skills of employees, establish good professional ethics, and strictly implement the operation, inspection and supervision system
revise and improve the system and standardize the bill market. Some provisions of the current bill law, payment and settlement measures, and Interim Measures for the administration of commercial banks' bill acceptance, discount and rediscount are not applicable to the current development of bill business. In bill business, the access and exit system of enterprise parties, the management of bill financing, the management of all kinds of bill transactions, the credit evaluation of bill, the management of bill financing, and the management of bill financing are not applicable The price agreement of bill transaction, capital clearing, risk preparation of bill business and other systems should be standardized as soon as possible. From the regulatory point of view, we should deal with commercial banks
financing risks. That is, the risk of commercial banks issuing or discounting bank acceptance bills without real transaction background or uncertain of real transaction background. The main performance is: no transaction contract or using false or invalid contract; Issuing and discounting bank acceptance bills beyond the contract amount or time limit; No of VAT invoice, repeated use or forged of VAT invoice for discount business. Some commercial banks open accounts in the name of enterprises in violation of regulations, issue bank acceptance bills by borrowing these accounts, discount them to other commercial banks, and increase their deposits after the discount funds flow back to the bank, claiming to be "financing deposits". Issuing and discounting bank acceptance bills without real transaction background violates the relevant provisions of "payment and settlement measures" and "Interim Measures for the administration of acceptance, discounting and rediscount of commercial bills". Therefore, banks not only have financing risks, but also bear potential legal risks
credit risk. That is to say, in the case of no deposit or insufficient deposit, issuing and discounting bank acceptance bills will lead to a large amount of bank advances, resulting in credit exposure risk. The main performance is as follows: first, the margin is not collected according to the prescribed proportion or the margin is low; Second, the guarantee for the insufficient part of the deposit is insufficient or invalid, such as the amount of the guarantee contract is less than the insufficient part of the deposit, the guarantee ability of the guarantee enterprise is insufficient, the pledge does not comply with the relevant provisions, the pledge proceres are not handled in a timely manner and are not standardized, the guarantee by the affiliated enterprises or the mutual guarantee of enterprises, and the guarantee contract has no resolution agreed by the board of directors; Third, take the bank's loan as the guarantee for issuing bank acceptance bills, or turn the loan into time deposit as the pledge for applying for acceptance. In fact, the above-mentioned practice of banks is to transform acceptance risk into credit risk, which does not really implement the source of repayment, but also increases the scale of deposits and loans. Through such an abnormal way, banks expand the scale of deposit, loan and bill business, forming a strange circle of "enterprises use loan funds as margin → banks issue acceptance bills → enterprises discount at banks → enterprises use discounted funds as margin again → banks issue acceptance bills again → enterprises rediscount...". In the process of circulation, credit expands in vain, The expansion of money and credit multiplies, thus forming a credit bubble.
moral hazard. First, related enterprises and related parties collude with each other to obtain bank funds. The main ways are as follows: the drawer and the payee are affiliated enterprises or related parties, the drawer applies for acceptance with a certain proportion of margin, the payee provides guarantee for the insufficient part, and finally the funds flow from the payee's account to the drawer's account, realizing the reverse flow of funds. Second, some illegal persons in the society deliberately defraud bank funds by means of forgery, alteration of bills, cloning of bills or "subcontracting" of bills, which makes banks face the risk of capital loss. Third, when dealing with bill business, the bank's internal staff do not take the "three passes" seriously, that is, the examination of legal compliance of bill records, the verification of endorsement, the verification of authenticity of bills, or the illegal use of bank bills, which causes the bank to suffer financial losses
operational risk. First, paste first and then check, reverse operation. In order to compete for business and enhance market competitiveness, some banks require enterprises to issue a letter of commitment to discount in advance, and the date of check-up is several days or even half a month later than the date of discount. This method of handling bank acceptance bill discount or pledge has certain operational risks, and the security of bank funds is difficult to guarantee. Second, the endorsement of bills obtained by discount and pledge is illegal and incomplete. It is mainly manifested in the blank endorsement of bill discount and the discontinuous endorsement of multiple endorsements. This not only violates the provisions of the bill law, when there are legal disputes or the loss of bills, it can not claim the rights of bills, but also easily lead to moral hazard
internal management risk. The basic work of bill business in some small and medium-sized banks is weak, there are great security risks in the custody and use of bills, and the internal control is not effective, which lead to the bill cases and risk losses. At present, most small and medium-sized banks have the problems of incomplete and nonstandard archives, such as incomplete acceptance agreement, commodity transaction contract and other elements, incomplete basic information of acceptance applicant, and unclear business meeting records. There are also some problems in some banks, such as the inconsistency between the accounts and the actual accounts, the failure to really implement the "three responsibilities" of seal, certificate and pledge, the absence of supervisor for seal handover, the cross account of margin bookkeeping, and the use of administrative seal instead of special seal for settlement when bank acceptance bills are entrusted for collection
interest rate risk and liquidity risk. The four state-owned commercial banks seldom provide credit services to small and medium-sized enterprises. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized banks first discount bills and then rediscount bills to the four state-owned commercial banks. What small and medium-sized banks earn is the interest margin in the bill market. Once the market funds are tight and the discount rate rises, small and medium-sized banks will face interest rate risk, and even liquidity risk<
analysis of risk causes
misplaced management ideas and blind expansion of business scale. Small and medium-sized commercial banks are limited by their business areas, and they generally have the problems of capital shortage and small business scale. The bill business has the function of scale expansion and can obtain additional business volume. Therefore, small and medium-sized commercial banks first take the development of bill business as a major means to achieve scale growth. By issuing loans or discounting to enterprises, transferring deposits to margin or issuing certificates of deposit, and then issuing bills, such rolling processing can achieve the al growth of deposits and loans. Secondly, the bill business can dilute the non-performing loans by increasing the bill assets, expanding the loan scale, making the denominator bigger and recing the non-performing loan rate. At the same time, the bill business can adjust the profit and increase the operating income: by buying and selling the bill business, the interest income can be realized in advance and the profit realization situation can be adjusted; When the loan is turned into margin, the bank gets the loan interest, but pays the deposit interest to the enterprise, and the interest margin becomes the bank's operating income
the internal control construction is not perfect, and the risk awareness is weak. Although small and medium-sized banks have generally established the internal control system of bill business, the operation process and responsibility system of bill business are not unified, standardized and strict enough to cover all risk points and effectively prevent risks. Some banks do not bring bill financing into the scope of single customer credit, which is not concive to control and prevent the credit risk of single customer; Some banks can't fully grasp the credit status of enterprises because of the poor implementation of the "three checks" system; Some banks have not formed a system for the training of employees and the regular rotation of important positions, which is not concive to the prevention of operational risk and moral hazard; Other banks are restricted by the lack of auditors, and the audit supervision of bill business is relatively weak
the legal system is not perfect. Some provisions of the current bill law, payment and settlement measures, and the Interim Measures for the administration of acceptance, discount and rediscount of commercial banks' bills are too general. There is no special judicial interpretation for the laws and regulations of bank acceptance bills involved in the business of discount, rediscount and rediscount, and there is no legal basis in the supervision. First, there is no corresponding monitoring index for acceptance business of commercial banks. In 2002, the people's Bank of China cancelled the control index that the total amount of acceptance should not exceed 5% of the deposit balance at the end of last year, and no other guiding index was issued. For small and medium-sized financial institutions with small asset scale and low risk control ability, it is easy to cause blind development e to lack of external constraints. Second, there is no unified regulation on the management of acceptance deposit, the collection method and quantity of acceptance deposit, and there is no specific definition and punishment standard for the practice of transferring loan to deposit. Third, there is a lack of control measures for enterprises to open multiple accounts and repeatedly use VAT bills to discount in many banks
information asymmetry between banks and enterprises, and backward means of bill anti-counterfeiting. Some enterprises have weak legal concept and cheat bank funds by forging contracts or invoices. However, the relevant information sharing mechanism is not sound enough. For example, banks and tax departments are not connected to each other, so they are unable to query the authenticity of invoices, and the credit registration and consultation system lacks the information of bill confirmation and discount. In addition, the contracts and VAT receipts provided by some enterprises cannot correspond with each other, and a few enterprises cannot provide VAT receipts, which makes it difficult for banks to review the real transaction background. Due to the lack of a unified system or organization for issuing, querying and issuing bills, the electronic level of bills is low, which provides opportunities for "fake tickets" and "clone tickets"
vulnerable status is discriminated against. As small and medium-sized commercial banks, especially city commercial banks, lack national network, they need to be represented by big banks to inquire bills. Some agencies discriminate against the entrustment of small banks and deliberately delay the time of checking bills. The speed of checking bills is slow, and the longest time is one month, It forces the entrusting bank to discount the enterprises that are in urgent need of funds first or simply audit the large customers by sticking at sight, which forms the operational risk of bill business
risk prevention and management
correct business thinking and enhance the awareness of risk prevention. Small and medium-sized commercial banks should correct the one-sided pursuit of scale and speed, correctly handle the relationship between bill business development and risk prevention, and not bear huge advance risk for bill income. We should establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development concept, establish a scientific assessment mechanism, and specify the development goals and plans of bill business in combination with our own characteristics and reality. We should not blindly pursue the expansion of development speed and scale. The development of bill business should be based on controllable risks
strengthen internal control and improve risk prevention mechanism. Small and medium-sized commercial banks should adhere to the principle of "internal control priority", focus on risk management, strengthen the construction of internal control system of bill business, formulate standardized and highly operational proceres and systems for bill issuing, registration and inquiry, and strengthen the examination and inspection of the authenticity of bills, so as to ensure the authenticity of bill transactions and the safety of funds. At the same time, the risk points in the bill business are carefully predicted and analyzed, and the "firewall" is set up for each risk link, and the risk management proceres are regularly evaluated. Small and medium-sized commercial banks should also strengthen the professional training, improve the understanding and ability to grasp the risks of bill business, improve the preventive skills of employees, establish good professional ethics, and strictly implement the operation, inspection and supervision system
revise and improve the system and standardize the bill market. Some provisions of the current bill law, payment and settlement measures, and Interim Measures for the administration of commercial banks' bill acceptance, discount and rediscount are not applicable to the current development of bill business. In bill business, the access and exit system of enterprise parties, the management of bill financing, the management of all kinds of bill transactions, the credit evaluation of bill, the management of bill financing, and the management of bill financing are not applicable The price agreement of bill transaction, capital clearing, risk preparation of bill business and other systems should be standardized as soon as possible. From the regulatory point of view, we should deal with commercial banks
8. The paper financing business problems: 1. The social credit system is not perfect. In order to obtain funds, some enterprises sign false commodity trading contracts with other enterprises, and even collude with the internal staff of the bank to defraud bank funds by means of bill financing, resulting in credit risk. In the society, the phenomenon of some criminals using bills to defraud is also increasing. 2. The construction of electronic trading platform lags behind. The profitability of bill business is closely related to its liquidity. Under the current mode of operation, the circulation of bill is mostly manifested as the transfer of physical bill, which brings about the increase of operating costs, brings great inconvenience to business operations such as inquiry and delivery, and also provides opportunities for criminals, which is easy to proce risks. This restricts the further development of bill financing business. 3. Lack of instry cooperation. Due to excessive competition and insufficient cooperation among banks, the discipline of settlement among banks is lax, unreasonable refusal to pay, holding down bills, holding down bills and delaying settlement occur from time to time, resulting in moral hazard among banks; The lack of management, communication and cooperation of interbank bill information restricts the role of bills in easing the shortage of interbank funds, innovating business varieties, broadening business scope and increasing business income. 4. Business potential is not fully exploited. Banks: bill business policy is almost limited to large and medium-sized enterprises and banks in large and medium-sized cities. No matter the central bank or the superior banks of commercial banks, they generally pay less attention to the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises and banks in economically underdeveloped areas in arranging discount (rediscount) loan quota, resulting in serious imbalance between regions and banks in bill business. Due to the lack of relevant incentives and incentives, it is difficult to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of underdeveloped or grassroots marketing personnel, resulting in the loss of some high-quality SME customers. Enterprises: many business operators and financial personnel are lack of bill knowledge and can not make full use of bills for financing combination. Most of the business financing that can use bills is solved by traditional ways such as loans, or they only consider using bills when they can't get loans. 5. The types of discount bills are single, and the innovation of business varieties is insufficient. Due to the weakness of social credit and enterprise credit, the transaction volume of bank acceptance bill accounts for more than 90% of the total transaction volume of the bill market. The transaction volume of commercial acceptance bill reflecting the characteristics of commercial credit is very small, and the transaction area and issuing unit are only limited to some large and medium-sized cities and state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises, resulting in the narrow scope of bill business, It has a negative impact on the profitability of bill financing business.
9. The seven major risks of bill business are as follows:
(1) the exclusive governance of bill interbank business is not in place. In some banking financial institutions, the exclusive collection of inter-bank bills is not complete. To varying degrees, there are some problems, such as the centralized examination and approval of the exclusive departments, the handling of inter-bank bill business by branches, the non centralized accounting treatment, the failure to implement the list management on the counterparties of inter-bank bills, and the illegal handling of the purchase and resale business of commercial confirmed bills
(2) rece capital occupation by transferring the scale of bill to discount business. Some banking financial institutions make use of trading modes such as "sell out + buy back + maturity buy out", "fake buy out, fake sell out", additional repurchase commitment, etc. to fake sell out and make real statements, or help other banks to hold on behalf of others at the end of the month and adjust credit rules; Some use third-party organizations to convert bill assets into asset management plan, replace discount with investment, adjust accounting statements at will and rece capital accrual
(3) using the acceptance discount business to increase the scale of deposits and loans. Some banking financial institutions issue bank acceptance bills on a rolling basis to absorb deposits by bills, which falsely increases the scale of assets and liabilities; Or loan, discount funds as margin, bank acceptance, false increase in deposits. Some of them also increase the income of intermediary business and increase the performance by switching business types
(4) cooperate with Bill intermediaries to deal illegally and disrupt the market order. Some banking financial institutions cooperate with intermediaries to deal with a large number of bills discount without real trade background and make illegal profits< (5) the loan and discount move each other to cover up the credit risk. Some banking financial institutions use discount funds to repay the old and borrow the new to adjust credit quality indicators; Loans were issued to repay the advances, and non-performing loans were covered up< (6) innovate "bill agency" to avoid regulatory requirements. Some banking financial institutions conceal the scale of credit assets through inter-bank agency discount and drawer agreement; Entrust intermediary agencies to handle bill business, even lease or lend accounts and seals< (7) some rural financial institutions provide "channels" for other banks to conceal and rece credit scale, and the problem of illegal operation is prominent. Under the guidance of indivial joint-stock banks and urban commercial banks, some rural credit cooperatives, rural commercial banks and rural banks provide channels for other banks, eliminate the scale, violate the discount rules, issue a large number of drawer agreements or promise to handle the discount, fail to carry out accounting according to the regulations, or even operate outside the account, which has great potential risks.
(1) the exclusive governance of bill interbank business is not in place. In some banking financial institutions, the exclusive collection of inter-bank bills is not complete. To varying degrees, there are some problems, such as the centralized examination and approval of the exclusive departments, the handling of inter-bank bill business by branches, the non centralized accounting treatment, the failure to implement the list management on the counterparties of inter-bank bills, and the illegal handling of the purchase and resale business of commercial confirmed bills
(2) rece capital occupation by transferring the scale of bill to discount business. Some banking financial institutions make use of trading modes such as "sell out + buy back + maturity buy out", "fake buy out, fake sell out", additional repurchase commitment, etc. to fake sell out and make real statements, or help other banks to hold on behalf of others at the end of the month and adjust credit rules; Some use third-party organizations to convert bill assets into asset management plan, replace discount with investment, adjust accounting statements at will and rece capital accrual
(3) using the acceptance discount business to increase the scale of deposits and loans. Some banking financial institutions issue bank acceptance bills on a rolling basis to absorb deposits by bills, which falsely increases the scale of assets and liabilities; Or loan, discount funds as margin, bank acceptance, false increase in deposits. Some of them also increase the income of intermediary business and increase the performance by switching business types
(4) cooperate with Bill intermediaries to deal illegally and disrupt the market order. Some banking financial institutions cooperate with intermediaries to deal with a large number of bills discount without real trade background and make illegal profits< (5) the loan and discount move each other to cover up the credit risk. Some banking financial institutions use discount funds to repay the old and borrow the new to adjust credit quality indicators; Loans were issued to repay the advances, and non-performing loans were covered up< (6) innovate "bill agency" to avoid regulatory requirements. Some banking financial institutions conceal the scale of credit assets through inter-bank agency discount and drawer agreement; Entrust intermediary agencies to handle bill business, even lease or lend accounts and seals< (7) some rural financial institutions provide "channels" for other banks to conceal and rece credit scale, and the problem of illegal operation is prominent. Under the guidance of indivial joint-stock banks and urban commercial banks, some rural credit cooperatives, rural commercial banks and rural banks provide channels for other banks, eliminate the scale, violate the discount rules, issue a large number of drawer agreements or promise to handle the discount, fail to carry out accounting according to the regulations, or even operate outside the account, which has great potential risks.
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