Popular blockchain 36kr
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. It is essentially a disintermediated database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains the information of a bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the effectiveness of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
in a narrow sense, blockchain is a kind of chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential way according to the time sequence, and it can not be tampered with and forged by cryptography
broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithm to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method to program and operate data by using intelligent contract composed of automated script code
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the evolution mode of blockchain is as follows:
& 9642; Blockchain 1.0 - digital currency
▪ Blockchain 2.0 - digital assets and smart contracts
▪ Blockchain 3.0 - Implementation of distributed applications in various instries
blockchain features:
1. Disintermediation. Due to the use of Distributed Accounting and storage, there is no centralized hardware or management organization in the system, the rights and obligations of any node are equal, and the data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system
2. Openness. The system is open. In addition to the private information of all parties to the transaction is encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
3. Autonomy. Blockchain adopts consensus based specifications and Protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the whole system to exchange data freely and safely in a de trusted environment, so that the trust in "people" is changed into the trust in machines, and any human intervention does not work
The information can not be tampered with. Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid. Therefore, the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high5. Anonymity. Because the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the data interaction does not need to be trusted (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is effective). Therefore, the counterparties do not need to make the other party trust themselves by disclosing their identities, which is very helpful for the accumulation of credit
blockchain is decentralized, tamper resistant and anonymous
the blockchain system is actually a distributed system
bitcoin system is the earliest blockchain system and the simplest blockchain system
the whole bitcoin system is actually a distributed ledger. This ledger is backed up on each node. When a transaction occurs, it will be broadcast to the network. The miner node (the node solving the problem) in the network will mine (the node solving the problem) to record the transaction. The recorded block will be broadcast to the network, and other nodes will verify and synchronize to their own node's account book.
the core of blockchain technology is that all participating nodes jointly maintain the transaction and database, which makes the transaction based on the principle of cryptography rather than trust, so that any agreed parties can directly carry out payment transactions without the participation of a third party< br />?
technically, a block is a data structure for recording transactions, reflecting the capital flow of a transaction. In the system, the blocks of the transactions that have been reached are connected together to form a main chain, and all the nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain. A block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash formed by the previous block, and random number. Transaction information is the task data carried by the block, including the private keys of both parties, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc; The hash hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks and realize the sequence of past transactions; Random number is the core of the transaction. All miners compete to calculate the answer of the random number. The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for updating, so as to complete a transaction
1.1 what is a blockchain
blockchain is a technical solution to collectively maintain a reliable database through centralization and de trust in the past. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes in the participating system to generate a series of data blocks by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system in a certain period of time, and generates a data fingerprint to verify the validity of its information and link to the next database block< br />?
generally speaking, blockchain technology refers to a way for the whole people to participate in bookkeeping. There is a database behind all the systems, that is, a big ledger. So it's very important who keeps this account book. At present, whose system is responsible for bookkeeping, the account book of each bank is the account book of each bank, and the account book of each bank is the account book of Ali. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system can have the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. If there are new transaction data changes in a certain period of time, everyone in the system can make bookkeeping. The system will judge the fastest and best bookkeeper in this period, write the recorded content into the account book, and send the content of the account book to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete account book. As a result, the data becomes very secure. Tamperers need to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. The cost of such tampering is so high that it is almost impossible. For example, bitcoin has been running for more than seven years, and countless hackers around the world have tried to attack bitcoin, but so far there have been no trading errors. It can be considered that bitcoin blockchain has been proved to be a safe and reliable system< br />?
1.2 why is there blockchain innovation
human beings need to communicate in the process of activities, and communication is based on information. In the past, information circulation was not convenient enough to meet the information needs of market participants, so the intermediary and center were born. This centralized system has the problems of high cost, low efficiency, scattered value, "information island" and unsafe data storage. However, e to technical and environmental factors, this system still continues to operate for many years until the emergence of the Internet. The starting point of the first generation Internet is TCP / IP protocol, which is to implement the open code of peer-to-peer transmission of information in a unified format of all nodes on the network, and to program, protocol and execute the basic values of freedom and equality needed by the global unified market. Internet eliminates the middle chain of low value and high cost, and realizes the low cost and high efficiency of global information transmission by decentralization< br />?< However, the first generation Internet did not solve the credit problem of information. The activities that can be decentralized on the Internet must be those that do not need credit endorsement, and those that need credit guarantee must be those that are centralized and participated by third-party intermediaries. As a result, Internet technology, which is unable to establish global credit, has encountered great obstacles in its progress - people can not participate in any value exchange activities on the Internet in a decentralized way. In order to realize value exchange, people still need the third-party intermediary (such as bank, clearing, exchange) based on credit. There are still some problems in the global centralized credit system, such as high operating cost, low efficiency and vulnerability to attack. For example, the legal currencies of different countries have different credit values and different clearing systems, which increase the cost of Global trade< br />?
therefore, what the second generation Internet must break through is: how to decentralize the establishment of global credit? So that the value transfer is also low-cost and efficient. We need to create a kind of technology in the Internet, which can also engage in value exchange activities on the premise that people can't trust each other, so as to achieve real decentralization and go to the third-party intermediary, and realize the transformation from information internet to value Internet
1.3 application of blockchain
Bubi blockchain has been applied to equity, supply chain, points and other fields, and is carrying out experiments and application tests with exchanges and banks
as an integral application on Bubi blockchain, Shubei Hebao has been launched recently, which is a good demonstration for the landing application of blockchain technology in various instries
1.4 why the financial instry needs blockchain
trust is the foundation of the financial instry. In order to maintain trust, the development of the financial instry has spawned a large number of high-cost, low-efficiency, single point of failure intermediaries, including trusteeship, third-party payment, notaries, banks, exchanges and so on. Blockchain technology uses new encryption authentication technology and decentralized consensus mechanism to maintain a complete, distributed and tamperable account book, so that participants can ensure the security of funds and information through a unified account book system without mutual recognition and trust. This is of great significance to finance. Therefore, global financial giants are exploring blockchain applications one after another. On the one hand, this is to prevent the risk of being subverted; on the other hand, it is also "for our own use" to improve efficiency and rece costs, so as to consolidate, optimize and expand the existing power< br />?
first, blockchain can rece trust risk. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of open source and transparency. The participants of the system can know the operation rules of the system, verify the authenticity and integrity of the account book content and account book construction history, and ensure that the transaction history is reliable and has not been tampered with, which is equivalent to improving the accountability of the system and recing the trust risk of the system. For example, blockchain can avoid the current Internet Financial P2P running, fraud and other events< br />?
secondly, blockchain can improve the efficiency of payment, transaction and settlement. On the blockchain, the process of transaction confirmation is the process of clearing, settlement and auditing. Blockchain uses distributed accounting, all transactions are displayed in real time on a spreadsheet similar to global sharing, real-time clearing, and efficiency is greatly improved. For example, the U.S. securities settlement system is t + 3, but the blockchain can improve the efficiency to the minute level, which can rece the settlement risk by 99%, thus effectively recing the cost of capital and systemic risk< br />?
thirdly, blockchain can rece operating costs. Financial business systems and back office work are often faced with long processes and multiple links. Nowadays, no matter visa, master or all of them operate in a centralized way, money transfer has to go through a third party, which makes the cost of cross-border transaction, currency exchange rate, internal accounting and time cost too high, and brings risks to capital. Blockchain can simplify and automate the lengthy financial service process, rece the interaction between foreground and background, and save a lot of human and material resources, which is of great significance to optimize the financial business process and improve the financial competitiveness. The Bank of Spain believes that by 2022, blockchain technology will help the financial instry rece its bookkeeping costs by $20 billion< br />?
fourthly, blockchain can effectively prevent failures and attacks. The traditional financial model takes the exchange or bank as the center. Once the center fails or is attacked, the whole network may be paralyzed and the transaction will be suspended. The blockchain is supported by many distributed nodes and computer servers on the point-to-point network. The problems of any part will not affect the overall operation, and each node keeps a of the blockchain data. Therefore, the built-in business continuity of blockchain has high reliability and fault tolerance< br />?
fifthly, blockchain can improve the level of automation. Since all files or assets can be represented in the form of codes or ledgers, smart contracts and automatic transactions can be realized on the blockchain by setting the data processing program on the blockchain. For example, a smart contract can write a set of financial terms into the agreement to ensure the automatic execution and default payment of the contract< br />?
sixth, blockchain can meet regulatory and audit requirements. The records stored on the blockchain are transparent, traceable and unchangeable. Any record, once written to the blockchain, is permanent and cannot be tampered with. Any transaction between two parties can be tracked and inquired< br />?
in addition to the above positive effects on existing systems and business models, blockchain can also drive the birth of new business models. On the one hand, the characteristics of blockchain technology enable it to achieve some business models that are difficult to achieve in the centralized mode. On the other hand, blockchain greatly encourages the innovation and cooperation of the whole society through the opening and cooperation of source code. Of course, there will be a lot of problems and challenges in the application of blockchain in finance. This paper also thinks about the specific application
the working principle of blockchain technology is not difficult to understand. If we focus on the application research of specific blockchain technology, we can find that the working principle of this blockchain technology is ubiquitous.
blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger database . The advantage of this distributed ledger is that buyers and sellers can trade directly without any intermediary. Everyone has a backup, even if you lose this, it will not be affected
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blockchain application field
1, financial field
blockchain has potential huge application value in international exchange, letter of credit, equity registration, stock exchange and other financial fields. The application of blockchain technology in the financial instry can save the third-party intermediary link and realize the point-to-point direct docking, so as to greatly rece the cost and quickly complete the transaction payment
2. The Internet of things and logistics
blockchain can also be naturally combined in the field of Internet of things and logistics. Through blockchain, we can rece logistics costs, trace the proction and delivery process of goods, and improve the efficiency of supply chain management. This field is considered as a promising application direction of blockchain
3. The data stored on the public welfare field
blockchain is highly reliable and tamperable, which is naturally suitable for social public welfare scenarios. The relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation project, collection details, fund flow, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain, and can be made transparent and public, which is convenient for social supervision
4. In the field of insurance
in terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment and claims settlement, and often have higher management and operation costs. Through the application of smart contract, there is no need for the applicant to apply or the insurance company to approve. As long as the claim conditions are triggered, the automatic claim settlement of the policy can be realized
blockchain technology is a technology solution that does not rely on a third party and stores, verifies, transmits and communicates network data through its own distributed nodes. Therefore, from the perspective of financial accounting, some people regard the blockchain technology as a distributed, open and decentralized large-scale network bookkeeping book. Anyone can use the same technical standards to add their own information at any time, extend the blockchain, and continuously meet the data entry needs brought by various needs
generally speaking, blockchain technology refers to a way for the whole people to participate in bookkeeping. There is a database behind all the systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. So it's very important who keeps this account book. At present, whose system will keep accounts, wechat's account book is Tencent's account book, and Taobao's account book is Ali's account book. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system can have the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. If there is any data change in a certain period of time, everyone in the system can conct bookkeeping. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best bookkeeping in this period, write the content of his records into the account book, and send the content of the account book to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete account book. This way, we call it blockchain technology
blockchain technology is considered to be the most disruptive technological innovation since the invention of the Internet. Relying on the ingenious distributed algorithm of cryptography and mathematics, it can make the participants reach a consensus without the intervention of any third party center on the Internet where the trust relationship cannot be established, and solve the problem of reliable transmission of trust and value at a very low cost
bitcoin peer-to-peer network stores all transaction history in "blockchain". The blockchain continues to extend, and once new blocks are added to the blockchain, they will not be removed. Blockchain is actually a distributed database composed of a group of scattered client nodes and all participants, which is a record of all bitcoin transaction history. After bitcoin transaction data is packaged into a "data block" or "block", the transaction is initially confirmed. When a block is linked to a previous block, the transaction is further confirmed. After six block confirmations in a row, the transaction was irreversibly confirmed
blockchain is public on the network and can be queried in every offline bitcoin wallet data. The lightweight bitcoin wallet uses online confirmation, that is, it will not download the blockchain data to the device storage
digital currency is easy to be regarded as a new currency by traditional financial institutions, but in fact, the significance and value of its underlying technology is far greater than its monetary attribute. Taking bitcoin as an example, it is generally regarded as a kind of point-to-point digital currency, but from the technical level, it is actually a point-to-point decentralized network platform, which relies on the blockchain technology. Digital currency is a global peer-to-peer network platform based on blockchain technology. Represented by bitcoin, the application of blockchain in the field of digital currency is also known as blockchain 1.0 [1].