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Blockchain note No80
Publish: 2021-04-18 23:30:03
1. However, after the emergence of the computer and Internet, the status of paper is no longer unshakable
ten years ago, my article was written on a black notebook. Now, all the words in my mind are entered into notebook, becoming 0 and 1, which is the change
from the present point of view, the disadvantages of paper are too obvious:
not environmentally friendly
not easy to save
for paper, long-distance transmission is very troublesome (such as information transmission)
the cost is high
easy to modify and forge
when there is a better choice in front of me, if I don't use it, isn't it a loss for me
have you ever thought that one day we won't need paper for our money
you may say:
"yes, I use Alipay and online banking every day, and no paper is used. Is this not achieved?"
indeed, Alipay's payment system is to digitize paper currency and store it in a huge database, but after all, it still needs paper money. The central bank does not print banknotes. The figures in the bank database are not too outrageous. Do you say yes or no?
can we say that the amount of money in the bank account book is the amount of cash? Of course not, because of the existence of bank loans, credit cards and other procts, the number in the bank database will only be much larger than the amount of cash, and this account book is not open, and the specific data deviation is only known to a few people
is there any payment system that does not rely on paper money, has high transparency, and no one can tamper with it
not to mention, it's really possible. Why is it possible? It's just a relatively mature experiment (with a market value of US $5 billion). In 2007, Satoshi Nakamoto, an anonymous big God or organization, began to conceive a magic project. After more than a year of careful elaboration, Nakamoto completed the white paper of the project (bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, Chinese Name: bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system), In early 2009, the project was successfully launched
for the explanation of the principle of the system, I don't want to be a teacher here. For those who are interested, please refer to the information of the college channel or library. It's a very good place for you to understand these things
we just need to know that this e-cash system has nothing to do with paper. It is very transparent. Everyone can access and query this payment account book, and everyone can really control their own bookkeeping rights, that is, bitcoin token. As long as the Internet exists, someone is maintaining this account book (using mining machine operation), Then this kind of payment system can exist forever
well, you say it so well, this kind of system should be very popular, right? Of course not, because it is still in the experimental stage, there are still many defects in this kind of account book. For example, its token value fluctuates greatly, which is not suitable for pricing goods for the time being. For example, it has the problem of scalability. Maybe 100000 people use this system every day, and 10 million people use it to block and collapse. For example, it needs a lot of learning costs, People who don't have relevant knowledge are easy to lose money and so on. In short, there are a lot of problems
can we solve so many problems? Theoretically, it's very possible, because it's open source. Open source means that everyone can review and participate in improvement
of course, it's not to deceive you into buying bitcoin. This is not the purpose of my writing. Talking about bitcoin is just to introce a kind of technology, or an idea. What is it? In other words, blockchain (Chinese name is blockchain) is too popular now. Maybe you don't feel much about it at home. In foreign financial circles, it's no exaggeration to say that this word is the same as Dabao's advertising words
nowadays, foreign companies talk about "blockchain has the potential to subvert xxoo", which is like a common occurrence. Every once in a while, some giant set up a blockchain laboratory, and even the chief economist of the Bank of England raised the possibility of issuing national digital currency based on blockchain
we can't help asking, what is the basis of blockchain? What magic is driving or "deceiving" these institutions to lose their position for such a rising concept
blockchain originated from bitcoin. At present, the most successful blockchain is also bitcoin's blockchain. The reason why blockchain makes people reverie is that it has the characteristics of high transparency, unchangeable and no middleman
suppose I brainstorm and apply these features of blockchain to various applications in other instries, will it proce disruptive effects? Well, it's like now you have a new drug, which can cure all kinds of diseases in theory. Does that mean it's really suitable for treatment? You have to try, because you don't know the side effects! Now the blockchain is in such a stage. It seems to be able to cure all kinds of instries, but in fact it is only in the theoretical stage
when it comes to theory, I have to talk about it
first of all, what is the biggest difference between paper ledger and blockchain ledger
the former accounts by people, while the latter accounts by computer. Because people are too "smart", so bookkeeping is easy to be unexpected, and the efficiency is also very low, but computers are different, computers are "stupid", it is to act according to instructions, and the efficiency will be very high, there is also scalability. Ordinary database is a proct between paper account book and blockchain account book. It can save the system's partial dependence on human beings, but there are also problems in ordinary database. For example, it has access rights, such as the pension you pay. Can you know where they are going
therefore, companies, institutions or indivials with some ideas have gone to study blockchain technology.
ten years ago, my article was written on a black notebook. Now, all the words in my mind are entered into notebook, becoming 0 and 1, which is the change
from the present point of view, the disadvantages of paper are too obvious:
not environmentally friendly
not easy to save
for paper, long-distance transmission is very troublesome (such as information transmission)
the cost is high
easy to modify and forge
when there is a better choice in front of me, if I don't use it, isn't it a loss for me
have you ever thought that one day we won't need paper for our money
you may say:
"yes, I use Alipay and online banking every day, and no paper is used. Is this not achieved?"
indeed, Alipay's payment system is to digitize paper currency and store it in a huge database, but after all, it still needs paper money. The central bank does not print banknotes. The figures in the bank database are not too outrageous. Do you say yes or no?
can we say that the amount of money in the bank account book is the amount of cash? Of course not, because of the existence of bank loans, credit cards and other procts, the number in the bank database will only be much larger than the amount of cash, and this account book is not open, and the specific data deviation is only known to a few people
is there any payment system that does not rely on paper money, has high transparency, and no one can tamper with it
not to mention, it's really possible. Why is it possible? It's just a relatively mature experiment (with a market value of US $5 billion). In 2007, Satoshi Nakamoto, an anonymous big God or organization, began to conceive a magic project. After more than a year of careful elaboration, Nakamoto completed the white paper of the project (bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, Chinese Name: bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system), In early 2009, the project was successfully launched
for the explanation of the principle of the system, I don't want to be a teacher here. For those who are interested, please refer to the information of the college channel or library. It's a very good place for you to understand these things
we just need to know that this e-cash system has nothing to do with paper. It is very transparent. Everyone can access and query this payment account book, and everyone can really control their own bookkeeping rights, that is, bitcoin token. As long as the Internet exists, someone is maintaining this account book (using mining machine operation), Then this kind of payment system can exist forever
well, you say it so well, this kind of system should be very popular, right? Of course not, because it is still in the experimental stage, there are still many defects in this kind of account book. For example, its token value fluctuates greatly, which is not suitable for pricing goods for the time being. For example, it has the problem of scalability. Maybe 100000 people use this system every day, and 10 million people use it to block and collapse. For example, it needs a lot of learning costs, People who don't have relevant knowledge are easy to lose money and so on. In short, there are a lot of problems
can we solve so many problems? Theoretically, it's very possible, because it's open source. Open source means that everyone can review and participate in improvement
of course, it's not to deceive you into buying bitcoin. This is not the purpose of my writing. Talking about bitcoin is just to introce a kind of technology, or an idea. What is it? In other words, blockchain (Chinese name is blockchain) is too popular now. Maybe you don't feel much about it at home. In foreign financial circles, it's no exaggeration to say that this word is the same as Dabao's advertising words
nowadays, foreign companies talk about "blockchain has the potential to subvert xxoo", which is like a common occurrence. Every once in a while, some giant set up a blockchain laboratory, and even the chief economist of the Bank of England raised the possibility of issuing national digital currency based on blockchain
we can't help asking, what is the basis of blockchain? What magic is driving or "deceiving" these institutions to lose their position for such a rising concept
blockchain originated from bitcoin. At present, the most successful blockchain is also bitcoin's blockchain. The reason why blockchain makes people reverie is that it has the characteristics of high transparency, unchangeable and no middleman
suppose I brainstorm and apply these features of blockchain to various applications in other instries, will it proce disruptive effects? Well, it's like now you have a new drug, which can cure all kinds of diseases in theory. Does that mean it's really suitable for treatment? You have to try, because you don't know the side effects! Now the blockchain is in such a stage. It seems to be able to cure all kinds of instries, but in fact it is only in the theoretical stage
when it comes to theory, I have to talk about it
first of all, what is the biggest difference between paper ledger and blockchain ledger
the former accounts by people, while the latter accounts by computer. Because people are too "smart", so bookkeeping is easy to be unexpected, and the efficiency is also very low, but computers are different, computers are "stupid", it is to act according to instructions, and the efficiency will be very high, there is also scalability. Ordinary database is a proct between paper account book and blockchain account book. It can save the system's partial dependence on human beings, but there are also problems in ordinary database. For example, it has access rights, such as the pension you pay. Can you know where they are going
therefore, companies, institutions or indivials with some ideas have gone to study blockchain technology.
2. Government management
some countries have shown great interest in the blockchain technology of decentralized data management framework to store public data. For example, essentia is developing an e-government project with the Central Union of agricultural procers and forest owners in Finland, The project will apply blockchain technology to enable urban and rural residents in Finland to query various records, fully meet the needs of residents and employers, and improve the employment rate. In addition, the use of this technology can also improve the efficiency of government operation, so that residents can easily query ecation, public records, voting and other information
waste recycling
for example, an intelligent waste management system in China adopts the RFID technology of waltonchain company. Using this blockchain application of waltonchain, it can effectively monitor the waste level, so as to improve the management and operation efficiency and resource optimization
identity recognition
chug, a Swiss city known as "encryption Valley", has developed an identity authentication system with its partner uport by using blockchain technology, through which citizens can participate in online voting and proof of residence
border control
essentia has been in contact with the Dutch government, hoping to use its blockchain technology to establish a set of border inspection system for the Dutch government to check passengers between Amsterdam and London. At present, passengers of Eurostar high-speed rail between the two countries need to undergo border control checks at multiple locations. Essentia is working on a blockchain based solution that will securely store passenger data so that inspection records from the Netherlands can also be reviewed by UK Border agencies. Blockchain technology will ensure that the data has not been tampered with and is verifiable and accurate
health care
as we all know, medical records are very scattered and prone to errors. Inconsistent data processing process will make hospitals and clinics often forced to deal with some incorrect or incomplete patient records. For example, Medrec, a blockchain electronic medical record system developed by MIT, uses blockchain technology to promote data sharing. At the same time, it can also provide authentication and confidentiality services
enterprise management
as enterprise customers of Microsoft azure applications, they can make use of blockchain as a service (baas), which will enable enterprises to access smart contracts and blockchain applications in a secure hosting environment. According to media reports, Google is also developing a proprietary blockchain project to support its cloud based business. And alpha, Google's parent company, is developing a distributed accounting project that third parties will be able to use to store data related to Google's cloud services
medical data
medical centers that digitize patient records do not store data among multiple devices. They usually store data on centralized servers, which has become the main target of hackers. The wannacry attack on NHS hospital in the UK proves this. But in addition, even if the security risk is ignored, there is still the problem of fragmentation. At present, there are more than 50 different electronic medical record systems (EHR) operating in hospitals in different cities around the world, and there are usually dozens of different medical application systems in the same city. These independent systems can't perform interoperation, and the data of patients in each hospital can only be distributed in different data storage centers
in the case of patients' life and death, the lack of reliable medical data contrast and slow operation efficiency will be fatal. Essentia's application framework solves all these problems by using blockchain based system, which will store all clinical data of patients, and can access these data immediately regardless of geographical boundaries. In this system, the patient's medical record privacy can also be protected, and only the authorized medical personnel can access it in a specific period of time
Music Proction
one of the main advantages of blockchain technology is that it eliminates unnecessary middlemen or middlemen. The music instry is a typical example. In this instry, if artists are inefficient, they will get very low remuneration. At this time, a number of blockchain based projects have emerged to seek a fairer trading and business environment for music creators, such as artbit, a former gunshot rose drummer Matt Soren as director
carbon compensation
as a highly instrialized country, China's environmental change is huge. In March 2017, IBM and energy blockchain labs jointly launched the hyperledger fabric blockchain project to discover China's carbon assets, which not only creates a measurable and auditable system for tracking carbon emissions, but also provides a tradable market for companies seeking to offset energy consumption and stimulate green instrial practice
supply chain management
supply chain management is considered to be one of the better cases of applying blockchain, because it is very suitable for the express delivery of such goods from delivery to receipt or the whole process from manufacturer to store. IBM and Wal Mart have jointly launched a blockchain food safety alliance in China. The project is also jointly operated with Jingdong company, aiming to improve food delivery tracking and safety assurance, so as to make it easier to trace food safety issues
facts have proved that China is a mature experimental base for blockchain projects, and it is also the location of the world's first blockchain for agricultural procts (5.180, - 0.25, - 4.60%). Louis Dreyfus Co, a world-famous food trader, has established a blockchain technology project in cooperation with Dutch and French banks. Using this project technology, the transaction settlement is faster than traditional methods in the process of selling soybeans to China
diamond instry
De Beers Group, the world's most famous diamond company, has its own blockchain company and has started operation. Its purpose is to "establish a digital record for every diamond registered on the platform". Considering the origin of diamonds, the ethical standards of origin, and the risk of diamond quality, blockchain technology is a good choice, because every record of it is indelible, and it will ensure that the electronic data of each diamond is as permanent as itself
real estate transactions
currently, Ukraine is the first country to use blockchain technology to promote property transactions. Michael Arlington, the founder of techcrunch, a famous technology website and cryptocurrency player, remotely purchased and resold a real estate in Kiev through the smart contract of Ethereum blockchain. This transaction was completed by propy, a start-up company specializing in blockchain real estate transactions
fisheries
blockchain technology is now being used to support the development of sustainable fisheries. Illegal fishing is a common problem in this instry. The distributed ledger technology of blockchain provides a proof of the capture source, processing and sale mode. This "net to table" supply chain allows inspectors to determine whether the fish caught came from a human rights violation area or from a country affected by economic sanctions
art paintings
similar to diamond trading, the art instry relies on the provenance and authenticity of art works. Although the blockchain cannot identify whether a painting is an original or a fake, it can be used to prove the identity of the previous owner of the painting. In addition, blockchain technology is now also used as a means to obtain works of art. It can make tangible goods easily traded and exchanged anywhere in the world without physical transfer from a secure storage place
public facilities
in Freemantle, Australia, a project dedicated to distributed energy and water system management is using blockchain technology, and solar panels (3.340, - 0.06, - 1.76%) are being used in sunny areas to obtain electricity, which is then used to heat water and provide electricity, All these energy conversion and use information will be recorded in the blockchain data
in Chile, the National Energy Commission has started to use the blockchain technology as the verification of the country's energy use data, and some sensitive data will be stored in the blockchain. The application of this technology can be regarded as a means for the modernization and safe operation of power infrastructure in this South American country
LGBT rights
blockchain can help build a "pink economy" and help LGBT communities fight for their own rights without revealing people's identities. This is an extremely important issue, because crimes of discrimination against homosexual groups often occur, especially in countries notorious for human rights violations, Homosexuality is illegal, or at least not allowed
catastrophe bonds
catastrophe bonds may be the only hope for victims of earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural disasters. Blockchain allows fast and transparent reconciliation between the parties, and can ensure that the system can continue to operate normally even under unmanned operation. Now, blockchain has been successfully used in the settlement mechanism of catastrophe bonds
tourism
local institutions in Hawaii are studying how to use blockchain technology to improve the economy, such as opening bitcoin and other monetary payment means to facilitate tourists' transaction of local goods and services. In this way, the Hawaiian government hopes to attract tourists, especially those from Asia, to spend more money in the local area and improve the economic development of Hawaii
homeland security
in 2016, the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a project that will use blockchain technology as a means of secure storage and capture of data transmission. DHS uses Factom's blockchain technology to encrypt and store data captured by security cameras and other sensors. The application of this blockchain technology will greatly rece the risk of data leakage. At present, the project is still in progress
maritime transportation
it is self-evident that blockchain is used to record ship transportation data. At present, some local shipping projects have adopted distributed ledger technology. In the maritime logistics instry, blockchain technology can make the inevitable cumbersome management proceres in international trade more transparent and orderly. Maersk, one of the world's largest shippers, is a pioneer in the use of blockchain. Today, Yixing international shipping company Zim has also made follow-up use of blockchain technology.
some countries have shown great interest in the blockchain technology of decentralized data management framework to store public data. For example, essentia is developing an e-government project with the Central Union of agricultural procers and forest owners in Finland, The project will apply blockchain technology to enable urban and rural residents in Finland to query various records, fully meet the needs of residents and employers, and improve the employment rate. In addition, the use of this technology can also improve the efficiency of government operation, so that residents can easily query ecation, public records, voting and other information
waste recycling
for example, an intelligent waste management system in China adopts the RFID technology of waltonchain company. Using this blockchain application of waltonchain, it can effectively monitor the waste level, so as to improve the management and operation efficiency and resource optimization
identity recognition
chug, a Swiss city known as "encryption Valley", has developed an identity authentication system with its partner uport by using blockchain technology, through which citizens can participate in online voting and proof of residence
border control
essentia has been in contact with the Dutch government, hoping to use its blockchain technology to establish a set of border inspection system for the Dutch government to check passengers between Amsterdam and London. At present, passengers of Eurostar high-speed rail between the two countries need to undergo border control checks at multiple locations. Essentia is working on a blockchain based solution that will securely store passenger data so that inspection records from the Netherlands can also be reviewed by UK Border agencies. Blockchain technology will ensure that the data has not been tampered with and is verifiable and accurate
health care
as we all know, medical records are very scattered and prone to errors. Inconsistent data processing process will make hospitals and clinics often forced to deal with some incorrect or incomplete patient records. For example, Medrec, a blockchain electronic medical record system developed by MIT, uses blockchain technology to promote data sharing. At the same time, it can also provide authentication and confidentiality services
enterprise management
as enterprise customers of Microsoft azure applications, they can make use of blockchain as a service (baas), which will enable enterprises to access smart contracts and blockchain applications in a secure hosting environment. According to media reports, Google is also developing a proprietary blockchain project to support its cloud based business. And alpha, Google's parent company, is developing a distributed accounting project that third parties will be able to use to store data related to Google's cloud services
medical data
medical centers that digitize patient records do not store data among multiple devices. They usually store data on centralized servers, which has become the main target of hackers. The wannacry attack on NHS hospital in the UK proves this. But in addition, even if the security risk is ignored, there is still the problem of fragmentation. At present, there are more than 50 different electronic medical record systems (EHR) operating in hospitals in different cities around the world, and there are usually dozens of different medical application systems in the same city. These independent systems can't perform interoperation, and the data of patients in each hospital can only be distributed in different data storage centers
in the case of patients' life and death, the lack of reliable medical data contrast and slow operation efficiency will be fatal. Essentia's application framework solves all these problems by using blockchain based system, which will store all clinical data of patients, and can access these data immediately regardless of geographical boundaries. In this system, the patient's medical record privacy can also be protected, and only the authorized medical personnel can access it in a specific period of time
Music Proction
one of the main advantages of blockchain technology is that it eliminates unnecessary middlemen or middlemen. The music instry is a typical example. In this instry, if artists are inefficient, they will get very low remuneration. At this time, a number of blockchain based projects have emerged to seek a fairer trading and business environment for music creators, such as artbit, a former gunshot rose drummer Matt Soren as director
carbon compensation
as a highly instrialized country, China's environmental change is huge. In March 2017, IBM and energy blockchain labs jointly launched the hyperledger fabric blockchain project to discover China's carbon assets, which not only creates a measurable and auditable system for tracking carbon emissions, but also provides a tradable market for companies seeking to offset energy consumption and stimulate green instrial practice
supply chain management
supply chain management is considered to be one of the better cases of applying blockchain, because it is very suitable for the express delivery of such goods from delivery to receipt or the whole process from manufacturer to store. IBM and Wal Mart have jointly launched a blockchain food safety alliance in China. The project is also jointly operated with Jingdong company, aiming to improve food delivery tracking and safety assurance, so as to make it easier to trace food safety issues
facts have proved that China is a mature experimental base for blockchain projects, and it is also the location of the world's first blockchain for agricultural procts (5.180, - 0.25, - 4.60%). Louis Dreyfus Co, a world-famous food trader, has established a blockchain technology project in cooperation with Dutch and French banks. Using this project technology, the transaction settlement is faster than traditional methods in the process of selling soybeans to China
diamond instry
De Beers Group, the world's most famous diamond company, has its own blockchain company and has started operation. Its purpose is to "establish a digital record for every diamond registered on the platform". Considering the origin of diamonds, the ethical standards of origin, and the risk of diamond quality, blockchain technology is a good choice, because every record of it is indelible, and it will ensure that the electronic data of each diamond is as permanent as itself
real estate transactions
currently, Ukraine is the first country to use blockchain technology to promote property transactions. Michael Arlington, the founder of techcrunch, a famous technology website and cryptocurrency player, remotely purchased and resold a real estate in Kiev through the smart contract of Ethereum blockchain. This transaction was completed by propy, a start-up company specializing in blockchain real estate transactions
fisheries
blockchain technology is now being used to support the development of sustainable fisheries. Illegal fishing is a common problem in this instry. The distributed ledger technology of blockchain provides a proof of the capture source, processing and sale mode. This "net to table" supply chain allows inspectors to determine whether the fish caught came from a human rights violation area or from a country affected by economic sanctions
art paintings
similar to diamond trading, the art instry relies on the provenance and authenticity of art works. Although the blockchain cannot identify whether a painting is an original or a fake, it can be used to prove the identity of the previous owner of the painting. In addition, blockchain technology is now also used as a means to obtain works of art. It can make tangible goods easily traded and exchanged anywhere in the world without physical transfer from a secure storage place
public facilities
in Freemantle, Australia, a project dedicated to distributed energy and water system management is using blockchain technology, and solar panels (3.340, - 0.06, - 1.76%) are being used in sunny areas to obtain electricity, which is then used to heat water and provide electricity, All these energy conversion and use information will be recorded in the blockchain data
in Chile, the National Energy Commission has started to use the blockchain technology as the verification of the country's energy use data, and some sensitive data will be stored in the blockchain. The application of this technology can be regarded as a means for the modernization and safe operation of power infrastructure in this South American country
LGBT rights
blockchain can help build a "pink economy" and help LGBT communities fight for their own rights without revealing people's identities. This is an extremely important issue, because crimes of discrimination against homosexual groups often occur, especially in countries notorious for human rights violations, Homosexuality is illegal, or at least not allowed
catastrophe bonds
catastrophe bonds may be the only hope for victims of earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural disasters. Blockchain allows fast and transparent reconciliation between the parties, and can ensure that the system can continue to operate normally even under unmanned operation. Now, blockchain has been successfully used in the settlement mechanism of catastrophe bonds
tourism
local institutions in Hawaii are studying how to use blockchain technology to improve the economy, such as opening bitcoin and other monetary payment means to facilitate tourists' transaction of local goods and services. In this way, the Hawaiian government hopes to attract tourists, especially those from Asia, to spend more money in the local area and improve the economic development of Hawaii
homeland security
in 2016, the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a project that will use blockchain technology as a means of secure storage and capture of data transmission. DHS uses Factom's blockchain technology to encrypt and store data captured by security cameras and other sensors. The application of this blockchain technology will greatly rece the risk of data leakage. At present, the project is still in progress
maritime transportation
it is self-evident that blockchain is used to record ship transportation data. At present, some local shipping projects have adopted distributed ledger technology. In the maritime logistics instry, blockchain technology can make the inevitable cumbersome management proceres in international trade more transparent and orderly. Maersk, one of the world's largest shippers, is a pioneer in the use of blockchain. Today, Yixing international shipping company Zim has also made follow-up use of blockchain technology.
3.
1. Blockchain: it is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. According to the 2014-2016 global bitcoin Development Research Report issued by the Internet Finance Laboratory of Wukou School of finance, Tsinghua University and Sina Technology, blockchain is the underlying technology and infrastructure of bitcoin [2]. In essence, it is a decentralized database, as well as the underlying technology of bitcoin. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography. Each data block contains the information of a bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
2. Big data: refers to the data set that cannot be captured, managed and processed by conventional software tools within a certain period of time. It is a massive, high growth rate and diversified information asset that needs new processing mode to have stronger decision-making power, insight and discovery power and process optimization ability
4. At present, there are four main types of consensus mechanisms: pow, POS, dpos, pool
1. POW workload proof, which is familiar with mining, calculates a random number that meets the rules through and or operation, that is, obtains the bookkeeping right, sends out the data that needs to be recorded in this round, and stores it together with other nodes in the whole network after verification
advantages: complete decentralization, free access of nodes
disadvantages: bitcoin has attracted most of the computing power in the world, and other blockchain applications using POW consensus mechanism are difficult to obtain the same computing power to ensure their own security; Mining causes a lot of waste of resources; The period of reaching consensus is long, which is not suitable for commercial application.
2. Proof of rights and interests of POS, a mechanism of upgrading consensus of pow; According to the token proportion and time of each node; It can rece the difficulty of mining in equal proportion, so as to speed up the speed of finding random numbers< Advantages: to a certain extent, it shortens the time to reach a consensus
disadvantages: mining is still needed, which does not solve the pain point of commercial application in essence
3. Dpos share authorization certification mechanism is similar to the voting of the board of directors, in which the coin holders cast a certain number of nodes to verify and account on their behalf
advantages: greatly rece the number of participating verification and accounting nodes, which can achieve second level consensus verification
disadvantages: the whole consensus mechanism still depends on token, and many commercial applications do not need token to exist
4. Pool verification pool, which is based on traditional distributed consistency technology and data verification mechanism; It is a consensus mechanism widely used in the instry chain at present.
advantages: it can work without token, and realizes second level consensus verification on the basis of mature distributed consistency algorithms (pasox and raft)
disadvantages: the degree of decentralization is not as good as that of bictin; The multi center business model is more suitable for multi-party participation
it has great advantages in using consensus mechanism to ensure data consistency (the consensus mechanism is first proposed by ripple, and the network transaction synchronization mechanism with data correctness priority. In the consensus network, no matter how the software code changes, if you can't reach a consensus, you can't enter the network, let alone fork)
- - - - - - - -
PS: a little black, although the consensus mechanism can absolutely ensure that there will be no hard bifurcation at any time. However, the disadvantage of this mechanism is obvious, that is, it is much longer than the current bitcoin network to reach a consensus with other nodes. In extreme cases, the consequences of disconnection in ripple consensus mechanism network are also very terrible
it is possible that one day after the power failure in your home, the whole system will no longer be able to reach a consensus with other rippled nodes (in fact, the consensus mechanism requires more than 80% of the nodes to acknowledge your data before your submission will be accepted by other nodes, otherwise it will be rejected by exclusive nodes), Even you can only empty all your 500 GB data and resynchronize to connect to other ripple nodes
so at present, the existing rippled end is not suitable for civil use (if it is commercial, the impact is relatively small. For example, RL's own rippled node is hosted in Amazon cloud data center. If it has no response for a long time, it can make high claims, and there is almost no break in that place except for large disasters). This is one of the aspects RL has always wanted to improve.
1. POW workload proof, which is familiar with mining, calculates a random number that meets the rules through and or operation, that is, obtains the bookkeeping right, sends out the data that needs to be recorded in this round, and stores it together with other nodes in the whole network after verification
advantages: complete decentralization, free access of nodes
disadvantages: bitcoin has attracted most of the computing power in the world, and other blockchain applications using POW consensus mechanism are difficult to obtain the same computing power to ensure their own security; Mining causes a lot of waste of resources; The period of reaching consensus is long, which is not suitable for commercial application.
2. Proof of rights and interests of POS, a mechanism of upgrading consensus of pow; According to the token proportion and time of each node; It can rece the difficulty of mining in equal proportion, so as to speed up the speed of finding random numbers< Advantages: to a certain extent, it shortens the time to reach a consensus
disadvantages: mining is still needed, which does not solve the pain point of commercial application in essence
3. Dpos share authorization certification mechanism is similar to the voting of the board of directors, in which the coin holders cast a certain number of nodes to verify and account on their behalf
advantages: greatly rece the number of participating verification and accounting nodes, which can achieve second level consensus verification
disadvantages: the whole consensus mechanism still depends on token, and many commercial applications do not need token to exist
4. Pool verification pool, which is based on traditional distributed consistency technology and data verification mechanism; It is a consensus mechanism widely used in the instry chain at present.
advantages: it can work without token, and realizes second level consensus verification on the basis of mature distributed consistency algorithms (pasox and raft)
disadvantages: the degree of decentralization is not as good as that of bictin; The multi center business model is more suitable for multi-party participation
it has great advantages in using consensus mechanism to ensure data consistency (the consensus mechanism is first proposed by ripple, and the network transaction synchronization mechanism with data correctness priority. In the consensus network, no matter how the software code changes, if you can't reach a consensus, you can't enter the network, let alone fork)
- - - - - - - -
PS: a little black, although the consensus mechanism can absolutely ensure that there will be no hard bifurcation at any time. However, the disadvantage of this mechanism is obvious, that is, it is much longer than the current bitcoin network to reach a consensus with other nodes. In extreme cases, the consequences of disconnection in ripple consensus mechanism network are also very terrible
it is possible that one day after the power failure in your home, the whole system will no longer be able to reach a consensus with other rippled nodes (in fact, the consensus mechanism requires more than 80% of the nodes to acknowledge your data before your submission will be accepted by other nodes, otherwise it will be rejected by exclusive nodes), Even you can only empty all your 500 GB data and resynchronize to connect to other ripple nodes
so at present, the existing rippled end is not suitable for civil use (if it is commercial, the impact is relatively small. For example, RL's own rippled node is hosted in Amazon cloud data center. If it has no response for a long time, it can make high claims, and there is almost no break in that place except for large disasters). This is one of the aspects RL has always wanted to improve.
5. Bitcoin blockchain is a bitcoin blockchain? No, the block stores the transaction. In the early stage, you will get a coin if you successfully build a block. In the later stage, you can only get the fees paid by the exchange. A currency is a string of digital signatures. It is a digital signature sent by the last owner to the receiver. Everyone can see who owns the currency from the transaction
does each node have complete blockchain data? You mean a user node? A user node needs to keep the of the block head of the longest workload proof chain, so it knows the data of all the block heads. It can move forward to know all the data on the block chain, but not all of them are saved. A block header is very small, only 80 bytes, which can be saved completely, because the generation of nodes is very slow. Even with the passage of time, the amount is not too large now.
does each node have complete blockchain data? You mean a user node? A user node needs to keep the of the block head of the longest workload proof chain, so it knows the data of all the block heads. It can move forward to know all the data on the block chain, but not all of them are saved. A block header is very small, only 80 bytes, which can be saved completely, because the generation of nodes is very slow. Even with the passage of time, the amount is not too large now.
6. Since blockchain will become the future development trend, blockchain technology has its own advantages over traditional technology
1. Decentralization
the core advantage of blockchain technology is that it does not need a traditional centralized organization, and does not rely on the point-to-point transaction, coordination and cooperation of a credit center in the distributed system, so as to avoid the common problems of data security, collaborative efficiency and risk control of centralized organizations
2. High security
in blockchain technology, data is difficult to tamper with. Anyone can access the database that records transactions. In this transparent and open mode, everyone can act as a supervisor. We can see at a glance what changes have taken place in the data, which is more secure than traditional technology
3. More reliable
the blockchain technology is connected by multiple nodes in different places. The nodes in the blockchain interact through the point-to-point communication protocol. Under the condition of ensuring the consistency of the communication protocol, different nodes can be processed by different developers using different programming languages and different versions of the whole node
in short, when a node encounters network problems, hardware failures, software errors or is controlled by hackers, the operation of other participating nodes and systems will not be affected
therefore, blockchain is more reliable than traditional technology
therefore, I firmly believe that the application of blockchain must be the development trend in the future.
1. Decentralization
the core advantage of blockchain technology is that it does not need a traditional centralized organization, and does not rely on the point-to-point transaction, coordination and cooperation of a credit center in the distributed system, so as to avoid the common problems of data security, collaborative efficiency and risk control of centralized organizations
2. High security
in blockchain technology, data is difficult to tamper with. Anyone can access the database that records transactions. In this transparent and open mode, everyone can act as a supervisor. We can see at a glance what changes have taken place in the data, which is more secure than traditional technology
3. More reliable
the blockchain technology is connected by multiple nodes in different places. The nodes in the blockchain interact through the point-to-point communication protocol. Under the condition of ensuring the consistency of the communication protocol, different nodes can be processed by different developers using different programming languages and different versions of the whole node
in short, when a node encounters network problems, hardware failures, software errors or is controlled by hackers, the operation of other participating nodes and systems will not be affected
therefore, blockchain is more reliable than traditional technology
therefore, I firmly believe that the application of blockchain must be the development trend in the future.
7.
The first is the equipment level
the equipment level of adverse water cold is from low to high: white yellow green blue red purple orange
the equipment parts that belong to attack category are: weapons, necklaces, rings, bracelets
the equipment parts that belong to defense category are: helmets, clothes, shoes, belts, hand protectors Wristbands
among them, bracelets, necklaces and wristbands cannot be strengthened
[relationship between the number of equipment entries and grade]
Blue equipment can have 2-4 entries
Red equipment can have 3-5 entries
purple equipment can have 4-6 entries
Law of heavy section of equipment 1 [Law of heavy section of equipment parts]
equipment heavy forging of two identical parts, 100% get the same part
Ring + ring = ring
two different parts of equipment re forging, The two parts are 50%
knife + shoes = 50% knife / 50% shoes
Law of heavy section of equipment 2 [rule of heavy section of number of entries]
number of entries: depending on the quality of two heavy section equipment
purple + purple (heavy section): number of entries = 4-6
Red + Red (heavy section): number of entries = 3-5
Blue + blue (heavy section): number of entries = 2-4
Red + purple (heavy section) : number of entries = 3-6
Blue + purple (heavy segment): number of entries = 3-5
Blue + Red (heavy segment): number of entries = 2-5
Law of heavy segment of equipment 3 [Law of heavy segment of equipment level]
level 60 + level 60 (heavy forging) = level 60
level 50 + level 60 (heavy segment) = probability level 50 / low probability level 60
two pieces of equipment differ by more than 12 levels, The level of the newly synthesized equipment will be higher than that of the original low-level equipment and lower than that of the original high-level equipment; You can use this method to upgrade the equipment level
Law of heavy section of equipment 4 [Law of heavy section of equipment quality]
Red + Red = red
Red + Purple = probable rate red / small probability purple
Red + blue = probable rate Blue / small probability red
purple + blue = red
Blue + refined purple = red / common Purple / minimum probability refined purple
popular science of concept
[washing entry]
suppose that equipment a has entry 1 + entry 2, and equipment B has entry 3 + entry 4, Equipment a + equipment B will become equipment C (the entry of equipment C will become a random combination of entry 1 to entry 4)
[control variable method to wash equipment]
if entry 1 of equipment a is what we want, entry 2 is what we don't want; If we want entry 3, we need to find a piece of equipment (dog food) with the same part, the same level and the same level of entry 3 to match with the equipment a; There is a chance to synthesize a piece of equipment with both entry 1 and entry 3
control other variables unchanged, only change the entry, then wash the entry; Similarly, control other variables unchanged, only change the level, it is called wash level
entry washing case:
8. QQ coin is a kind of virtual currency issued by Tencent in order to facilitate users to purchase the virtual goods and services it provides. Its official price is: 1q coin = 1 yuan. However, if the amount of recharge is large, there will be a certain amount of discount on some recharge platforms
it should be noted that this is the recharge price. If it's selling q-coin, because q-coin recycling is now done by some third-party platforms, there will be a certain cost. Therefore, the recovery price of Q coin is generally lower than the recharge price, remember!
it should be noted that this is the recharge price. If it's selling q-coin, because q-coin recycling is now done by some third-party platforms, there will be a certain cost. Therefore, the recovery price of Q coin is generally lower than the recharge price, remember!
9.
In 2014, Barry Silbert, founder of secondmarket, separated the bitcoin investment fund from the original company and established grayscale investments
in 2015, gray investment company was merged into the newly established digital currency group (DCG). DCG is not only focused on digital currency and blockchain investment, but also an incubator for start-ups. In addition to gray investment company, DCG also has two subsidiaries, namely, genesis, a cryptocurrency OTC broker, coindesk, a blockchain news and information website, and more than 150 other blockchain companies / projects invested
after years of development, gray investment company has become the largest cryptocurrency asset management company in the world, and its cryptocurrency trust scale has reached US $2.58 billion
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extended information:
in 2013, Barry Silbert, the founder, convinced the board of directors of secondmarket company to set up a bitcoin investment fund called bitcoin investment trust, which is the predecessor of gray scale bitcoin trust. It was not until September 2017 that gray investment's bitcoin trust fund began to grow explosively
it has become the largest bitcoin investment trust in the world, with more than 408500 bitcoins, nearly 2% of the total. In addition to bitcoin trust funds, gray investment company also launched BCH, ETH, etc, horizon, LTC, XLM, XRP and Zec trust funds, as well as grayscale digital large capital fund with mainstream currencies. Gray investment company's cryptocurrency trust procts provide convenience for institutional users to purchase cryptocurrency
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