Skystone blockchain

1.

1. The characteristics of Buddha statues in the period of Sixteen Kingdoms are as follows:

most of them are gold and copper Buddha statues, and most of them are bronze. The head of Buddha statues is a high bun with hair binding style, while the small Buddha statues are mostly polished bun with no hair pattern; Most of the large Buddha statues are divided into tresses with grouped hair patterns. The Buddha's seat is generally a simple quadrangle or a four legged waist bound Xumi seat

2. The characteristics of Buddha statues in the Northern Wei Dynasty:

the head is mostly polished or divided into grain bun, the face is square and round, but slightly thin, the forehead is wide, and the big eyes are long. Wearing a through shoulder or right shoulder overcoat, it is symmetrically distributed in U-shape or V-shape with deep lines. The Buddha statues are either sitting or standing on a four legged pedestal, and the backlight is mostly lotus petal shaped

3. The features of Buddha statues in the Northern Qi Dynasty are as follows:

the face is plump, the face is slightly long, the facial features are soft, the head bun is gentle, most of them are not carved with hair patterns, even if there are light carved spiral hair patterns. The upper part of the body is mostly made up of monks, while the outer part of the body is made up of double rooms. The lower part of the body is made up of skirts. The clothes are light and light, and the lines are simple. At this time, most of the Buddha statues had light clothing patterns, and most of the standing statues had a flat body, with the abdomen protruding forward from the side

4. The characteristics of Buddha statues in the Northern Zhou Dynasty are as follows:

the head is long, the legs are short, the body is short and strong, and it is slightly bulky. The lines are simple and smooth. The overall proportion of the Buddha is out of balance, the body is plump and solid, and the posture is simple and rigid. At this time, the wreaths, flowers and silk pieces were thick and plump, deep and vertical, and the details were carved

5. Features of Sui Dynasty Buddha statues:

abundant, full and round face, slender eyebrows, straight nose, clear lip line, large head, short lower body, slightly out of proportion, and stout figure. The posture is relatively rigid, the shape is slightly rigid, lacking the elegant dynamic beauty. Buddha head meat bun, snail hair; Most Bodhisattvas wear wreaths, whose wreaths are thick and droop to their knees, and their girdles and silks droop to both sides

6. Features of Tang Dynasty Buddha statues:

plump face, head with spiral or wavy hairstyle, bun is higher than Sui Dynasty, big ears drooping, solemn and kind. The body proportion is symmetrical, the structure is reasonable, the posture is plump, full. The pattern of the clothes is smooth, and the pleats of the lower body hang in front of the seat like tablecloth, which has the characteristics of the times. Gilt red, with the characteristics of the times

7. The features of Buddha statues in song, Liao and Jin Dynasties are as follows:

the face is plump, the forehead is wide, the face is dignified and beautiful, and the expression is loving and peaceful. The top of the Buddha's head is a bun with snail style hairstyle, but the bun tends to be flat, and the bun bead between the bun and the snail hair is more obvious. Arhat statues have a strong realism and perfect characterization. The posture is casual and lively, full of personality, with the style of the times

8. Features of Liao Dynasty Buddha statues:

the bun of Buddha statues is relatively low and flat, and there are many bun beads in the center of snail hair. The lotus petals are plump, the tip of which is slightly tilted outward, and the lower layer is mostly three-layer step shape or bent lotus; Square, round and six flowered mouth shapes are popular in the plane of the Buddha seat. The cloth on the square platform is semicircular in the middle and triangular on both sides, showing an obvious tendency of patterning

9. The characteristics of the Buddha statues in Yuan Dynasty:

the Bodhisattva's upper body is exposed, and the Yingluo is worn on his chest, and the grains of Yingluo are large; The lower body is wearing a skirt, and the pattern is simple. The face is inverted trapezoid with compact facial features, which is characteristic of Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, the statues of Buddhas with long waists and charming postures, and the Bodhisattvas with high breasts and rich buttocks, have the style of bhara Dynasty statues in India

10. Features of Ming Dynasty Buddha statues:

the figure is relatively symmetrical and harmonious, the clothes are light and close to the body, the lines are flowing and soft, and the pleats turn freely. The Bodhisattva has a wide shoulder and thin waist, revealing his upper body. His body is graceful, S-shaped, with delicate and complicated ornaments. The leaves of Baoguan are hollow, and the middle leaves are crescent shaped, which is characteristic of Ming Dynasty

the pedestal is a waist type inverted rosette with wide shape, wide and fat petals, symmetrically distributed in a week, with typical characteristics of the times. Detailed performance is more full, the edge of the clothing is carved with fine patterns, which are commonly used in the late sculpture. Jiayi and tiaojia silk tapers are more realistic and vivid, which is a common feature of Ming Dynasty statues

11. Features of Qing Dynasty Buddha statues:

the face is round and plump, the forehead is wide, the facial features are exquisite, and the eyes are vivid. There are many Han style clothes with radial patterns, vivid folds and wide silk. The bottom edge of the rosette is obviously turned out, the petals are regular, and the petals are flat. Striking one snag after another, the Tara eye liner is a wide range of features. p>

extended materials:

Indian Buddhism began to spread from India to China, and after long-term spread and development, it formed Chinese Buddhism with Chinese national characteristics. Due to the differences in time, way, region, national culture and social and historical background, Chinese Buddhism has formed three major families, namely, Chinese Buddhism (Chinese), Tibetan Buddhism (Tibetan language) and Theravada Buddhism (Pali Language) in Yunnan

the characteristic of Chinese Buddhism is that Mahayana and Hinayana coexist, and Buddhism (Buddhism) and Buddhism (Buddhism) coexist. Strictly speaking, Buddhism originated in Nepal, developed in China, and spread as far as Japan and South Korea

However, Buddhism disappeared in India around 800-900 AD e to the exclusion of Hinism and Islam. China, which can retain and develop Buddhism, has become the real hometown of Buddhism in today's world

the main feature of Chinese Buddhism is "Popular Buddhism", while Yunnan, a neighboring country with the prevalence of "Theravada Buddhism", inherits the same "Theravada Buddhism" as Thailand. The Han nationality in mainland China mainly believes in "Popular Buddhism". The ethnic minorities in Northwest China mainly believe in esoteric Buddhism

2. Chunqiu Jing, also known as Linjing or Linshi, is one of the "Six Classics" in ancient Chinese Confucian classics The spring and Autumn Annals originally refer to the annals of various countries in the pre Qin period, but they are not handed down to later generations. This book records the history from 722 BC to 481 BC of Lu AI Gong, and it is also the earliest existing annals and historical prose collection in China. As a chronicle of the state of Lu, it was revised by Confucius
the original version of the spring and Autumn Annals has more than 18000 words, while the existing version has only 16000 words. In the language is very concise, word order. Because the writing is too simple and difficult for later generations to understand, the works of interpretation appeared one after another, explaining and explaining the records in the book, which is called "Zhuan". Among them, Zuo Qiuming's Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan, gongyanggao's Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan and Gu Liangchi's Chunqiu Guliang Zhuan are listed in the Confucian classics. At present, the original text of spring and Autumn Annals is generally incorporated into Zuozhuan as "Jing", and the new content of Zuozhuan as "Zhuan".

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4. Sacred pearl

sacred Turquoise sacred Turquoise

sappeiros saffiros

sappeironite (safronite) Topaz with Citrine

sagathai

sagda

sagenite rutile, rutile

sagenitic quartz rutile, Rutile quartz and sagenite

sahlite (salite) diopside

Saint Edward & # 39; S Sapphire saint, Edward sapphire

sakal Saar, amber

Salamanca topaz, Salamanca Topaz and Hinojosa Topaz

Salam stone, Sapphire

Salis gem (Salis Gemma) Moonstone

salt water pearl

samadiam Pearl samadin pearl

samarskite niobium yttrium ore

sancy Sangxi

sandaserion placer and Aventurine

sandastras heliolite, According to the results of the study, we found that the content of Rhodonite is lower than that of sandastros

Sanders grinding plate

sanderes green placer

sanding medium grinding, Sand grinding

sand pearl

sandstone opal sandstone opal

sandy SARD sand spot flesh red chalcedony

sangenon sangqinong opal

sanidine sanidine diorthosite

Saphir D & 39; Eau Aqua sapphire

saponite

sapphire carapace fifth stone

sapphire sapphire

sapphire quartz is also known as sapphire, siderite

sapphire spinel sapphire spinel

sapphire in pseudo sapphire

sapphiros (sapphirus, The red chalcedony of saramoyd is the same as that of carnelian, SARD

sardachate is the same as that of SARD, Carnelian Agate

sardine red chalcedony is the same as Carnelian

sardium coloration chalcedony

sardium (sardion) flesh red chalcedony, carapace gem

sardoine red chalcedony, red Onyx is the same as SARD, Sardonyx

sardonychus red Onyx

Sardonyx red Onyx, Sarin stained chalcedony

Satelite serpentine cat's eye with serpentine cat * s eye

Satin spar fiber gypsum, fiber calcite, fiber feldspar

saussurite altered plagioclase, sodium tetrahedrite

SAUTOIR Sutor

sawing, sawing, cutting, Open film

Saxon olivine topaqz with chrysolite topaqz

Saxon chrysolite Saxon olivine

Saxony diamond diamond

Scafe grinding plate

scapolite pillared


scarab beetle, Scarab

landscape agate and landscape agate

scepterz qurtx Wanghu quartz

scheelite scheelite scheelite

schettler emerald Setra emerald

schield shield type


Schiller chrysolite olive gemstone


Schiller quartz

Schiller spar sericite

schmelze glass simmolds glass

schnide Blue Opal

schorl (Shore) black tourmaline, black tourmaline, Ferroelectrics

schorlamite (SCHORLOMITE) titanium garnet

scientific brilliant synthesis sapphire

scientific scientific synthetic emerald green / > artificial gem GEMS / > Ph. D. imitation Ruby pun / > Ph. D. imitation Sapphire / / > Topaz man-made / /
scientillation flash

scissors cut cross type

scoop stone spoon stone
> Scotland Zi pebble stone / / > > Scotland small pebble /
> Green / Blue Sapphire / > > sepiolite.

sea stone

seal cut seal ring

seal sapphire fire sapphire

sea opal band opal

seaweed agate


second by secondary yellow diamond

second Cape secondary open diamond


Seed Pearl sesame bead


s Ehta cobaltite

selenita Moonstone

selenite diopside

selenites glacial feldspar with alaria Moonstone

serine sphene

semi bastard amber, Bone amber

semi carneleon semi chalcedony

semi Carnelian semi red chalcedony

semi navette semi mine type

semi opal

semi precious stone

semi translucent translucent

semi transparent

semi Turquoise semi turquoise, Semi Turkish jade

senalle chips

minerals opal

sepiolite Haicang stone

serpentine serpentine

SERPENTINE CAT & 39; S eye serpentine opal

serpentine jade and bowenite

serpentine marble

Serra points Amethyst

Serra stone

setter

setting edge bag à， Inlay à<

Shah Shah diamond

Shamir

shank ring leg

shank pearl Peach Pearl

sharps Bay pearl

sharp pointed à Diamond

shattukite chalrite

the eighth stone of shebo (shebho)

Sheffield plate Sheffield procts

shell agate

shell Cat & 39; S eye shell opal

Shell Cameo shell relief

shell cut shell type

shell marble

shell opal

hermist Amethyst

shepherd & 39; S Stone Diamond shepherd diamond

shield

shimmer Malachite

Shoham breastplate 11th

shot bort high hardness round diamond

Shoushan Stone

Siam Ruby

Siam Aquamarine

Siam Ruby

Siam Ruby />
Siam sapphire

Siam zircon

Siberian Amethyst

Siberian Aquamarine

Siberian diamond

Siberian emerald West Belian emerald

Siberian garnet

< br/ > Siberian jade Siberia jade

Siberian Lapis Siberia lapis lazuli

Siberian ruby Siberia ruby
> Siberia Siberia Topaz / / > > Siberia Siberia Bi / / > > red tourmaline / / / / > >
siderite Blue Quartz

sideritis diamond

siegstein (siegstone) victory stone

Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone diamond

signet ring signature ring

silica quartz, Chert

silica glass

silica Malachite

silica sinter

silicified wood

silk luster of silk

sillimanite, sillimanite

silimanite Cat & 39; S eye sillimanite cat's eye

Silver Pearl

Silver caps silver drill 1cilver peak jade

Silver Stone

simav opal (simav stone, Simon, Simao stone), Simalite high oxygen amber

simili lead glass gemstone

simpl (single Cabochon) single arc surface type

simulated pearl imitation gemstone

simulated stone imitation gemstone

sinal Turquoise Sinai Turquoise

single bevel cut single slope surface type

single cut brilliant single multi surface type It is a member of polyhedral type

single refraction

sinhalite bauxite

Sinkiang jade (Xinjang jade) Xinjiang jade

single refraction í Ferroquartz

Sioux Falls Jasper sapphire

sirjiam Oriental garnet

siriam garnet Oriental garnet

six face type

sixteen corner type à Type

SKIF grinding disc

skew faces, cross faces

SKIF grinding disc

skill faces, 3 à Surface

pearl surface, pearl skin

skinning peeled pearl

skystone, meteorite

slave diamond

slitting cutting, Cutting

slitting wheel cutter

Slocum glass Slocum glass

slugs pearly block

smaaltite cobaltite

smaragdi emerald

smaragdi of Egypt emerald

smaragdi of Scythia Cynthia emerald

smaragdine emerald

smaragdite green Stone, à Amphibole, pyroxene type of

smaragdolin Emerald Glass


smoky opal smoke opal
smoky quartz crystal / / > smoke topaz, smoky yellow crystal. Smoky Topaz

snail stone

Soapstone

sobrisky opal soblesky opal

socondium Greek medicine stone

soda jade, Sodium jadeite

sodalite sodalite

solder alloy

soldered emerald combined with emerald

soldering solder

solder & 39; S Stone

solid gold í Gold, pure gold

Solis Gemma ice feldspar

Solitaire single gem ring

Solomon & # 39; S gem Solomon emerald

Somondoco emerald somondco emerald

Soochow jade (Suzhou jade)

South African jade South African nephrite

South a