Global public offering of blockchain projects
blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
extended data
according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:
1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain
2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain
3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain
alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain
blockchain features
1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain
2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention
4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes
5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously
DTCC is a clearing house in the United States, which processes billions of dollars of transactions every year. The global credit card processing network visa is only one of the most well-known pilot projects carried out by non banks. That is to say, some financial sectors are certainly more active than others
major stock and commodity exchanges can be said to be the most active institutions participating in blockchain experiments. For example, NASDAQ, a major U.S. stock exchange provider, even released its own blockchain trading model last fall. This program, called LINQ, can trade and track the shares of private companies. NASDAQ has positioned it as an early experiment of blockchain technology to expand the scope of major stock trading and even the scope of new asset classes< br />Blockchain_ Stock exchanges
although the subtle areas are more different, the 10 major stock and commodity exchanges in the world have shown interest in blockchain technology. In this article, we will give you a detailed introction:
1. Australian Stock Exchange (ASX)
when it comes to the application of blockchain technology, ASX is definitely one of the most ambitious companies. In January, ASX invested more than US $10 million in digital asset holdings, a start-up company in the instry, as part of its R & D activities
at the same time of investment, ASX also revealed that it will not only conct technical tests, but also establish a new post transaction settlement system, which will be developed by digital asset through the use of distributed general ledger structure
however, since January this year, the update progress of the project on the Australian Stock Exchange may have been overshadowed by controversy. In March this year, the Australian news media began to speculate that although the Australian Stock Exchange has reiterated its support for the experiment, the blockchain project may also be in doubt with the premature resignation of Elmer Funke Kupper, the chief executive of the Australian Stock Exchange< CME Group is one of the founders of "post trade distributed ledger working group". At present, CME Group has carried out very positive actions in the instry through its investment department CME ventures
CME Group is unique among its peers. It has been pursuing a diversified investment strategy across instries. It has successively invested in ripple, a distributed accounting start-up company, digital currency group and digital asset holdings. Beyond that, however, CME Group has yet to speak publicly about its actions in technology and the wider instry< br />3.Deutsche B� 0� 2rse
Deutsche B & 65533, the operator of Frankfurt Stock Exchange in Germany; 0� 2rse, another participant on the list, also participated in the $60 million financing of digital asset holdings in January< However, unlike its joint investor ASX, Deutsche B & 65533; 0� 2rse expresses less support for technology
in an interview in February this year, Deutsche B & 65533; 0� 2rse said it is concting a proof of concept for the technology, although it has not released any survey or test results
4. Du multi commodity trading center
in the Middle East, blockchain related activities are relatively rare, and this situation has continued until the recent opening of the global blockchain Council. With 32 members, the global blockchain Council is a group of start-ups, financial companies and technology giants to monitor the application of technology and its impact
based on these members, Du multi Commodities Center is a special economic zone and commodity circulation center responsible for supervising the trading of precious metals and other tangible commodities
DMCC announced in February that it is engaged in a technology experiment with bitoasis, a bitcoin start-up company, to explore how blockchain technology can improve its personnel's entry process< JPX is one of the most active stock market operators in Asia. In February, JPX announced its interest in the instry and has formed an alliance with IBM to become a user of blockchain-as-a-service (baas)
at that time, relevant reports said that the Japanese exchange group was concting a proof of concept study on the role of blockchain technology in creating a new low liquidity asset trading system, and the final results would be published in a report later this year
earlier this month, the Japanese stock exchange group also announced that it is working with the Nomura Research Institute (NRI) to test how technology can be applied to the stock market< Korea exchange is the only stock exchange in South Korea and one of the new entrants to this list. It announced in February that it will strive to launch a counter trading platform through blockchain technology
in a statement to the local news media, Korea Exchange said it hoped the technology would help rece costs. Details of the trial and the company's participation in the group were not released
7. London Stock Exchange (LSE)
LSE is one of the founders of "post trade distributed ledger working group". When it comes to experiments on blockchain technology, LSE is one of the most dynamic and low-key institutions
the London Stock Exchange is one of the largest groups to follow the steps of R3, a start-up company, and it is the first to say that large financial companies will seek to use cooperation mode to conct blockchain testing, which is beyond the framework of R3
since then, some large financial companies have begun to participate in private proof of concept and operation in certain areas of capital markets involving all parties
in addition, like Kouvola innovation and Japan exchange group, London Stock Exchange is one of the initial customers of IBM's blockchain-as-a-service (baas)
8. NASDAQ
when it comes to testing blockchain technology, NASDAQ is probably the most active organization. Nasdaq, the US stock market operator, launched LINQ, a private equity trading platform for the first time in 2015, and thus became the first financial institution to conct a proof of concept of blockchain. At present, the platform is still in the testing stage
in addition, NASDAQ has reached a cooperation with chain, a blockchain solution provider, and allowed its internal experts to talk openly about blockchain technology
in 2016, NASDAQ continued this momentum. More recently, it has revealed that it is working with Estonia's NASDAQ OMX Tallinn stock exchange to conct a trial to use blockchain technology to rece obstacles to shareholder voting
9. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
NYSE is one of the first companies interested in the instry. In 2015, NYSE issued two important statements, both of which are related to bitcoin
in January 2015, NYSE invested in coinbase, a bitcoin service company, as part of its round C financing. At that time, Jeffrey sprecher, chairman of NYSE, said the investment showed confidence in the fact that the millennials would widely use digital currency. He described the millennials as having a more progressive view of value exchange
in May, NYSE will continue to launch bitcoin price index, which will become a competitor of coindesk's bitcoin price index (BPI), which is based on the trading data of coinbase trading platform
10. TMX group
TMX group, the operator of Toronto Stock Exchange, has not clearly expressed its opinions on blockchain technology
however, with Anthony di Iorio (one of the co founders of Ethereum) employed as the organization's first chief digital technology officer, TMX also publicly expressed its interest in blockchain technology for the first time in March this year. Next generation network has become one of the most important blockchain applications in the eyes of the public after the proct release in March
nevertheless, TMX group has indicated that it is in the early stage of generating blockchain strategy, and it may conct technical testing soon
The ranking of exchanges on
non trumpets is shown in the figure, which changes every day
Blockchain is the general trend of the tuyere project, but when choosing blockchain projects, we must shine our eyes and find a team with technology, application and real down-to-earth work. Otherwise, it may come to nothing, because since it is a trend, naturally there are a lot of speculation and fraud projects
here, we mainly introce utispace, the first blockchain distributed storage project with perfect technology and real application in the world
investment highlights
a brief introction to utispace: is 5g coming? Have big data, artificial intelligence, wearable devices, Internet of things and AI entered our lives? Is the phone running out of memory
stuck
the high-speed information flow inevitably needs infinite storage space, but the current storage space is never enough
for example, the storage space of 4G mobile phone determines the price of mobile phone, but what about 5g mobile phone? More to 10 times the demand for 4G space storage, the price will be expensive
where there is demand, there is market. In the past, we need to build a big data storage base station for big data storage. The cost is very high. It costs 10 billion yuan at any time, and the security is very low (the base station will be hot and prone to fire and earthquake, what should we do? If hackers attack all data, they will be paralyzed). In addition, no matter how big the base station is, its storage capacity is limited, and it can never meet the demand of doubling the amount of data generated by the market, resulting in a large number of useful data homeless. At present, 67% of the data has been deleted, which is a great loss
so who can solve the data storage with large storage, high security, low cost and low energy consumption
today, the decentralized distributed storage space of China's own brand utispace, together with the digital pulse chain Laboratory of Zhejiang University, has solved this worldwide problem. Thus, it takes the lead in occupying the big cake of distributed data storage
Singapore blockchain ICO company
according to the analysis of market results, at present, 70% of the companies registered in Singapore are public companies, and 30% are private limited companies in particular, there is no legal entity in Singapore called "foundation". What we usually call registered Singapore foundation refers to the type of public company Singapore public company: 1. Independent legal entity
3. No shares or share capital
4; Articles of association) to clarify the upper limit of each member's liability
Non profit: initially, it was mainly for non-profit organizations6
the company needs at least 2 company officials. At least one director must be Singaporean or permanent resident (Bajie can provide)
Singapore private limited company:
1. At least one shareholder and at most 50 shareholders can be natural persons and companies
2. At least one local director and one legal secretary (not the same person, Bajie can provide them)
3. Limited liability4
Three years before the establishment of the company, the profits of the first 100000 Singapore dollars are exempt from corporate tax, the tax rate of the company within 300000 Singapore dollars is 8.5%, and the tax rate of the part exceeding 300000 Singapore dollars is 17%is Singapore blockchain ICO a public company or a private limited company? What are the conditions
registration conditions and fees of Singapore public company:
1. Company Name: English only, company type is public guarantee limited company, ending with Ltd. or limited
Registered capital: there is no registered capital, but each member will pay in S $13. Members of directors: the requirements of directors are the same as those of ordinary companies, but there are no shareholders
Registered address: Bajie can provide Business scope: at most 2 main business activities can be selected (generally computer software, network, information technology, etc.) Legal secretary of the company: Bajie can provideregistration time: 4-6 weeks
registration conditions and fees of Singapore private limited company:
1. Company Name: English only, company type is private limited company, ending with PTE. Ltd
2. Registered capital: there is no need to verify the capital. The minimum is S $1, the maximum is S $500000, and the annual fee of Singapore business alliance is required
3. Directors and shareholders: at least one scanning of passport + ID card (address proof) of directors and shareholders shall be provided, and non Singaporean shall register. If an account needs to be opened later, at least two directors (except Singaporean local directors) shall be provided for registration
4. Registered address: local registered address in Singapore (available from Bajie)
Business scope: at most two main business activities can be selected (generally, the business scope of computer software, network, information technology, etc.) Legal secretary: provided by our companyregistration time: usually 3-4 weeks
note: after the registration of general for-profit foundation, there is no need to audit if there is no bank account, while the annual inspection and audit of non-profit foundation must be done every year after the registration
after the Singapore blockchain ICO company established the Singapore foundation, if it wants to issue currency, it will also involve four certificates:
1. White paper compliance: to prove that the projects undertaken by the foundation are in line with Singapore regulations, to prevent MAS (monetary authority of Singapore) investigation, which need to be used when going to the exchange
2. Token non securitization proof: prove that the project is non securitized, avoid causing trouble, and securitization is unable to engage in block chain related business in Singapore
3. Compliance of private placement terms: proving that the fund raising and sales concted before going to the exchange are legal and compliant
4. Compliance of public offering terms: it is equivalent to the commitment made to the majority of investors after going to the stock exchange, increasing the confidence of investors
note: the above certificates can be provided by Bajie Singapore lawyers
first, judge the value of 100 yuan in 1999 from the number of FA. The price of 100 yuan in 1999 of FA is more than 150 yuan, and the smaller the number is, the more valuable it is. Similar to fa00000001, the new 1999 version of 1000 yuan is more than 50000 yuan. You need to consult the price of the day at any time according to the number and the market, The price of the 100 yuan note of the supplement number crown hu1999 is 2500 yuan, the 100 yuan note of the supplement number crown hx1999 is 2500 yuan, the 100 yuan note of the supplement number crown xu99 is 1000 yuan, the 100 yuan note of the supplement number crown uh1999 is 900 yuan, the 100 yuan note of the supplement number crown qn99 is 950 yuan, and the 100 yuan note of the supplement number crown yo99 is 500 yuan, The price of ah is 450 yuan in 1999, 260 yuan in AI, 280 yuan in AJ, 190 yuan in UG, 280 yuan in UI, 300 yuan in UJ, 240 yuan in HW, 300 yuan in hy and 120 yuan in Hz, In 1999, the price of XW crown was 240 yuan, XX crown 99 version was 240 yuan, XY crown 99 version was 240 yuan, and XZ crown was 240 yuan.
Second, judging from the color of the belt, the price of belt 99 version was 100 yuan, which was higher in the early stage. In 1999, the price of 100 yuan whole knife was about 13000 yuan, In 1999, the price of the white belt was 100 yuan, and the price of the whole knife was about 11500 yuan. F-crown, e-crown, c-crown, d-crown, g-crown, e-crown, c-crown, d-crown, h-crown, i-crown, j-crown, p-crown, q-crown, r-crown, s-crown, t-crown, u-crown, w-crown, x-crown, y-crown, z-crown, a-crown, b-crown, h-crown, i-crown, j-crown, p-crown, q-crown, r-crown, s-crown, t-crown, u-crown, others are RMB 100 yuan for 99 edition of white belt.
Blockchain has become a synonym of this era. We often hear that there are such words around us. Major commercial giants are constantly exploring blockchain and cryptocurrency instry. Even JPMorgan Chase, a well-known investment bank on Wall Street, recently launched the cryptocurrency "JPM cion". This month, apple submitted a document to the US SEC, It revealed that the technology giant will start to expand the territory of the blockchain instry. The admission of such technology giants is bound to promote blockchain payment to play a huge role
how should the public invest in blockchain
with funds, energy and technology in hand, the project party can issue currency by itself. By registering a main company overseas, it usually chooses Singapore as the base and issues currency with the help of the main company overseas
to register Singapore companies, there are ordinary private limited companies and public guarantee companies to choose from. In Singapore, if ordinary companies are engaged in blockchain ICO projects, lawyers will not issue relevant legal compliance documents, which is risky; And the nature of the ordinary company is profit-making, has the nature of securities and futures, does not meet the requirements of investors, so we all choose to register the Singapore public non-profit foundation
it is also very simple to register the Singapore public non-profit foundation.
1. Name: XXX Foundation Ltd.
2. Registered person: 2 members, regardless of nationality, over 18 years old, with no criminal record in Singapore
Secondly, according to the requirements of the exchange, issuing ICO compliance legal opinions, which mainly include:1, white paper compliance legal opinions
2, token non securities legal opinions
3, private placement contract legal opinions
4, public offering contract legal opinions