Blockchain enthereum

blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

extended data

according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:

1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain

2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain

3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain

alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain

blockchain features

1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain

2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention

4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes

5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously

Blockchain classification:

1 private chain

refers to the blockchain with certain centralized control. Only the general ledger technology of blockchain is used for bookkeeping. It can be a company or an indivial who enjoys the exclusive write permission of the blockchain. This blockchain is not very different from other distributed storage schemes. The participating nodes are only users themselves, and the access and use of data have strict authority management. Due to the existence of centralized control, alliance chain can also be considered as a private chain

features: because the user has the final say, the data inside can not be changed, and there is not much protection for the third party. Generally used for internal audit. The vice president of fire coin technology believes: there are indeed a large number of scenarios in the private chain that can meet the needs of the real world. Limited decentralization makes it easier to reach a consensus, which can make the transaction faster and more efficient, and can provide more controlled functions. Decentralization is the core value of blockchain technology. If the private chain can not make full use of the decentralized trust base constructed by the public chain in practice, its development space will be limited

2public chain

public blockchain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used one at present. It refers to a completely decentralized blockchain like bitcoin blockchain, which is not controlled by any organization. Any indivial or group in the world can send a transaction, and the transaction can be effectively confirmed by the blockchain, and anyone can participate in the consensus process. Participants in the consensus process maintain database security through cryptography and built-in economic incentives

features: completely open, uncontrolled, rely on encryption technology to ensure security

3 alliance chain

multiple preselected nodes are designated as bookkeepers within a certain group. The generation of each block is jointly determined by all preselected nodes. Other access nodes can participate in the transaction, but not the bookkeeping process (in essence, it's still managed bookkeeping, but it's just distributed bookkeeping. How many preselected nodes are there, How to decide the bookkeeper of each block becomes the main risk point of the blockchain). Anyone else can make limited query through the open API of the blockchain

the nodes participating in the blockchain are selected in advance, and the nodes are likely to have good network connections. Other consensus algorithms without workload proof can be used on such a blockchain. For example, a blockchain has been established among 100 financial institutions, and more than 67 institutions must agree to reach a consensus

Prospect:

the development of blockchain technology has also brought changes in the operation concepts of various instries. New technologies and new concepts have promoted the new development of various instries. This driving force has a huge impact on society and the promotion of economic activities. Many new instrial phenomena will occur one after another, and the public will wait and see, It is expected that this new technology will be used by all instries and benefit all instries better

Blockchain instry has great growth potential, and five aspects promote the healthy development of Technology Virtual reality and other technologies are another emerging technology that will have a significant impact on the future, which is expected to promote human beings from the era of information internet to the era of value Internet

some countries and regions in the United States, Japan and the European Union have promoted the development of blockchain as an important national development strategy, and vigorously promoted the development and application of blockchain technology. China also attaches great importance to the technological innovation and instrial development of blockchain. With the joint participation of it and other enterprises, a large number of new enterprises, new procts, new models and new applications have emerged. The application of blockchain in the fields of finance, government affairs, energy, medical and other instries has graally expanded, and is becoming an important force to drive the technological proct innovation and instrial transformation of various instries

the development of blockchain can be divided into three stages, namely, blockchain 1.0, represented by bitcoin and related financial infrastructure applications, and blockchain 2.0, represented by smart contract. At present, it is graally moving towards blockchain 3.0, which is based on blockchain technology and more complex in-depth application of smart contract

statistical analysis of blockchain investment and financing in the first half of the year. According to the statistical data of in depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of China's blockchain instry published by foresight Instry Research Institute, in the first half of 2018, the amount of financing in the blockchain field was about 10.7 billion, with a year-on-year growth rate of 1426% compared with the same period in 2017; The number of investment and financing events in the field of blockchain has reached 205, and it is expected that the investment in the field of blockchain will usher in another peak this year

according to the distribution of investment and financing rounds in China's blockchain field, the proportion of investment rounds in the start-up period (before round b) is more than 95%, with the joint investment of many instry pioneers, and most enterprises are still running around

statistics and growth of blockchain investment and financing in the first half of 2014-2018

data source: China attaches great importance to the development and application of blockchain technology. Driven by multiple forces such as policy, technology and market, the pace of blockchain innovation has been accelerating. It has been deeply integrated with cloud computing, big data, Internet of things and other technologies. The scope of exploration and application has also expanded from digital assets to supply chain management, intelligent manufacturing, instrial Internet, social welfare, right protection and other fields

five aspects to promote the healthy development of blockchain technology, promote the high-quality development of digital economy

1, in-depth study and grasp the development trend of blockchain technology and instry. Pay close attention to the international development frontier, jointly promote the research of blockchain related technology and instry, promote the standardization of blockchain development instry behavior, and create a good development environment

2. Strengthen the construction of core technology capacity of blockchain

establish and improve the collaborative promotion mechanism among backbone enterprises, universities and research institutions, guide it enterprises to strengthen technical reserves, accelerate the breakthrough of key core technologies, and improve the performance, efficiency and security of blockchain

3. Support entrepreneurship and innovation in the field of blockchain

encourage cross-border integration between blockchain enterprises and user units, guide instry organizations to establish public service platforms, support third-party organizations to carry out evaluation and detection of blockchain services, promote rich instrial applications of blockchain, and serve the transformation and upgrading of the real economy

4. Actively build and improve the blockchain standard system

accelerate the development and application of key standards, and graally build a perfect standard system. Actively connect with ITU, ISO and other international standards organizations, substantially participate in more international standardization work, and actively contribute more "Chinese power"

5. Accelerate the improvement of the policy environment for blockchain development

support qualified enterprises to carry out application innovation and mode innovation, and guide and encourage enterprises, universities and scientific research institutes to jointly cultivate professional talents needed for blockchain development. Support eligible blockchain enterprises to enjoy the preferential tax policies of the state to support the development of software instry and small and medium-sized enterprises

the instrial scale is small, but the growth potential is huge

the blockchain economy is on the eve of the outbreak period. The financial instry is relatively widely used, and the application of other instries has also entered the stage of exploration and development. It is estimated that from 2017 to 2022, the direct market value of blockchain will increase from US $410 million to US $7.68 billion, with a compound annual growth rate of 79.6%. It is estimated that all kinds of extended business based on blockchain will reach US $100 billion in 2020

instry application areas continue to expand

the financial instry takes the lead in the application of blockchain technology, and many financial applications have been implemented; Medical instry is an important area of blockchain application, which can better protect privacy, improve service quality and management efficiency; The demand of social authentication for blockchain is rising rapidly to solve the proof problem caused by information asymmetry; The application of blockchain technology in communication, supply chain and other fields is expanding rapidly

currencies mainly act as the "exchange media" in the field of blockchain assets, and the exchange media refer to general equivalents, such as gold and silver bills in the past< (currency exchange on trading blockchain assets)

platform projects refer to the establishment of technical platforms to meet the needs of various blockchain application development, which can rece the threshold of application development on blockchain

application projects cover a wide range of fields, including finance, social networking, games, property rights protection, etc., and are also the fastest growing fields of blockchain assets

asset token project refers to the blockchain mapping of physical assets, that is, the physical assets on the chain. At present, there are no more than 10 varieties

01 currency

the first category is currency project, which is also the earliest blockchain project. Currency projects mainly include bitcoin and lightcoin. In addition, there is another kind of asset with the characteristics of anonymity. Its main functions include protecting the privacy of both sides of payment while realizing payment. The well-known ones are dash, monero and zcash. Currency is mainly used as the "exchange medium" in the field of blockchain assets. The exchange medium is the general equivalent you use to exchange goods. For example, gold, silver and silver bills can be used as the exchange medium in the past. At present, there are more than 2100 types of digital assets in the world, and the number of currency blockchain projects has increased rapidly recently. As of June 2018, bitcoin is still the largest market value

02 platform type

the second type is platform type blockchain project. The main function of platform type blockchain project is to establish a technical platform to meet the technical requirements of various blockchain application development; In short, platform applications allow developers to directly issue digital assets and write smart contracts on the blockchain. Smart contract is a computer program running on the blockchain database, which can be automatically executed under the conditions of its source code setting

for example, you develop a smart contract based on the house rent protocol on the blockchain. When the owner receives the rent, it will trigger the automatic execution and give the security key of the apartment to the tenant

the main function of platform blockchain projects is to establish the underlying technology platform, so that developers can do application development on the underlying technology platform. A considerable number of platforms are still in the development state. As of June 2018, Ethereum has the largest market value

03 application

the third category is application blockchain projects. Application projects are blockchain projects based on blockchain development platform (such as Ethereum), which can solve many problems in various fields of the real economy

for example, augur, Golem, vechain, omisego, which provides asset exchange and transfer services. Using blockchain technology, these projects can better solve the problems of trust and cross-border circulation. At the same time, using smart contracts and tokens on the blockchain, they can better realize automatic execution and greatly improve the efficiency of social and economic activities. Application blockchain projects cover a wide range of fields, including finance, social networking, games, property rights protection and so on. It is also the field with the fastest market value increment of blockchain projects at present

04 asset token

the fourth category is the asset token blockchain project. Asset token refers to linking the blockchain assets to physical assets such as gold and US dollars, which is the blockchain mapping of physical assets. As of February 2018, there are no more than 10 varieties. The typical representatives are usdt against US dollars, digix Dao against gold, Digix each token represents 1 gram of Gold Certified by the London Bullion Market Association. Asset token has the advantages of convenient transaction and safekeeping. First of all, asset token is more convenient for transaction. Because blockchain assets can be split, it has better liquidity

for example, at present, real estate needs to be transferred as a whole. If the real estate can be token, it can be split and purchased, which is more convenient for transaction. Secondly, the token of physical assets is more concive to custody. Gold is easy to wear out and cause losses in physical transactions, but there is no need for physical transfer after the token of physical assets, which is more concive to the custody of physical assets

Blockchain technology is widely used. Under the integration of new technologies, the main application scenarios of blockchain include finance and insurance, intelligent manufacturing, intelligent environmental protection, energy and power, health care, ecation, culture and innovation, smart city, social welfare, agriculture and many other fields

1. blockchain + finance

   blockchain can help financial institutions solve problems such as trust and data sharing

3. blockchain + right art

   Tianhe Guoyun's blockchain right system

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3. Blockchain + government

in statistics, voting, budget management and other aspects, blockchain can rece costs, improve efficiency, and increase transparency, so as to prevent the risk of failure of centralized system

4. Blockchain + insurance

fraud identification and risk prevention: by placing insurance claims under an unchangeable general ledger, blockchain helps to eliminate the common sources of fraud in the insurance instry

property insurance and accidental injury insurance: policies and shared ledgers recorded in the form of smart contracts can improve the efficiency of property insurance and accidental injury insurance

Health Insurance: blockchain technology enables medical records to be encrypted and shared among health service providers, thus improving the interoperability of the health insurance ecosystem

Reinsurance: the information security of reinsurance contracts on the blockchain platform can be ensured through the form of smart contracts, which can rece the amount of information and simplify the payment process between insurers and reinsurers