CCTV's report on blockchain Technology
in the Internet era, there is a database behind every system. This database can be regarded as a large account book. In the past, the person who maintained the system was responsible for managing the database and recording the user's behavior, that is, bookkeeping. However, the blockchain is "decentralized", which allows every member of the system to participate in it, not only everyone bookkeeping, but also through links, Everyone can have a complete account book
"blockchain is essentially a collective recording mode. What's special is that it adopts a set of techniques in an ingenious way to realize the authenticity and credibility of the recorded results, which is difficult to destroy and tamper with. " Zhang Xiaorong said, "first, everyone has the right to record and authenticate with each other to distinguish the true from the false, which is called consensus mechanism; Second, no one can tamper with the records, because there are cryptographic signatures; Third, everyone has a , so even if some account books are damaged, the whole will not be affected. This is called distributed storage. The information recorded in this way is presented in block mode according to the time chain, so it is called blockchain. "
various cryptocurrencies represented by bitcoin are originally an application of blockchain technology, which can be described as blockchain version 1.0. However, around 2014, the instry began to realize the important value of blockchain technology. Blockchain graally separated from digital currency and applied to various economic and social fields other than digital currency
it has broad application prospects
blockchain technology is considered as a disruptive innovation after steam engine, electric power and Internet. If the steam engine and electricity liberate the proctivity, and the Internet has changed the way of information transmission, the blockchain, as a machine for building trust, may change the way of value transmission
for example, in the financial field, the cost of reconciliation, clearing and settlement between financial institutions, especially cross-border financial institutions, has always been very high, and there are complex manual processes. The application of blockchain technology can help rece the cost of reconciliation and dispute resolution between financial institutions, and significantly improve the processing speed and efficiency of payment business, It also makes small cross-border payments possible. In December 2017, China Merchants Bank completed the RMB position transfer business from Hongkong Wing Lung Bank to Shenzhen Branch of Wing Lung Bank. This is the world's first interbank cross-border RMB clearing business based on blockchain technology
in addition, according to the white paper 2016 on China's blockchain technology and application development issued by the Ministry of instry and information technology of China, the application of blockchain has been extended to medical and health, ecation, charity, social management and other fields. Taking the cultural instry as an example, the low cost of reproction, the high cost of safeguarding rights, and the difficulty of providing evidence make the protection of intellectual property rights a pain point for the instry. With blockchain, the proction, dissemination and transaction records of cultural procts are true, transparent and reliable, and the problem can be solved
Zhang Xiaorong said that blockchain technology has solved two major problems in the era of Digital Economy: one is the visible flow direction, and the other is zero trust cost. In the past, the circulation of physical paper money was invisible, but the flow of all digital assets had a "chain" to check. Yang Yanchao, a researcher at the intellectual property center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, also believes that the biggest advantage of blockchain is that it has truly completed the credit construction in an anonymous society, bringing new opportunities to many fields, thus making various innovative applications possible
there is a long way to go in the future development
in terms of technology promotion, there is no big barrier to blockchain, which has been confirmed in the global practice of bitcoin, and its main resistance comes from the obstacles in concept and implementation
"on the one hand, the society may be very concerned about the" naked "state in the blockchain. Blockchain has built a "Skynet" for the commercial society. The company's economic activities are all recorded, so there is no secret to speak of. In this way, some business strategies may not be implemented under the blockchain. "
"on the other hand, the current legal system lags behind the development of information technology, so how to put the emerging blockchain technology under the legal supervision needs to be studied." Duan Yongchao said
the core of blockchain is decentralization, which will have an impact on the long-standing central management model. In addition to the law, how to establish a regulatory environment that can promote the application of blockchain technology, so that the technology can benefit the society and not be used to do evil, is also an urgent problem to be solved.
Blockchain is a new technology, not a disguised form of MLM. It is just claimed by many MLM organizations as "blockchain". In fact, there is no technology. It's just a practice of MLM under the name of "blockchain". The state has issued several announcements to crack down on this kind of MLM. The following is the Xinhua news report on MLM of blockchain:
blockchain is not equal to virtual currency, but also has security risks. Behind the popularity, there is exaggeration with "ulterior motives". Only by removing the flashiness, can the blockchain return to its real application value
invest 80000 yuan, change to 800000 yuan after three months? Shenzhen police cracked a huge fund-raising fraud. Under the guise of blockchain concept and 10 times income, thousands of investors were deeply involved in the case, involving up to 307 million yuan. Under the "veil of mystery" of the blockchain, the illegal elements have taken advantage of their own tricks, and the blockchain has become a "signboard" of economic crimes such as fraud and pyramid selling
why is the blockchain repeatedly "misused" by illegal activities such as pyramid selling fraud? In addition to "unknown", what is the "function" of blockchain technology itself? Since the beginning of this year, with the increase of supervision and the cooling of currency speculation, new opportunities have been brought to the development of blockchain. How about the implementation of blockchain commercial "application" The reporter of outlook news weekly recently concted an investigation
when the three-month "capital release period" promised by the trading platform expired and the staff began to "kick" in the QQ group, Tang Haiyan, who lives in Bao'an District of Shenzhen City, realized that she might have been cheated
previously, Tang Haiyan invested 80000 yuan to buy a virtual currency called "ordinary silver coin" under the introction of her classmates“ The other side said that this currency is the most advanced blockchain technology at present, with Tibetan tea as collateral. He also showed me the "technical white paper". I didn't understand blockchain, so I didn't read it carefully. "
although she doesn't know about blockchain and virtual currency, the high investment income makes Tang Haiyan full of expectations. She told reporters that companies issuing "ordinary silver coins" will regularly split the virtual currency according to the ratio of 1:10, which means that each split will make the value of "ordinary silver coins" in the hands of investors expand 10 times. As long as after a split, her investment of 80000 yuan is equivalent to the purchase of 800000 yuan worth of "ordinary silver coins", which can be sold on the trading platform to obtain huge profits
according to the rules of the trading platform, the newly purchased "ordinary silver coin" cannot be traded immediately, and it must be frozen on the platform for three months before it can enter the "release period". However, after three months, not only did Tang Haiyan not wait for the assets to double, but the 80000 yuan frozen on the platform could not be used for trading
"other investors began to question the authenticity of this investment in QQ group. As a result, the staff of the company kicked these investors out one by one, which made me feel bad." She said
The fact also proves Tang HaiYan's intuition. At the end of March 2018, Shenzhen police detected a huge fund-raising fraud, with the amount of fraud funds as high as 307 million yuan. In this case, Shenzhen Puyin blockchain Group Co., Ltd. involved in the case issued virtual currency in the mode of "blockchain + Tibetan tea" to obtain public deposits. Tang Haiyan was one of the thousands of victimsShenzhen police investigation found that the company claimed that investors could buy and sell "ordinary silver coins" on the virtual trading platform "jucoin net" to earn a price difference
. In fact, the change of its trading price is that the company used investors' investment funds for behind the scenes operation, and once raised the price of "ordinary silver coin" from 0.5 yuan to 10 yuan, so that investors can taste some sweetness. When a large number of investors entered the market, the company continued to cash out through malicious manipulation of the price trend of "ordinary silver coin", which eventually led to the worthlessness of "ordinary silver coin" in the hands of investors
since 2018, engaging in fraud and pyramid selling under the banner of blockchain has become a common "routine" in new criminal tactics. In April 2018, Jinan police dropped a pyramid selling Gang under the guise of "western development", "national poverty alleviation", "original stocks", "blockchain" and "e-commerce", arrested more than 10 major suspects, frozen more than 100 accounts involved, and seized more than 300 million yuan of funds involved
according to Jinan police, huileyi e-commerce company designed a fake virtual disk on the Internet on the ground that the country is vigorously developing the big data instry, and released a variety of virtual currencies such as "precious currency" and "precious currency"
under the guise of giving away, they presented a certain amount of virtual currency to the New MLM staff, with the price of tens of yuan each. Then, through artificial manipulation, they appreciated the virtual currency all the way to more than 100 yuan or even hundreds of yuan, attracting people who did not know the truth to join. Finally, they "cut leeks" through the periodic fluctuation of the so-called "devaluation" of virtual currency, Finally, the purpose of seeking illegal interests is achieved
in Xi'an, a few days ago, the local police successfully cracked a huge network pyramid selling case under the banner of blockchain. According to the police, the suspect, Zheng Mou, has paid a high salary to the 9 network members, such as Zhang and Lee. Since March 28, 2018, he has gathered pyramid selling and network pyramid selling as a means to sell the virtual Datang coins at the consumption era network platform at the price of 3 yuan each, and manipulate the appreciation rate; p>
at the same time, promotion meetings were held in many cities at home and abroad to attract members. According to the development of members, 28 level agents were set up. In just 18 days, the gang developed more than 13000 registered members. At present, it has been found that the case involves 31 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China, and the fund involved is as high as 86 million yuan
according to Tencent's 2017 pyramid selling situation awareness white paper released by Tencent security joint laboratory, in recent years, all kinds of overseas capital disk, virtual currency and ICO (initial public offering token financing of blockchain project) projects have emerged in an endless stream, which hide many risks such as illegal issuance, untrue projects, cross-border money laundering, fraud and pyramid selling, As a result, a large number of funds flow overseas. Once the market collapses, runs away or loses contact, investors often have no way to complain and the losses are difficult to recover. For example, Baichuan coin, mark coin, beta coin, dark coin, etc
the reporter of lookout Newsweek interviewed in Guangdong, Shandong, Shanghai and other places and learned that most people know that the concept of blockchain is very popular, but they "don't know where it is", and there are different opinions on the specific functions of blockchain: some people think it is used for "investment and financing", "buying and selling currency", while others think it is "a major invention of the same magnitude as the steam engine", Some entrepreneurs are even more eager to seize this "once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to get rich."
many people in the instry said that it is precisely because people have many misunderstandings about blockchain that criminals have opportunities to fish in troubled waters and mislead investors
First, blockchain is not equal to virtual currency. By the end of last year, the number of domestic ICO participants and the total volume of transactions have doubled, a large number of digital currency exchanges have fled overseas, and the agent investment mode has involved more ordinary people in high-risk investmentin many instries, we media and celebrities form interest alliances with issuers and digital exchanges to endorse and create public opinion for the "air currency" project. In December last year, nine departments including the people's Bank of China identified ICO as "suspected of illegal fund-raising, financial fraud, pyramid selling and other illegal and criminal activities"
in the interview, many people told our reporter that the existence of token has built a set of rights and interests mechanism for the development of blockchain technology, which is indispensable for stimulating the prosperity of blockchain applications“ The market practice in the past five years has proved that blockchain applications without equity mechanism are just like market economy without computers connected to the Internet and money, with greatly reced application scenarios and development speed. " An investor in Shanghai said
in fact, the token represented by bitcoin is only one of the earliest procts to verify the blockchain technology, and the two can not be equated, and the existence of token has obviously negative effects on the development of blockchain
Xiao Wei, chief engineer of network blockchain, told this reporter that the myth of ICO's sudden wealth shakes the R & D concentration of blockchain technical talents, and the myth of "sudden wealth" with hundreds of times of return tests the patience of blockchain technical R & D talents“ Many of the "comrades in arms" in the circle who used to do research and development of blockchain technology have gone to issue coins, and now few of them can insist on doing research and development and application of technology. "
Xu zewei, Secretary of the Party committee of Beijing Internet Finance Instry Association, said that under the background of China's ban on ICO, many domestic start-ups promoting blockchain applications are "selling dog meat with sheep's pawn" and financing through concept packaging of worthless tokens“ ICO has polluted the good atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship, and created a kind of speculative proct. Many young people are not thinking about entrepreneurship, but are thinking about issuing money, which makes us have the illusion of getting rich overnight. "
at present, more and more people in the instry begin to think about whether the development of blockchain must rely on the issuance of tokens to achieve incentives. Guo Dagang, Secretary General of Beijing Internet Finance Instry Association, told this reporter that the so-called incentive mechanism is only the theoretical basis for the project party to issue tokens for itself. Huo Xuewen, director of Beijing Municipal Bureau of financial work, also believes that if blockchain does not get rid of the dilemma of issuing currency, it will never find a legal landing mechanism
secondly, blockchain is not omnipotent and its security is at risk. Blockchain is generally considered to achieve three functions:
first, the data stored on the blockchain can not be tampered or forged, and the data has high credibility and credibility; Second, the whole process of the transaction can be traced, which can achieve accurate responsibility tracking; Third, the embedded smart contract in the blockchain can be executed automatically based on the contract, so as to improve work efficiency and rece the risk of default. It is generally believed that blockchain has broad application prospects in finance, logistics, trade and other fields
in fact, blockchain is not omnipotent, and its function has many limitations. It is generally believed that, according to the characteristics of cryptography, in order to tamper or falsify in the blockchain, more than 51% of the nodes need to be controlled in theory. When there are enough nodes in the blockchain, it is difficult to tamper with the trust creation mechanism widely participated by the public
However, in reality, digital currency exchanges are frequently attacked or even stolen. On June 20, 2018, bithumb exchange of South Korea announced on its official website that the exchange had been attacked by hackers and stolen 35 billion won, about 32 million US dollars of cryptocurrency Ji Xinhua, known as the first generation of "hackers" in China, said that the blockchain will continue to face attacks, and the process of uploading data to the blockchain is prone to information leakage. Some people in the instry worry that once the super computing power of quantum computing is realized, it will also have a direct impact on the blockchainZhao Yao, a special researcher of the Institute of finance of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told this reporter that the academic community has confirmed as early as 2013 that the blockchain is not perfect and there are many "cheating" strategies. As long as there are enough economic incentives, controlling attacks of more than 51% nodes does not only exist in theory
Zeng Guang, Secretary General of Shenzhen Internet Finance Association, said that the blockchain technology itself does not have the ability to do so
2) blockchain, Internet and artificial intelligence should be regarded as technologies of the same height, and blockchain should formally enter our hard science and technology development category
3) pointed out the development and application direction of our blockchain, including the speech that the technology of blockchain has extended to many fields, such as digital finance, Internet of things, intelligent manufacturing, supply chain management, digital asset trading, and so on. In terms of application, there will inevitably be some regulatory or legal problems in the process of application, What are the instructions in this speech? He mentioned that we should implement the rule of law in the management of blockchain, and promote the safe and orderly development of blockchain
4) in the more important point of application and development, it is mentioned that the blockchain is from virtual to real, enabling entity, improving people's livelihood, obtaining instrial advantages, and better serving the development of the whole instrial economy. In fact, through the study of blockchain technology, from one side or the signal released, we express our attitude towards the innovation and leadership of blockchain. We hope that in the development of blockchain, we can first have our own core technology, and we should be a leader in today's fierce international competition
5) it is to enhance the market confidence of the whole blockchain instry, especially for the application and development of the whole blockchain technology. With a great increase in market confidence, it is bound to attract more people in the next period of time, including the capital market and for example, more talents and research applications will enter this field. More capital, more manpower and more other social related aspects, including the rule of law and legislation, will positively promote the application and landing of the whole blockchain technology. These are my four points of view or summary of blockchain technology learning
if you have been concerned about blockchain for a long time, in fact, from the national level, including the 13th five year plan, blockchain technology has been written into the 13th five year plan, which is developed as a parallel technology with artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing. It has been introced in the second half of 2018, and the office of network information technology has put the blockchain application service on record, From all aspects, it is actually a positive guidance or protection for the development of the whole blockchain
of course, when it comes to blockchain, you may also say that blockchain always thinks of money speculation and so on. In fact, digital currency is only a relatively narrow field in the field of blockchain. We now include support from the mainstream of modern society or the national level, and more support for the application of blockchain technology in the real instry, The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization, which can realize point-to-point transaction, coordination and cooperation based on decentralized credit in the distributed system without mutual trust by means of data encryption, timestamp, distributed consensus and economic incentives, so as to solve the common high cost and low cost problems of centralized institutions Low efficiency and data storage insecurity provide solutions
the application fields of blockchain include digital currency, token, finance, anti-counterfeiting traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. with the popularity of blockchain and bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered, which has a great impact on the domain name instry.
Chinese Name: Thomas Alva Edison
English Name: Thomas Alva Edison
a world-famous American electrician and inventor, known as the "king of invention in the world", has made more than 1000 inventions in his life. In addition to his invention and contribution in phonograph, electric lamp, telephone, telegraph, film and other fields, he also has many famous creations and insights in mining, construction, chemical instry and other fields. Edison had about 2000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the civilization and progress of mankind
Edison was also a great entrepreneur. In 1879, Edison founded "Edison Electric lighting company". In 1880, incandescent lamps went on sale. In 1890, Edison had established its various businesses into Edison General Electric Company. In 1891, Edison's thin filament and high purity blank incandescent bulb were patented. In 1892, Tom was born; Houston incorporated with Edison power lighting to form general electric company. General Electric began to dominate the electric field for a century< Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio, a small town in the Midwest of the United States. His father is a descendant of the Dutch, and his mother, a former primary school teacher, is a descendant of the Scots. When Edison was 7 years old, his father lost money in the tile business and moved his family to Fort gratiott, a northern suburb of Huron, Michigan. Soon after he moved here, Edison suffered from scarlet fever, which is believed to be the cause of his deafness. Edison went to school at the age of 8, but after only three months of reading, he was expelled from school by his teacher as an "imbecile". From then on, his mother was his "tutor.". Because of his mother's good ecation method, he became interested in reading“ He not only read extensively, but also read everything at a glance. At the age of 8, he read the works of Shakespeare and Dickens, the most important playwrights in the British Renaissance, and many important historical books. At the age of 9, he could quickly read difficult books, such as nature and experimental philosophy by Parker. When I was 10 years old, I loved chemistry. At the age of 11, he experimented with his first telegram. In order to make money to buy chemicals and equipment, he began to work. At the age of 12, he got a job selling newspapers on the train, traveling between Port Huron and Detroit, Michigan. He sells newspapers while doing fruit and vegetable business. Whenever he has time, he goes to the library to read. He bought an old printing press and began to publish his weekly, the herald, the first of which was printed on the train. With the money he earned, he set up a chemical laboratory on the luggage cart. Unfortunately, once a chemical caught fire and he and his equipment were thrown out of the car. Another time, while Edison was trying to get on a freight train, a conctor grabbed his ears to help him get on. This action led Edison to be deaf for life< In August 1862, Edison rescued a boy who was about to die on the train track with great courage. The father was grateful for this, but he was willing to teach him telegraph technology because he had no money to pay for it. From then on, Edison had a relationship with this mysterious new world of electricity and embarked on the journey of science< In 1863, Edison served as the telegrapher of Stratford junction station on the main line railway. From 1864 to 1867, he worked as a telegraph operator in the central and western regions and lived a life similar to wandering. Footprints, including Stratford, Adrian, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Nashville, Tennessee, Memphis, Louisville, Huron and other places< In 1868, Edison came to Boston as a telegraph operator. In the same year, he obtained the first patent for invention. This is an automatic voting device. Edison thought the device would speed up the work of Congress, and it would be popular. However, one congressman told him that they had no intention of speeding up the agenda and that sometimes voting slowly was out of political need. From then on, Edison decided not to invent anything that people didn't need< In early June 1869, he came to New York to look for a job. While he was waiting for a call in an agent's office, a telegraph broke down. Edison was the only one there who could fix the telegraph, so he got a better job than he expected. In October, he and Popper set up a "Popper Edison Company" to specialize in scientific instruments for electrical engineering. Here, he invented the "Edison universal press". He dedicated the press to the manager of a big Wall Street company. He wanted to ask for $5000, but he didn't have the courage to say it. So he asked the manager to give him a price, and the manager gave him $40000<
Edison used the money to build a factory on ward street in Newark, New Jersey, which specializes in manufacturing all kinds of electrical machinery. He works all night. He trained a lot of capable assistants. At the same time, he also ran into the diligent Mary, his first bride in the future. In Newark, he made such inventions as wax paper and mimeograph. From 1872 to 1875, Edison invented the double Telegraph and quadruple telegraph, and helped others build the world's first English typewriter< In the spring of 1876, Edison moved to "Monroe Park" in New Jersey. He built the first "invention factory" here, which "marks the beginning of collective research". In 1877, Edison improved the telephone invented by Bell and put it into practical use. He also invented his favorite project, the phonograph. Telephone and Telegraph "is a revolution to expand human sensory function"; Gramophone is one of the three great inventions that changed people's lives. "From the perspective of invention imagination, this is his extremely important invention achievement.". By this time, people called him "the magician of Monroe Park"< When Edison invented the phonograph, he finally made a breakthrough in the research of electric lamp after numerous failures. On October 22, 1879, Edison lit the first electric lamp with wide practical value. In order to extend the life of the filament, he retested, and tried out more than 6000 kinds of fiber materials before finding a new luminous body, Japanese bamboo silk, which lasted for more than 1000 hours, and achieved a rable purpose. In a way, this invention is the highest achievement of Edison's life. Then he created a power supply system that allowed distant lamps to be distributed from a central power station, a major technological achievement
his first discovery in pure science appeared in 1883. When experimenting with electric lamps, he observed what he called the Edison effect: an electric charge in the lighted bulb passes through space from the hot filament to the cold plate. Edison patented the discovery in 1884, but did not study it further. Other scientists used the Edison effect to develop the electronic instry, especially radio and television
Edison tried to do what the phonograph did for the ear for the eye, and the film camera was born here. Using a new Celluloid film invented by George Eastman, he took a series of photos and projected them onto the screen quickly and continuously, creating the illusion of movement. He first experimented with films in the laboratory in 1889 and patented them in 1891. In 1903, his company proced the first feature film "train robbery". Edison did a lot of work for the formation and standardization of the film instry< After Edison moved his laboratory to West Orange in 1887, he founded many commercial companies to make procts and promote sales for his various inventions; These companies later merged into Edison General Electric Company, later known as general electric company. Since then, his interest has shifted to fluorimetry, ore crushers, magnetic separation of iron, batteries and railway signaling devices
ring World War I, he developed torpedo mechanisms, flamethrowers and underwater periscopes< On October 21, 1929, on the 50th anniversary of the invention of electric light, people held a grand celebration for Edison. Famous scientists such as Einstein of Germany and Madame Curie of France congratulated him one after another. Unfortunately, at this celebration, when Edison delivered his reply, he suddenly fainted e to excessive excitement. From then on, his health went from bad to worse. On October 18, 1931, the scientist who had made great contributions to mankind died of illness at the age of 84
Edison's ecation level is very low, but his contribution to mankind is so great. What's the "secret" here? In addition to a curious heart, he has an instinct to test himself, that is, he has the infinite energy and bold spirit of extraordinary hard work. When someone called Edison a "genius", he explained: "genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration." In the "invention factory", he organized many people of different professions, including more than 100 scientists, engineers, technicians and workers. Many of Edison's major inventions were successful thanks to this collective force. His achievements are mainly e to his hard work and creative ability as well as the collective strength. In addition, his wife also played a very important role< In August 1862, Edison rescued a boy who was about to die on the track of a train. The father was grateful for this, but he was willing to teach him telegraph technology because he had no money to pay for it. From then on, Edison had a relationship with this mysterious new world of electricity and embarked on the journey of science< In 1863, Edison worked as a telegrapher at Stratford junction station of the main line railway. From 1864 to 1867, he worked as a telegraph operator in the central and western regions and lived a life similar to wandering. The footprints include Stratford, Adrian, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Connecticut, Nashville, Tennessee, Memphis, Louisville and Huron< In 1868, Edison came to Boston as a telegraph operator. In the same year, he obtained the first patent for invention. This is an automatic voting device. Edison thought the device would speed up the work of Congress, and it would be popular. However, one congressman told him that they had no intention of speeding up the agenda and that sometimes voting slowly was out of political need. From then on, Edison decided not to invent anything that people didn't need< In early June 1869, he came to New York to look for a job. While he was waiting for a call in an agent's office, a telegraph broke down. Edison was the only one there who could fix the telegraph, so he got a better job than he expected. In October, he and Popper set up a "Popper Edison Company" to specialize in scientific instruments for electrical engineering. Here, he invented the Edison general seal
the change of Russia's attitude has a lot to do with the economic downturn in recent years and the Western sanctions
Russia's unreasonable economic structure and excessive dependence on oil resources have become the consensus of all walks of life at home and abroad. At the end of 2013, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the outbreak of the crisis in Ukraine, western countries imposed economic sanctions on Russia, the global crude oil price plummeted
in November 2014, Russia's GDP began to grow negatively, falling by 3.7% and 0.2% respectively in 2015 and 2016