Kodak's involvement in blockchain

1. With the development of cryptocurrency, the "blockchain technology" has become popular. In China, both giant companies such as batj (network, Alibaba, Tencent, and Jingdong) and companies like didi and ofo are actively exploring blockchain technology. Throughout the world, Wal Mart, MasterCard,
IBM and giant automobile manufacturers are trying to use blockchain technology to solve instry pain points. In addition, there are "declining" enterprises such as Kodak of Japan, hoping to fight a "turnaround battle" through blockchain
What does these phenomena show? This shows that the technology of block chain has great commercial value. Everyone hopes to cultivate a new world on this unknown land. So, with the development of blockchain technology this year, it has not only been a simple underlying technology, but also formed a complete ecosystem. Now let's talk with you from two aspects of "coin circle" and "chain circle": what is the ecosystem of blockchain, and let's understand the whole picture of blockchain instry
the first section of the coin circle
in the coin circle, there are always several terms: project party, exchange, media, mining machinery manufacturer. Next, let's take a detailed inventory of what's going on
first, the project side of the coin circle can be understood as follows: all those who issue tokens are the project side. Attention, it's a coin ring. There are also some project parties that don't issue money, such as Alibaba, Tencent and Netease, which are also doing blockchain projects. They don't issue money and only focus on technology. Then these project parties that don't issue money mainly focus on the role of blockchain in data security and supply chain, which we will talk about later
let's return to the topic of coin circle project parties. For example, yilaiyun and BoChang, which are more controversial recently, are the project parties of coin circle, as well as blockchain games, which are more popular recently. They also belong to coin circle project parties
one of the subversive aspects of the coin circle project is the combination of the project and the token, which directly replaces the equity with the token, and the token can be directly circulated. This is a very revolutionary point, so that many initial projects can be more convenient for financing. After financing, the feedback token can be circulated on the digital currency trading platform, and the investors can also exit very well
this "financing investment" approach seems to be another way to realize the listing and trading of equity in disguised form
therefore, it is such a mode that makes the project side of the coin circle the nearest place to the money. They can easily circle the money, and of course they can't resist the temptation, or they have been planning for a long time and run away after circling the money. The detailed process of token issuing by the project side is generally as follows:
the first step is to build a token system, which is similar to an app application. This is not very complicated, because Ethereum is open source, similar to Android Apple system, on which developers can develop specific applications
the second step is to write a white paper, which is similar to the business plan. The white paper is similar to the business plan, mainly including the team situation, technical situation and other information of the project
the third step is to find someone to do endorsement, and find some influential instry bigwigs to promote
the fourth step is to promote marketing, find some blockchain media to push soft articles and pull cooperation, which we will mention below
the fifth step is to find financing
Step 6: go to the stock exchange, and the token begins to spread widely
Second, the exchange
with the project side, let's talk about the exchange. If the project side is a procer, then the things they proce have to be sold and traded, right? The exchange is a trading place for the token of the project party. If the token of the project side is similar to the stock, then the exchange of the currency circle is similar to the secondary market of the stock market. However, the exchange of the currency circle has more power. It has the right to audit the currency, and can decide whether to put the currency in or out
of course, if the project party wants to pay the exchange a huge amount of money charging fees, the investors who trade in the exchange also need to pay the handling fee or withdrawal fee, and the rules of the handling fee and withdrawal fee of each exchange are different. In fact, the currency fees, handling fees and cash withdrawal fees constitute the profit model of the currency circle exchange. Of course, in addition to these three profit models, the profit model of the exchange includes the "market maker" business to earn the price difference, that is, the exchange creates liquidity through continuous trading, acts as a market maker and earns the price difference at the same time
at present, e to the increasingly fierce competition in the instry, there will be less and less currency fees and handling charges, or even no need, so the proportion of conventional profits will be less and less, which leads to the emergence of other profit models, such as platform currency and leverage handling charges. Let's talk about platform currency first. Platform currency is the currency issued by the exchange: okb and coin an belong to platform currency. These platform currencies issued by the exchange can be exchanged for BTC and eth. At the same time, the appreciation of platform currency's own value can lay a solid material foundation for the development of the exchange. For users, holding platform currency can enjoy the benefits of commission discount, platform dividend, special activities of the exchange, etc, This is platform currency. Leverage service charge refers to the currency financing function on the platform, which supports leveraged transactions and charges a certain proportion of service charge to currency financing users
all of the above are actually ecosystems constructed through the exchange's own resource output. Now, the exchange is still actively planning the whole instry to obtain income, such as the establishment of capital, mine pool, wallet, incubator, Engineering Institute, fund and other ways. We believe that if the exchange wants to develop for a long time, it must lay out the whole instry chain, find new breakout points of the instry, and build a complete ecosystem. Therefore, the proportion of strategic profits should be increased
3. Blockchain media
in the past two years when blockchain is hot, there are not only a lot of project parties, but also media. At present, there are about 200 well-known blockchain media. The content on the blockchain media platform is about the following points: policy, hacker, exchange, boss and project party. In addition to words, the operation mode of blockchain media also includes community activities, such as inviting "big guys" to share in the group, so as to achieve a precipitation of high-quality content and earn some traffic at the same time
Why do we have to mention blockchain media? It's because there are some differences between blockchain media and the media in our impression. What's the difference? The difference is that there are some interest relationships between blockchain media and the above mentioned project parties and exchanges. We just said that the project side is like a "procer" and the exchange is like a "sales market". Then, the role of the media is like "advertising platform & quot;. If the project wants to sell well, it needs publicity and advertising, then blockchain media plays such a role. Therefore, the investors of some blockchain media are the project side and the exchange
recently, there has been a bear market. Many blockchain media have laid off employees on a large scale. The reason is nothing more than the shortage of projects and funds. Therefore, it is far from enough for blockchain media to rely solely on the investment of the project side, the exchange and the advertising revenue. When the bear market comes and the project side and the exchange are affected, then the media is bound to face a very cruel winter. As a result, many blockchain media are also doing token issuing by project parties (the most typical are content communities such as coin and coin car, which belong to a media platform and are also doing token issuing by project parties), or some blockchain media are doing business such as wallet selling, mining machine renting and computing power
however, we believe that blockchain media, as the media, still play the role of guiding public opinion. Therefore, we should return to the essence and be a place to deliver instry value information, rather than a place to pile up advertisements. Therefore, blockchain media should keep up with the development of technology to realize its own survival and development. Relying on the advantages of blockchain technology and based on the consensus mechanism in the token system, it can realize the reasonable distribution of the interests of the media instry. In this regard, it may have a certain imagination< Fourth, mining machine manufacturers
in the final analysis, bitcoin mining is the competition of computing power. The stronger the computing power, the greater the probability of bitcoin mining. Therefore, in the business system of the whole coin circle, mining machinery manufacturers are a very important existence. We can see from one data: in the blockchain instry of Hurun 100 rich list in 2018, the richest person is Mr. Zhan ketuan, a partner of bitcontinental, a miner. In addition, according to the prospectus, bitcoin's net profit in the first half of the year was US $743 million, an increase of nearly eight times over the same period last year. Bitcoin once occupied more than 70% of the global market share of mining machinery, becoming the leader in the mining machinery instry. Not only mining machinery, bitmainland still occupies a near monopoly position in the mining pool (that is, a mode of cooperative mining): at present, the computing power of the top six mining pools in the world accounts for 79.2%
after the invention of China's first bitcoin miner, Jianan Yun, another miner chip research company, began to engage in the research of chips in the field of blockchain and artificial intelligence. In just a few years, it has also become an internationally famous chip enterprise
in fact, as early as 2012, the United States announced that it was going to sell a butterfly miner, but many people later thought it was a scam, because it took several years for the butterfly miner to go on sale, which also made the R & D of mining machines in other countries become very scared, and they were all scrambling for time, in a sense, Butterfly mining machine is also driving the prosperity of mining machine instry. So, in 2013, the mining machine has entered a season of contention, and a large number of ASIC mining machines have been put forward: or announced research and development, or announced pre-sale, or in the form of spot: cat roasting mining machine, pigeon mining machine, TMR mining machine, biter mining machine, Rand mining Bureau, little bee mining machine, Avalon original factory and various OEM, garden mining machine, Smart mining machine and so on... Maybe you haven't heard of these mining machines, because they are basically dead. Bitcontinental, Jianan Yun and Yibang have become mining machine giants< However, as a derivative instry under the prosperity of cryptocurrency market, the price of mining machinery is closely related to the cryptocurrency Market: in the bull market, the supply of mining machinery often falls short of demand, and it is common for miners to buy Mining machinery from "scalpers" at several times high prices. At this time, mining machinery manufacturers enter the dividend period. However, in a bear market, mining machinery manufacturers will also be adversely affected. As miners' enthusiasm for mining declines, some manufacturers have to rece the price of mining machinery to recover costs. For example, when bitcoin plummeted in March this year, a certain model of mining machine sold by Huaqiangbei was on sale at a price of 5000 yuan, and the price dropped from about 19000 yuan to
14000 yuan
[summary]
at this point, we can find that whether it is the project party, the exchange, the media, or the mining machinery, it can be said that it is a kind of "one-stop"

2. Let's talk about the social or economic significance of blockchain. In fact, many of the previous technologies were devoted to "proctivity". For example, artificial intelligence is a kind of progress in proctivity. The blockchain, which has greatly improved the proction relations, is committed to the proction relations. So why do you say that
because the so-called proction relationship is actually how to do business between people and business partners. And these things, originally, are in the cognitive process between people, and there is no special program to program or quantify it
for example, if you and I are good friends now, we can do business. If someone stirs up our relationship and we are not good friends, we will not do business. Even if we can make money in business, we will not do business because there is no trust between us
as for blockchain, it is actually because the data is authenticated by all nodes and backed up at the same time, so my data is as real as possible and can't be tampered with. In this case, if you believe my data, you can make a program on this basis, and then use the data to make what kind of business contract, what kind of service, what kind of service, and what kind of service, what kind of service, what kind of service, what kind of service, what kind of service, what kind of service, what kind of service, etc This "proction relationship" of commercial cooperation is programmed. In this way, we believe in the data and the program compiled by the algorithm. Because you believe in the data and the program, you can develop all kinds of apps in the program. These apps are the proction relations and what business to do. This is: blockchain is actually a reconstruction of "proction relationship".

3.

Overnight, blockchain has become the hottest topic in A-share market. The frequent trading of concept stocks related to blockchain has caused many listed companies to clarify their relevant business, while some companies disclose the progress of relevant business on the interactive platform, intentionally or unintentionally "rubbing" the concept of blockchain

in the peripheral market, the concept of blockchain is also pursued by capital. Kodak launched its own Kodak coin, an encryption currency provided to photographers. As soon as the news was announced, Kodak's stock soared to $5.02 per share, up 60%. UBI blockchain Internet, another blockchain company, a consulting company headquartered in Hong Kong, China, saw its stock price soar by more than 1000% last year. On January 8, this year, the securities and Exchange Commission of the United States announced the freezing of trading, which lasted from January 8 to January 22

4. A virtual currency on the Internet

can be used to make money for a period of time

it can be converted into RMB by mining or other transactions

but China does not support it

5. Blockchain exploded at the end of 2017. It was influenced by the soaring bitcoin, thunderbolt, storm broadcast, cloud control, Renren blockchain and even Kodak. For a time, the slightly strange technology of "blockchain" seemed to be a magic drug for the stock price to come back to life. Even the prices of counterfeit tokens related to blockchain are like flying
different investors have different views. No matter they think it's a bubble sworn faction, or they regard it as a good candidate for the draught, they do not deny that the block chain is a tool that people can not ignore to change the society. Therefore, it is an important choice to join the blockchain investment platform.

6. Since the 1990s, the wave of cross-border M & A has become more and more intense. There are many cases of merger and reorganization in developed countries. The mergers and acquisitions between Daimler Benz and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan, Deutsche Bank and Mobil, BP and Amoco have greatly enhanced their competitive strength and made them the "giants" in their respective instries. The number and amount of M & A from developed countries to developing countries are also increasing rapidly. Especially after the Asian financial crisis, e to the serious undervaluation of assets in Asian countries, some large enterprise groups in Europe and the United States have spent a lot of money on M & A of Asian enterprises& amp;# 160; The trend of economic globalization makes it inevitable for multinational companies to set up proction system all over the world, make full use of resources and maximize profits. Cross border M & A can enable foreign enterprises to make use of the original proction capacity and sales channels of the host country's enterprises. Generally speaking, they can enjoy the preferential policies given by the host country. At the same time, they can master the core technology within the multinational companies. Compared with direct commodity export, they can rece national resistance, so they are favored by multinational companies. With the deepening of the joint-stock reform of China's state-owned enterprises and the approaching process of China's accession to the WTO, China will be more and more deeply involved in the wave of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. China is rich in natural resources, cheap labor at all levels, and more importantly, it has a huge and potential consumer market. Merger and acquisition of Chinese domestic enterprises can not only rece the number of competitors, but also enable multinational companies to enter the Chinese market more quickly and effectively. It can be predicted that in the near future, the M & A of multinational companies to domestic enterprises will also be carried out on a large scale. Compared with multinational companies, Chinese enterprises are weak, and can not compete with them either in capital or technology. The reform of state-owned enterprises is difficult e to the problems of property rights and capital. In order to avoid elimination in the fierce competition in the future, Chinese enterprises also hope to develop with the help of foreign capital, which forms the basis of M & A. Advantages and disadvantages 1. It can provide a new source of funds for the technological transformation of state-owned enterprises. Due to the long-term planned economic system, the state-owned enterprises lack of accumulation and funds for technological transformation, which limits the ability of enterprises to expand reproction. The lack of capital accumulation for technological transformation will inevitably lead to the lack of stamina in the development of enterprises, which will face difficulties in the face of competition. In order to change the mechanism of state-owned enterprises and get out of the predicament, first, we need to deepen the reform; second, we need to increase the investment in technological transformation; third, we need to rece the debt and social burden. All three measures require capital investment. At present, the main sources of enterprise funds are: first, bank loans; second, self financing; third, the use of foreign capital. Due to the increasing liabilities of enterprises and insufficient repayment ability, loans are becoming more and more difficult; The economic benefits of enterprises are deteriorating, and they have no ability to accumulate. Therefore, the direct use of foreign capital has become an important channel for state-owned enterprises to raise funds. The direct use of foreign capital to graft and transform old enterprises plays an important role in making up the capital gap of instrial technological transformation. In the increasingly fierce market competition, enterprises need to continuously upgrade their technology. If there is no continuous investment in technological transformation, even if the current economic benefits of enterprises are better, it will be difficult to maintain in the long-term competition. In this context, a number of home appliance enterprises, electronic communication instry enterprises and some machinery instry enterprises in Tianjin have made joint ventures with foreign investors. After the joint venture, these enterprises not only improve the market competitiveness, but also enhance the development potential. 2. It can promote technological progress and instrial upgrading. It is undeniable that in recent years, most of the technologies introced by multinational companies to China are not the most advanced, and some of them are even mature technologies that are in recession. Nevertheless, most of the technologies are still higher than the domestic level. Cross border M & A can promote the technological progress of domestic enterprises, and promote the technological upgrading of domestic enterprises in the same instry through technology spillover and diffusion. Shanghai Bell Telephone Equipment Co., Ltd., which is controlled by the Chinese side, has now become the largest SPC exchange manufacturer in the world. In the elevator instry, Chinese enterprises have successively established four joint ventures with Schindler, Otis, Mitsubishi and Hitachi in Beijing, Tianjin and Guangzhou. In the past ten years, China's elevator instry has made 30 years of technological progress, and its instrial scale and output have increased hundreds of times. With the rapid development of four joint venture elevator enterprises, more than 100 small elevator enterprises are still developing, and only a small part of high-grade elevators need to be imported. 3. It can promote the state-owned enterprises to change the mechanism. Under the traditional planning system, the property rights of state-owned enterprises are not clear, and the investors are not clear. In the past decade, state-owned enterprises have been carrying out continuous reform, but the relationship between owners and operators, between enterprise efficiency and employment, and between backbone enterprises and their social welfare organizations has not been effectively clarified. The introction of foreign direct investment into state-owned enterprises has realized the combination of state-owned enterprises and foreign capital, which not only changes the single asset structure of state-owned enterprises, but also makes the property right relationship clear through the definition of property right, asset evaluation and the establishment of corporate governance structure; The combination of state-owned assets and foreign capital makes the property of capital chasing profits appear. First, it changes the disadvantages of state-owned assets, such as lack of power and softening of binding force; The nature of capital appreciation will mercilessly eliminate the interference of all non proction and operation factors, get rid of the "burden" of enterprises, and realize the reasonable combination of factors and technological progress; Since foreign investors participate in the management of joint ventures and operate in accordance with the joint venture law, this solves the problem of no distinction between government and enterprises in terms of property rights and legal system. At the same time, the joint venture adopts the management system and management method suitable for the modern market economy, introces the incentive and restraint mechanism in the wage system, and establishes the social security system for the enterprise employees according to law, so as to make the enterprise become the main body of market competition that can fully integrate with the market economy. At the same time, state-owned enterprises can negotiate with multinational companies in M & A and take various ways to solve the problems of surplus personnel placement and debt repayment, which is a better way for state-owned enterprises in the state of shutdown, semi shutdown and serious loss. 4. Domestic enterprises can participate in international division of labor more effectively. According to vinon's proct life cycle theory, the proction of a proct transfers among the innovative country, other developed countries and developing countries in turn. When transferring to developing countries, MNCs will consider their existing branches and proction capacity. Under the same conditions, if MNCs have their rights and interests in China, they will give priority to transferring proction to China, so that China can obtain certain technological advantages over other developing countries. 5. It can cultivate senior technical and management talents. Through M & A, multinational companies can bring advanced technology and management concepts into China. The Chinese technical and managerial personnel who work in the merger and acquisition of enterprises will constitute an effective force for Chinese enterprises in the future. 2、 Disadvantage 1. Technology. Technology competition is the core of enterprise competition. As mentioned earlier, there are great limitations in the introction of advanced technology by multinational companies relying solely on mergers and acquisitions. Multinational companies always rely on technology monopoly to achieve different degrees of market monopoly, and often the higher the degree of market monopoly, the more reluctant to transfer technology to the host country. Multinational companies value the host country's market and will not willingly cultivate a strong competitor in this market. Taking the automobile instry as an example, according to the research of domestic scholars, from the control of the automobile instry in Latin America in the 1950s-1960s to the control of the automobile instry in China in the late 1980s, multinational companies first implemented non equity control rather than equity control. The form of foreign automobile companies' direct investment in China is Sino foreign joint venture. The control of the "four major Sino foreign joint ventures" is not mainly from equity control, but from market standards, technology gap, brand and intellectual property rights, quality certification and other aspects, so that the four major Sino foreign joint ventures in China's automobile instry are completely under foreign control. In such a situation, it is not surprising that China's auto instry (mainly cars) can hardly make progress in its self-development ability and its localization ability to meet the international requirements at a high level. After 10 years of joint venture, Shanghai Santana is wearing the hat of "ten-year consistent system" and has no development capacity to speak of. On the contrary, there are signs that restricting the Chinese side's independent development capability in joint ventures is the reason why some foreign businessmen prefer to use CKD (complete assembly of parts). In this CKD mode, Chinese enterprises can only obtain the proction technology which is going to be out of date, even this technology can not be obtained. Although the Chinese side has a majority stake, the decision-making power of technology import is in the hands of the foreign side, which can only be reced to a low-level processing and assembly plant in the global proction system of multinational companies. This reflects that MNCs always hold the core technology and R & D in the hands of their home countries, and their role in the technological progress of host countries is extremely limited. After cross-border M & A, subsidiaries of multinational companies can improve their quality of scientific and technological development through training local technical researchers, which may improve the domestic technological innovation environment, because scientific and technological developers can flow between domestic and foreign manufacturers. However, the entry of foreign capital into the domestic market will also increase the employment cost of technical personnel, which will affect the R & D cost in the opposite direction. Moreover, it is precisely because multinational companies with strong financial strength raise the salaries of technical personnel that the stability of research and development teams of domestic enterprises is worse, which may have a profound impact on the continuity of technological innovation process of these enterprises. On the whole, the influence of MNCs on the innovation capability of domestic manufacturers is very complex, and it is difficult to estimate its net effect. Technology diffusion is another channel for domestic manufacturers' R & D innovation power and ability to be affected. Due to the mobility of researchers among companies, the use of imitation means such as technology leakage and proct disassembly, as well as the demonstration role of MNCs themselves, can not avoid the unintentional diffusion of MNCs' technology to varying degrees. Although it may benefit domestic manufacturers, it will also inhibit their motivation of technological innovation. In the environment of technology diffusion, not only the imitator's procts will make the innovator lose part of the market, making the latter unable to realize the full value of innovation, but also the imitator will improve the ability of technological innovation, which will pose a potential threat to the opponent's future market position. Therefore, R & D spillover effect reces the innovation motivation of manufacturers. 2. Cross border M & A may inhibit the accumulation and growth of domestic entrepreneur elements. The economic development of developing countries depends not only on the accumulation and growth of capital and technology, but also on the accumulation and growth of local entrepreneurs. Entrepreneur factor is the source of local technology, proction and organizational innovation, and also the key factor to mobilize local resources and form the long-term development foundation of local economy. In order to carry out their global strategy after M & A, multinational companies often control the leading position of the company. The original Chinese leaders are either forced to obey the global strategic arrangement of multinational companies, or are excluded to a secondary position. At the same time, in order to obtain high monopoly profits in the host country, multinational companies tend to take preferential measures

7. No, the company's application for bankruptcy only means that when the enterprise legal person is unable to pay off its debts, it can fairly clear up its creditor's rights and debts in accordance with the law, protect the legitimate rights and interests of creditors and debtors, and maintain the socialist market economic order. The company can be reorganized after bankruptcy. As long as it is not cancelled, the company will still exist

according to Article 2 of the enterprise bankruptcy law of the people's Republic of China, if an enterprise legal person is unable to pay off its e debts, and its assets are insufficient to pay off all its debts or it is obviously unable to pay off its debts, it shall clear up its debts in accordance with the provisions of this law
If an enterprise as a legal person has the circumstances specified in the preceding paragraph, or has the possibility of obvious loss of solvency, it may be reorganized in accordance with the provisions of this law< Article 7 the debtor may apply to the people's court for reorganization, reconciliation or bankruptcy liquidation under the circumstances specified in Article 2 of this law
if the debtor is unable to pay off the debts e, the creditor can apply to the people's court for reorganization or bankruptcy liquidation of the debtor
If an enterprise as a legal person has been dissolved but has not been liquidated or has not been completed, and its assets are insufficient to pay off its debts, the person who is legally responsible for liquidation shall apply to the people's court for bankruptcy liquidation
Article 125 any director, supervisor or senior manager of an enterprise who violates the ty of loyalty and diligence and causes the enterprise to go bankrupt shall bear civil liability according to law
a person who falls under the circumstances specified in the preceding paragraph shall not serve as a director, supervisor or senior manager of any enterprise within three years from the date of the end of the bankruptcy proceedings

it can be seen that bankruptcy is to protect the rights and interests of all parties in the market economy. Before more losses occur, the people's court intervenes to stop losses in time.

8.

Military scientist Clausewitz said: "the benefits of theory should be inspired when people explore various basic concepts. Theory can't provide people with formulas to solve problems, and can't point out the narrow and inevitable way through rigid principles. " It can be seen that at all times and in all countries, extravagant talk about theory and unrealistic are taboos of strategists. The market is not "talked about", but "broken through"

There are three meanings in the enterprise decision-making: first, the decision-making only stays in the oral, no actual action; Second, superstitious doctrines cannot be applied to practice; Second, making decisions without foundation. No matter what aspect it is, it's a laughing matter to talk on paper. No decision on paper can succeed. So don't talk about the market on paper

The discussion of strategists is completely applicable to business. On the one hand, decision makers must master the theoretical knowledge of decision-making, and be familiar with the general principles and principles. On the other hand, they should not mechanically and be confined to the routine. Otherwise, they will become complacent and secure for their competitors

talking on paper is not only a taboo in decision-making, but also a hobby of some Zhao Kuo leaders. The biggest drawback is that theory is not combined with practice, and decision-making is only based on the subjective will of decision-makers. This kind of decision-making is perfect in writing, but in reality it is full of mistakes and omissions“ "Building a car behind closed doors" is a kind of "building a car behind closed doors"

a TV factory in the South suffered the loss of "talking on paper". At first, according to the traditional preference of the Chinese people, the factory used red color on the TV sets specially for export to increase the festive atmosphere and help sales. Who knows that the proct in Thailand sales is not smooth, can not find big customers. Because local residents think that only fire engines use red, which gives people a sense of vigilance. In the scorching summer, the TV set at home is like a raging fire, which makes people feel hot and irritable. Moreover, Thai people think that red symbolizes blood, and red TV sets give people the feeling of blood, which is daunting

Later, the factory changed to silver gray, but still could not open the market. Because Thai people advocate Buddhism, the dead often burn tinfoil to pass the dead. They think that silver gray is like tin foil. It's unlucky that TV sets of this color will attract disasters and ghosts when they are placed at home

so, what color is suitable for Thai taste? Another TV factory in the same instry has done much better. On the one hand, they organized art designers to visit parks in Thailand, hoping to find answers from nature; On the other hand, he sent someone to contact a consulting company in Thailand to organize a folk custom survey, and found that Thai people love blue. As a result, the factory changed the color of TV sets from dark blue to peacock blue after constant exploration, and finally won the favor of Thai people. This kind of TV sets finally sold well in Thailand

However, the first TV factory overstocked a large number of gray and red TV sets and had to ship them back to China for sale. Meanwhile, the domestic TV market has entered a state of fierce competition. Changhong, Hisense, TCL and other domestic TVs are developing towards large screen and high definition, and their prices are killing again and again. This factory has to deal with those outdated and expensive TV sets at a low price, resulting in a loss of nearly one million yuan

the wide sea is a beautiful scenery, but the wide sea must be high, so there is a risk. The same is true of decision-making: there are profits in the market, but there are risks in the market

a few years ago, major newspapers and periodicals in Jiangsu Province reported the news that cultured pearls can become rich. After hearing the news, some managers of aquaculture instry in southern Jiangsu, especially the managers of township farms, decided to engage in the project of cultured pearls one after another. It takes about four years to grow into pearls by implanting foreign bodies in shellfish. First of all, from the perspective of artificial technology, when choosing the foreign body implanted into the mother of pearl, that is, the "core" of pearl, the research results show that the most suitable material for "core" is the earth shaped fragment of a kind of shell proced in the Mississippi River Basin of the United States. So it is very difficult to implant successfully. This is difficult for those small farms in towns to achieve. Secondly, the vitality of mother of pearl is weak, temperature changes and water pollution often lead to a large number of death of mother of pearl, which shows the high risk. Sure enough, typhoons and rainstorms ravaged Southern Jiangsu in the summer of 2001, and southern Jiangsu was an area with intensive instries and serious water pollution. All farms suffered a heavy blow. Years of hard work turned into nothing. Some farms were heavily in debt and had to transfer to others at low prices to avoid bankruptcy. Some of the self-employed are even more miserable. In the chilly winter, they take the whole family to drain the water from the pond. Hopefully, they pick up the Fritillaria and break it apart. What they see is only an empty shell

in the business war, only by facing the environment squarely, adapting to the environment and analyzing the specific problems, can the decision-makers be invincible. Because the essence of competition is innovation, is "natural selection, survival of the fittest". The old laws, rules and systems formed in the old era can no longer explain and guide organizational behavior, and a large number of old experiences, old rules and old routines have long lost their value. Unconventional events and accidental events emerge one after another, and new situations, new problems and new ideas are springing up. Among the hundreds of principles and principles, it is difficult for us to determine which are universally applicable. In developed countries, those who have been eliminated may be in developing countries and have just shown vitality. Under the constraints of different instrial sectors, different levels of technology and equipment, different abilities, knowledge and quality of leaders and employees, the same principle may proce diametrically opposite results. Therefore, if we only talk about theory and do not pay attention to flexible decision-making according to the situation, the time and the place, we will inevitably make a decision of high opinion and low hand, and fall into disrepute

the story of "war on paper" can be seen in the self righteous and eloquent Zhao Kuo thousands of years ago, but up to now, Zhao Kuo type enterprise leaders still emerge in endlessly, and the reasons are thought-provoking

although some business executives seem to pay attention to the market, they only investigate through their subordinates, lack of their own practice, and still think about the market situation in the office. This is just as harmful

a famous entrepreneur once said that if an enterprise wants to succeed, its leaders must keep an eye on the market day and night - I will proce what the market needs. But some enterprise leaders are not like this, so their decisions are made out of thin air in their "genius" minds, rather than according to the needs of the market. The result of such a decision can be imagined

For the boss, the following three factors must be considered in any decision-making:

(1) the market needs

in the market competition, the object of competition with competitors is of course customers, which is a market composed of real customers or potential customers. Under the market competition mechanism, the survival of any enterprise depends on whether it can occupy a certain market share. The market is the basis of the final realization of the enterprise's decision

when the market demand for the proct is close to or reaches saturation, we should size up the situation and withdraw from the market as soon as possible unless the enterprise has strong strength to maintain or expand its market share. In order to compete for limited market share, all enterprises will spare no effort to protect themselves and eliminate their rivals“ The trend of "big fish eat small fish, small fish eat shrimps" is inevitable. When the market demand for the proct has not reached the limit of market capacity, generally speaking, this is the time to make profits and expand proction

(2) enterprise capability

enterprise's own competitiveness includes its own advantages and disadvantages. The boss of an enterprise should know this at a glance and know whether the enterprise can provide procts with excellent quality, moderate price and perfect service

(3) the situation of competitors

market competition is the confrontation of various forces. Only when entrepreneurs know themselves and their opponents in the competition, can they make the right decision to develop their strengths and avoid weaknesses and give full play to their own advantages

some enterprises are small in scale, and there are many unfavorable factors when they compete with large enterprises. In terms of new proct technology development, large enterprises can spend hundreds of thousands or millions of yuan at a time, but they are not in a hurry to recover them, while small and medium-sized enterprises are hard to match. When a new proct is developed, a huge amount of money will have to be spent on market development, such as media advertising, outdoor advertising, operation performance, gift giving, and door-to-door sales promotion. After the procts are put into the market and mature procers, distributors and consumers have been formed, the advantages of large enterprises are more obvious. They can make use of the strong sales network all over the country and even the world and the more excellent marketing talents than SMEs to compete with SMEs for the market. Because of the huge amount of capital, large enterprises are obviously in a favorable position. After a period of time, small and medium-sized enterprises will be unable to catch up in proct quality, performance or price, and they will be forced to withdraw from the market or be annexed by large enterprises

However, SMEs have their own advantages. It is often said that "a small boat makes a U-turn, but a big boat makes a deep water". If small and medium-sized enterprises can give full play to the characteristics of flexibility and grasp the weaknesses of large enterprises, they will be able to "eat the big fish with the small fish", and win the strong with the weak, and win the big with the small fish. Generally speaking, from the emergence of new markets to the formation of mass proction by large enterprises, before entering the market, this period is the opportunity for small and medium-sized enterprises to seize the market. Because at this time, in order to be safe, large enterprises must have made detailed plans and preparations, and invested considerable capital. In the short term, the proction cost cannot be reced. Small and medium-sized enterprises can take the lead because they do not need much investment in reconstruction, proct development and personnel arrangement

The most praiseworthy thing in Fuji's history is its third strategy. This strategy is the KFS theory widely spread in business decision-making, namely the key factor method. Enterprises find the key elements of success in the chosen business field (or target market), and then allocate intensively to obtain advantages

Japanese management scholar Kenichi Ohara said: "when capital, human resources and time are as precious as they are today, it is crucial to concentrate limited resources on the areas that can determine the success of an enterprise. Just deploying resources like competitors will not proce competitive advantage. If you can identify the key areas of success in your instrial sector and allocate resources to them correctly, you can put yourself in a position where you have a real competitive advantage. "

Fuji's third strategy is no different from a footnote of KFS theory. If Fuji does not choose to concentrate its forces on the one-step photographic film in which Kodak's forces have not yet intervened, it will, like Kodak, distribute its personnel, money and materials equally to various photographic equipment and engage in diversified operation. We can imagine the outcome of all-round competition

On the other hand, when Kodak has a good market prospect and considerable proct profits, it should seize the favorable conditions to form scale proction as soon as possible. If we stop here, we may lose the best opportunity to expand the market and be forced to compete