New technology to realize the intersection of different blockcha

1.

From the perspective of technology and architecture, I will tell you my understanding of blockchain in common language

what is blockchain? In a word, blockchain is a storage system. To be more specific, blockchain is a distributed storage system without an administrator and each node has all the data

What are the common storage systems like

first, how to ensure high availability

the common storage system usually uses "rendancy" to solve the problem of high availability. As shown in the figure above, if the data can be copied into several copies and rendant to multiple places, high availability can be guaranteed. The data in one place is hung, and there is data in other places. For example, the master-slave cluster of MySQL is the same principle, and the raid of disk is also the same principle

two points need to be emphasized in this place are: data rendancy often leads to consistency problems

1. For example, in the master-slave cluster of MySQL, there is actually a delay in reading and writing, which means there is a inconsistency in reading and writing in a short period of time. This is a side effect of data rendancy

The second point is that data rendancy often reces the efficiency of writing, because data synchronization also consumes resources. If you add two slave libraries, the write efficiency will be affected. The common storage system is to use rendancy to ensure the high availability of data

so the second question, ordinary storage system, can write more

the answer is yes, for example, take this graph as an example:

in fact, MySQL can do a master-slave synchronization of al masters, master-slave synchronization of al masters, two nodes can be written at the same time. If you want to do a multi room multi live data center, in fact, multi room multi live data synchronization. What we should emphasize here is that multi-point writing often leads to the consistency problem of writing conflicts. Take MySQL as an example, suppose that the attribute of a table is self incrementing ID, then the data in the database is 1234 now. If one of the nodes writes and inserts a piece of data, it may become 5, and then these 5 pieces of data are synchronized to another master node, Before synchronization, if another write node inserts a piece of data, a piece of data with self incrementing ID of 5 will be generated. Then, after the generation, synchronize to another node, and the synchronized data will conflict with the two local 5's after it arrives, which will lead to synchronization failure and write consistency conflict. This problem will occur in the case of multi-point writing

how to ensure consistency in multi-point writing

the reform "Swan class" gives you more technical work

2. Introction to seven core technologies of blockchain operation on January 15, 2018
1. Blockchain links
as the name suggests, blockchain is a chain composed of blocks. Each block is divided into block head and block body (including transaction data). The block head includes the prevhash value (also known as hash value) of the previous block used to realize the block link and the random number (nonce) used to calculate the mining difficulty. The hash value of the previous block is actually the hash value of the head of the previous block, and the random number calculation rule determines which miner can obtain the right to record the block
2. Consensus mechanism
blockchain is accompanied by the birth of bitcoin, which is the basic technology architecture of bitcoin. Blockchain can be understood as an Internet-based decentralized accounting system. A decentralized digital currency system like bitcoin requires the consistency of accounting of honest nodes without a central node, which needs blockchain to complete. Therefore, the core of blockchain technology is a consensus mechanism to reach a consensus on the legitimacy of transactions between indivials without mutual trust without central control
there are four main types of consensus mechanisms in blockchain: pow, POS, dpos and distributed consistency algorithm
3. Unlocking script
script is an important technology to realize automatic verification and contract execution on blockchain. Every output of every transaction does not point to an address in the strict sense, but to a script. A script is like a set of rules that constrain how the receiver can spend the asset locked on the output
the validation of transactions also depends on scripts. At present, it depends on two kinds of scripts: Lock script and unlock script. Locking script is a condition added to the output transaction, which is realized by a script language and located in the output of the transaction. The unlocking script corresponds to the locking script. Only when the conditions required by the locking script are met can the assets corresponding to the script be spent, which is located in the input of the transaction. Many flexible conditions can be expressed by script language. Interpretation script is similar to the "virtual machine" in our programming field, which runs in every node of the blockchain network in a distributed way
4. Transaction rules
blockchain transaction is not only the basic unit of a block, but also the actual effective content recorded by the blockchain. A blockchain transaction can be a transfer, or the deployment of smart contracts and other transactions
as far as bitcoin is concerned, a transaction refers to a single payment transfer. The transaction rules are as follows:
1) the input and output of the transaction cannot be empty
2) for each input of a transaction, if its corresponding utxo output can be found in the current transaction pool, the transaction will be rejected. Because the current transaction pool is the transaction not recorded in the blockchain, and each input of the transaction should come from the confirmed utxo. If it is found in the current trading pool, it is Shuanghua trading
3) for each input in a transaction, the corresponding output must be utxo
4) each input unlocking script must verify the compliance of the transaction together with the corresponding output locking script
5. Transaction priority
the priority of blockchain transaction is determined by the blockchain protocol rules. For bitcoin, the priority of a transaction to be included in a block is determined by the time when the transaction is broadcast to the network and the amount of the transaction. With the increase of transaction broadcast time on the network and the increase of transaction chain age, the priority of transaction will be improved and eventually be included by the block. For Ethereum, the priority of the transaction is also related to the transaction fee that the publisher is willing to pay. The higher the transaction fee that the publisher is willing to pay, the higher the priority that the transaction is included in the block
6. Merkle proof
the original application of Merkle proof is bitcoin, which was described and created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. Bitcoin blockchain uses Merkle proof to store transactions in each block. So that the transaction can not be tampered with, but also easy to verify whether the transaction is included in a specific block
7. RLP
RLP (recursive length prefix) is one of the main encoding methods of object serialization in Ethereum. Its purpose is to encode the sequence of arbitrary nested binary data.

3. Blockchain blockchain is a new application mode of computer technology, such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and so on. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
the definition of supply chain is: around the core enterprise, from the supporting parts to the intermediate procts and final procts, and finally the procts are delivered to the consumers by the sales network, which is a whole function network chain structure from suppliers, manufacturers, distributors to the end users.

4. Recently, the hottest investment is bitcoin. From financial tycoons to ordinary people, they are talking about the surge of bitcoin. Bitcoin is a kind of blockchain. I believe there are still many people who don't know much about blockchain, so today we will explain in detail what blockchain is? How to search blockchain technology patents? What is blockchain? More than 10000 years ago, human beings began to learn to use shells as an intermediary for exchanging materials, and later developed into currency. With the development of network, the circulation of digital currency has graally replaced the traditional currency, and now people's payment methods have undergone unprecedented changes. The emergence of encrypted electronic currencies such as bitcoin, Ethereum and litecoin has further prompted the whole financial system to face up to and start thinking about transformation. However, there is an important technical support behind the development of encrypted e-money which is not affected by the traditional financial system;; Block chain. Blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system. How to search blockchain technology patents Blockchain Revolution & sup1; A book has mentioned that blockchain is a public database, which records all transaction information and can effectively prevent tampering; It is a distributed system, which does not store on a specific server or node, but scattered in countless nodes on the network, each node only retains part of the information; It is a kind of consensus agreement, which follows a mechanism together. As the underlying technology behind cryptocurrency, including identity authentication, medical record preservation, market forecasting, asset trading, etc., blockchain is graally applied. To observe the patent applications related to global blockchain technology, the author suggests that you should refer to the definitions of block chain, distributed ledger and smart contract to expand your search conditions, rather than only limited to the patents using the word block chain. What is blockchain? How to search blockchain technology patents? If you have more questions about patent inquiry, you can continue to pay attention to Bajie intellectual property or contact us by telephone.

5. The formation mode of Chongqing jinwowo analysis consensus algorithm is as follows:
the consensus mechanism of blockchain is how to reach a consensus among all distributed nodes, generate and update data through the algorithm to determine the validity of a record, which is not only a means of identification, but also a means of preventing tampering
blockchain mainly includes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.

6. How much does it cost to register a company in Shanghai? Many entrepreneurs will probably ask this question. In the era of national entrepreneurship, most people will choose to register the company after they have a project. However, there are two practical problems in front of Shanghai registered company:
first, if there is not much start-up capital in hand, how to raise funds to set up a company with a registered capital of 1 million yuan
Second, we are going to start business at home at the beginning, but we can't complete the instrial and commercial registration of family residence. What should we do< In fact, since March 1, 2014, the state has begun to adjust its policies and implement the system of subscription of registered capital. Even if there is no start-up capital, other methods can be used to register the company. In the new policy, the restrictions on the way, time limit and amount of capital contribution are cancelled. The purpose of the state's move is to encourage entrepreneurship. Even if you don't have any money, you can easily register a company with 1 million yuan in this way. In the future, when you make money, you can supplement the registered capital
What are the fees for registering a company in Shanghai, regardless of the registered capital? Zhihao has sorted out for you the expenses of business registration, seal engraving and tax registration certificate in the process of company registration, as well as the expenses of subsequent business tax declaration, taxpayer and registered address of the company
I. business registration fees. In the national policy, business registration does not need to spend money, free of charge
2. The cost of official seal engraving. A very important step to complete the instrial and commercial registration is to obtain the official seal. The cost of carving the official seal is 50 yuan / set, which is a necessary cost< Third, the cost of tax registration certificate. The fee is free< 4. Fees for Instry license and food hygiene license. If the company needs to apply for these certificates, there may be corresponding expenses< 5. The bank opens the basic account of the company. For bank account opening, the fee charged by each company may vary to a certain extent. The general fee is more than 500 yuan< 6. The cost of purchasing invoice. The company needs to buy tax cards, special printers, billing software and so on. The total cost is about 2000-3000 yuan< 7. If you need to apply for general taxpayer qualification and issue VAT invoice, the cost will be increased. If an enterprise is engaged in import and export trade, there are administrative charges when it goes through the import and export filing proceres, and the cost is about 2000 yuan.
8. If it is entrusted to an agent company, the cost of registering a million companies in Shanghai is not much, but in the process of registering a company, there may be a lot of cumbersome affairs to deal with, In this case, in fact, looking for an agent to complete the registration can save more time and energy. The total agent fee is about 500 yuan
simply speaking, the process of business registration in Shanghai is as follows:
check the name - register online - hand in the business establishment information - get the business license - engrave the seal - do the organization code certificate - do the tax registration certificate - open the basic account (taxpayer)
the detailed steps and cycle are as follows:
1. To approve a company name, it is better to submit 3-5 company names in the preferred order at a time to prevent plicate names. If it is submitted again, the approval time will be longer. The name of the company requires the company name, shareholder name, ID number and capital contribution ratio. 1-3 days
2. After the name is approved, fill in all the delivery materials, make an appointment, and submit the documents to the Administration for Instry and commerce; 7 days
3 and 7 days later, after obtaining the business license, we will handle the tax, code and stamp. 7 days to complete the documents

7. Regulations and French official activities