Kazakhstan on blockchain

1. Globally, governments have different attitudes towards blockchain and blockchain assets, but on the whole, they are still in the exploration period
European and American countries are actively monitoring. Germany is the first country to recognize bitcoin and other digital assets as private property. The US CFTC (US Commodity Futures Commission) has identified bitcoin as a commodity. The state of New York has issued three bitlicenses
the situation in Asia is different. Japan actively supports it. In April this year, Japan implemented the payment services act, officially recognizing bitcoin as a legal payment method
South Korea is actively monitoring. In July, South Korea's "bitcoin Regulation Act" came out, setting a threshold of 500 million won for investors
China has strict supervision. In September, the people's Bank of China and other seven ministries and commissions jointly issued the "notice on preventing the financing risk of token issuance", which stipulates that in China, trading platforms shall not engage in the exchange business between legal tender and "virtual currency".

2. All departments in the United States actively strive to lay out blockchains. The Department of justice held a digital currency summit. The stock exchange has approved the company's stock trading on the blockchain. The commodity futures trading commission of the United States regulates the blockchain and treats bitcoin as a bulk commodity; In addition, the UK released distributed ledger Technology: beyond blockchain; Russia put forward "block chain technology development roadmap"; Australian central bank wants to issue data currency; Japan held a special research conference on blockchain; The Central Bank of Korea issued the status quo and Enlightenment of distributed ledger technology and digital currency< On January 20, 2016, the Central Bank of China said that it would launch legal digital currency as soon as possible; In July of the same year, the Ministry of instry and information technology issued the letter on organizing and carrying out research on the development trend of blockchain technology and application; On August 11, the Ministry of instry and information technology issued a two-year plan for blockchain.

3. Man, you're not technology, are you; There are too many. All kinds of ghosts and ghosts come to evaluate the blockchain. Often, these people's understanding of blockchain is just superficial, even nonsense. I used to learn a little bit about technology development, but later I was afraid of being bald and started working in the media instry, although I found that there was still a risk of being bald after I joined the instry
to get down to business, let me analyze the routine of media platform from the perspective of media. A company needs a certain public opinion environment when it needs to develop, especially in emerging instries. What kind of things will media do for emerging instries? They will publish false reports and even malicious remarks about the instry. It's often the work of small media companies, so why do they do it? It's very simple to earn traffic. The most eye-catching is often the heated comments. This kind of articles can easily incite netizens' emotions and increase their reading volume. In this way, the flow of cash is a very simple thing, then the capital of advertising will become higher. The more vertical reports the article has, the more valuable the vertical ads will be. For example, if I am a we media practitioner and I have been making untrue comments about the blockchain instry, then one day a blockchain company wants to send a report to me, then I can ask for a price
most of the untrue comments on the Internet can be divided into several categories: the spread of falsehoods between small websites and small media. Rumors start from taking out of context and making up, and then they will be further upgraded. The first wave of taking out of context and making up articles will be used to intercept part of the evidence to spread the upgraded version of rumors. When many stars or company leaders see this, their first reaction is: when did I say this&# 160; The second reaction is to laugh. The media, alas, is normal. More helpless, spend money to find the media to explain it, another group of people said you wash white. Don't make a statement and say you acquiesce. This vicious circle wave after wave, some companies are not so destroyed? In view of the above content, I give the questioner a clear way to distinguish, first: pay attention to check the level of the media that issued the article, and be happy with what the small media say, but don't take it seriously. Second: is it released from its official platform? If not, no one knows so much inside information
from the perspective of technology, what's wrong with blockchain technology? It's just an emerging technology. In fact, it can't be counted. It was first applied to bitcoin. It's just that there is a delay for the general public to come into contact with these, just as it will take a few years for the routine model of big cities to develop into small cities. Columbus cat does have a certain strength in the technical circle, and its technical reserves are quite sufficient. Just want to achieve comprehensive business development, it will certainly need a long march. For example, we may have developed the online payment system long before Taobao came out, but the technology can not be applied immediately. First of all, you have to convince others to believe you, so that you can really apply it. Father Ma succeeded in persuading Chinese women, so he succeeded. Blockchain itself is a cross era technology. To better promote it, more dedicated entrepreneurs need to work together.

4. As a mechanism of allocating social resources, law is determined by the objective requirements of social and economic development and directly affects the whole process of economic operation. It can simplify the complexity of social relations, save transaction costs, and help social members conct transactions safely, normatively and orderly
based on the legal framework, the blockchain technology makes the transaction information more secure and transparent, and the data more traceable through the pre-set automatic execution of intelligent contracts, which greatly reces the cost of law enforcement, presents the situation that the law and technology complement each other, and the law and economy are integrated, which makes the legal constraints and enforcement graally move towards intelligence
what is blockchain
blockchain is an innovative application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies in the Internet era
blockchain is essentially a decentralized distributed ledger database. It is a series of data blocks associated with cryptography. Each data block contains the information of effective confirmation of multiple bitcoin network transactions, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
foreign legal regulations on blockchain
as the blockchain technology itself is still in the exploration stage and has not been applied on a large scale, only some countries have enacted special legislation on blockchain technology< In the United States, Vermont and Arizona have passed bills to clearly define and support blockchain technology for public use. The bill stipulates the use specifications of blockchain and smart contract, and states that all data related to blockchain are "considered as electronic format and become electronic records", which is recognized by the state
UK
distributed ledger Technology: beyond blockchain mentions that the UK federal government will invest in blockchain technology to analyze the potential of blockchain application in traditional financial instry
Singapore
the government supports financial technology enterprises such as blockchain technology, and has launched a regulatory sandbox to provide a more tolerant development environment for blockchain start-ups
China's legal regulation on blockchain
in addition to the above-mentioned policies on blockchain itself, a series of regulatory provisions have been issued internationally for virtual currencies such as bitcoin
in our country, in addition to the policies on the transaction and financing of bitcoin and other virtual currencies, the government has also issued many policy regulations on blockchain
on December 27, 2016, blockchain technology was listed in the notice of the State Council on printing and distributing the 13th five year plan for national informatization. At the same time, the State Council also issued a document "China's blockchain instry is expected to walk in the forefront of the world" to support the healthy development of blockchain
it is mentioned in the guidance of the general office of the State Council on actively promoting the innovation and application of supply chain that we should study and use emerging technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence to establish a credit evaluation mechanism based on supply chain. Promote the organic docking of various supply chain platforms, and strengthen the disclosure and sharing of credit rating, credit record, risk warning, illegal and dishonest behavior and other information< In the eyes of lawyers, the legal risks of blockchain technology
as a distributed system, blockchain is an innovative application in the field of technology. According to the current exploration results, its technical concept can bring great changes to the development of various instries
however, as the law has not yet issued clear instry standards and applicable norms for blockchain, there are still problems such as national supervision and legal regulation in the future
taking bitcoin as a typical digital currency as an example, the first problem we face is supervision. Bitcoin and other digital currencies based on blockchain technology are logically decentralized and opposed to centralized supervision
secondly, the application of blockchain technology has to face huge risks. Taking bitcoin as an example, loss, theft, attack, speculation, money laundering and all kinds of disturbances, doubts and events have been accompanied by the development of bitcoin
the wide application of blockchain technology is inseparable from smart contract, which defines commitment in the form of digital coding. The two sides of the transaction do not need to trust each other, all transactions are enforced by the code
however, the validity of the form and content of smart contract has not been formally recognized by the law and the judiciary. As the contract text in the form of digital coding, it is not clear whether it can constitute the elements of an effective contract and whether it can meet the authenticity, legality and validity of the evidence to be accepted by the judiciary
e to the decentralized nature of blockchain technology, its own rules are bound to conflict and contradict with social rules and national legal rules. It is precisely conflicts and contradictions, risks and problems that can stimulate motivation and imagination, including that of society, the state and indivials
in the process of transaction, virtual currency based on the application of blockchain technology has posed great challenges to the legal tender and financial system of various countries, and caused investment risks and even social problems.

5.

Country name: the Republic of Kazakhstan capital: Astana area: 2.7249 million square kilometers population: 15.2193 million in 2006 Nationality: Kazakhstan is a multi-ethnic country with more than 130 nationalities. Kazakh nationality has the largest population, accounting for 58.6%, while Russian nationality accounts for 26.1%. Other ethnic groups with large population are: German, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Tatar, Uygur and Korean. There are also Donggan people (descendants of modern Chinese immigrants)

Language: Kazakh and Russian are commonly used in China

currency: tenge

National Geography

Kazakhstan is a land locked country in Central Asia. Located between Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and adjacent to Xinjiang, China in the East, it is the largest inland country in the world. The southwest belongs to Turan lowlands and Caspian coastal lowlands. The central and eastern parts are hilly areas, with semi desert and desert areas accounting for about 60% of the total area. Temperate continental climate. The river network is scarce. The main rivers are the Irtysh River (the upper reaches are in China) and the Sier river. There are lakes such as Lake Balkhash. The reserves of copper, lead, zinc and chromium are abundant. Most of the areas were originally Kazakh Khanate territory. The east of Balkhash Lake and zhaisangpo ~ belt in the East were originally Chinese territory. The second half of the 19th century was forcibly occupied by Russia. The Republic of Kazakhstan was established in 1991. Nonferrous metal smelting, coal and oil exploitation are the main instries. The output of coal, iron, copper, lead and zinc is abundant. Pastures account for 80% of agricultural land

the origin of the name of Kazakhstan“ In Turkic language, "Kazak" means "people of freedom", and "Stan" means "state", that is, "state of people of freedom"

6. In fact, the most fundamental source of the boundary problem between China and the former Soviet Union's republics is the unclear part of the series of unequal treaties signed between China and Russia in the late Qing Dynasty. After Tajik was originally annexed by Tsarist Russia, it invaded China ring the Qing Dynasty. 120 years ago, Zuo Zongtang led his troops to recover the whole Xinjiang. The Qing Dynasty signed a border agreement with tsarist Russia. According to the agreement, it was a vertical straight line to the south of the mountain pass. Later, Tsarist Russia occupied 28000 square kilometers of China's Xinjiang on the basis of the original land cutting, and never returned it. After the October Revolution, Lenin intended to return all the Chinese territory occupied in the unequal treaties, but for various reasons, this wish could not be achieved. Then Stalin did not carry out Lenin's last wish, and the matter of returning the territory was not settled. The occupied territories, which are not included in the treaty, have been pending

in 1997, China and Tajikistan reached an agreement on the disputed areas of uchiberi pass and Karazak pass. In May 2002, President Thaksin visited China and agreed to hand over 3.5% of the 28000 square kilometers of disputed land near Pamir to China, totaling about 1000 square kilometers, thus ending the border dispute. In July 2000, China, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan signed the agreement on the border points of the three countries, which laid a solid foundation for the thorough settlement of the border issue between China and Tajikistan. The result of the demarcation negotiation between China and Tajikistan in 2002 was basically divided according to the actual control line, but China obtained more than 2000 square kilometers of land beyond the actual control line

at present, the land won back in the northwest border negotiation includes: China has obtained about 1300 square kilometers in the negotiation with Kazakhstan, China has obtained about 1200 square kilometers in the negotiation with Kyrgyzstan, and China has obtained about 1200 square kilometers in the negotiation with Tajikistan

before, there was a cross demarcation in the demarcation of the border between China and Russia, and China also fought back a lot of occupied territory on the existing basis, just like the return of Heixiazi Island, which was strongly reported by the former media< After all, in the current international environment, China advocates the diplomatic policy of "being good to our neighbors and partnership with our neighbors", aiming to grasp the present and look to the future. If we still focus on the lost land and want to win back the lost land, there will be no peaceful development environment. The unequal treaty between China and Russia has resulted in the loss of more than 2 million square kilometers of land. This is quite sufficient evidence to prove, So when will the Danube drinking situation reappear

I personally feel sorry for the lost land, but we need to look at the lost land rationally. You know, maybe some things lost can never be owned, face the reality, cherish the present, look forward to the future.

7.

Kazakhstan has a good relationship with China, which is a friendly diplomatic relationship. At the same time, Kazakhstan is also an important partner of China's construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt

On January 3, 1992, Li Lanqing, Minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation, and Tian ZengPei, Vice Minister of foreign affairs, led a delegation of the Chinese government to visit Kazakhstan, and the two sides signed a communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. The two countries enjoy good relations and frequent high-level visits

In November 1999, the two countries signed the joint statement of China and Kazakhstan on continuously strengthening comprehensive cooperation in the 21st century and the joint communique of China and Kazakhstan on comprehensively resolving the border issue between the two countries

In December 2002, the two countries signed the Treaty of good neighborliness, friendship and cooperation between China and Kazakhstan. The two sides also signed such documents as the cooperation agreement between China and Kazakhstan on combating the "three forces" and the agreement between the governments of China and Kazakhstan on preventing dangerous military activities

In July 2005, the two countries signed the joint statement on establishing and developing strategic partnership between China and Kazakhstan

In December 2006, the two countries signed "China Kazakhstan cooperation strategy for the 21st century", "China Kazakhstan economic cooperation development concept" and 11 cooperation agreements involving economy and trade, energy, railway, culture and ecation

in June 2011, the two countries issued the joint statement on the development of comprehensive strategic partnership between China and Kazakhstan

According to the statistics of China Customs, the bilateral trade volume between China and Kazakhstan in 2012 was US $25.68 billion, an increase of 2.9% year on year. Among them, China's total exports to Kazakhstan were 11 billion US dollars, up 15% year on year; The total import volume was 14.68 billion US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 4.7%

extended data:

Republic of Kazakhstan, referred to as Kazakhstan. It is a land locked country in Central Asia and the largest land locked country in the world. The name of the country comes from its main ethnic group, Kazak. It borders Russia, the people's Republic of China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and other countries, and faces Iran and Azerjan across the Caspian Sea. Its land area ranks ninth in the world< strong>

8. 1、 Topic selection
topic selection is the first key step of thesis writing, which is directly related to the quality of the thesis. As the saying goes, "half a good essay is a good one.". For clinical nurses, we should pay attention to the following points in choosing the topic of the paper: (1) we should combine the study and work practice, and appropriately select the topic with theoretical and practical significance according to the professional and research interests we are familiar with 2) As long as you have your own opinions, successful experiences, lessons from failure, or new ideas and understandings in a certain academic field or point, you can choose a topic 3) When selecting the topic of thesis writing, we should check the literature, not only to understand the extent of other people's research on this issue, but also to learn from other people's research results on this issue
it should be pointed out that the topic selection of thesis writing is not only related to the title of thesis, but also not the same thing. The title is drawn up on the basis of the topic selection, which is a high generalization of the topic selection. However, the topic selection and writing should not be restricted by the title. Sometimes, in the process of writing, the topic selection remains unchanged, but the title has been modified several times
Second, design
design is to put forward problems and plan a preliminary plan to solve problems after the topic of thesis writing is determined, so as to make scientific research and writing go smoothly. The design of nursing paper should include the following aspects: (1) professional design: it is a research project based on the needs of the topic selection and the existing technical conditions 2) Statistical design: it is a statistical processing scheme based on the method of health statistics, which is particularly important for the writing of nursing papers with experimental comparative samples 3) Writing design: it is a preliminary plan for drawing up the outline and writing. In a word, design is the blueprint of nursing research and thesis writing. Without "blueprint", it can't work< 3. Experiment and observation
it is a very important step to engage in basic or clinical nursing scientific research and writing papers, and to carry out necessary animal experiments or clinical observation, which is not only the basic process of obtaining objective results to draw correct conclusions, but also an important way to accumulate paper data and prepare for writing. Experiment is a method to explore objective laws by using various material means (experimental instruments, animals, etc.) according to research purposes; Observation is to reveal the reasons behind the phenomenon and its laws, and consciously investigate the natural phenomenon. Their main functions are to collect scientific facts, obtain perceptual materials for scientific research, and develop and test scientific theories. The difference between the two is that "observation is to collect the information provided by natural phenomena, while experiment is to extract what it wishes from natural phenomena." Therefore, no matter animal experiments or clinical observation, we should be careful, based on all kinds of facts, and make all kinds of records in the work
animal experiments or clinical observations are not necessary for writing some nursing papers, such as nursing management papers or nursing reviews, but necessary social practice activities are still indispensable. Only when the materials obtained from practice are promoted to theory, can we obtain valuable results< Data collection and processing
data is the basis of thesis writing. After choosing the topic, designing, observing and experimenting, collecting and processing the data is the further preparation for thesis writing
thesis writing materials can be divided into first-hand materials and second-hand materials. The former, also known as primary data or direct data, refers to the things that the author personally participates in the investigation, research or observation, such as the records made in the experiment or observation; The latter, also known as secondary information or indirect information, refers to the relevant professional or thematic literature, which mainly depends on the accumulation of learning at ordinary times. On the basis of obtaining enough data, processing should be carried out to make it systematic and orderly, and easy to apply. For thesis writing, these two kinds of materials are indispensable. We should apply them properly to thesis writing, pay attention to distinguish the primary and secondary, especially for literature materials, we should properly quote them on the basis of full digestion and absorption, and do not make a fuss over the host. The use of first-hand information should also be true, accurate and correct< 5. Outline of thesis writing
it is also an important step in the process of thesis writing to draft outline of thesis, which can be said to have entered the formal writing stage. First of all, we should have a general understanding of the basic types (commonly used formats) of academic papers, and consider the forms of papers according to the information we have. For beginners, the author can refer to the types of papers published in the journal, so as to have a clear idea; Secondly, we should do further research on the information we have, consider the choice and application of many materials, and make the argument prominent, the argument reliable, the argument powerful, and the content of each part appropriate. Third, we should consider the detail of the outline of the paper. The paper outline can be divided into rough outline and detailed outline. The former only prompts the main points of each part, and does not involve the development of materials and papers. It can be used by experienced authors. But for beginners, it's better to draw up a more detailed outline of writing, which not only puts forward the main points of each part of the paper, but also reflects the materials involved, the detailed arrangement of the materials and the relationship between the parts, etc., so that they can write with ease< (6) writing with writing
writing with writing marks that scientific research has entered the stage of expressing achievements. On the basis of good topics, rich materials and detailed outline, writing should be smooth, but it should not be taken lightly. Of course, a high-quality academic paper should be substantial in content, but it should also be concise and precise in form, standard in grammar and rhetoric, and moderate in sentence length. In particular, it should be noted that we must use the medical science and technology language style, use declarative sentences to express, rece or avoid exclamations, lyrical sentences and slang, and do not have nothing to do with the party and government leaders and their speech or political situation at the beginning or end of the paper
like other styles of writing, there is continuity of thinking in thesis writing. Therefore, in writing, we should try to eliminate all kinds of interference, make the thinking activities continue, concentrate on, and strive to complete at one go. For a long paper, we should complete the part at one go, and don't stop in the middle, so that the writing effect is better.

9. The Republic of Kazakhstan

(Kazakh: Қ аза&# 1179; стан Республикасы / Qazaqstan Respwblï kası / &# 1602;&# 1575;&# 1586;&# 1575;&# 1602;&# 1587;&# 1578;&# 1575;&# 1606; &# 1585;&# 1749;&# 1587;&# 1662;&# 1739;&# 1576;&# 1604;&# 1609;&# 1610;&# 1603;&# 1575;&# 1587;&# 1609; Russian: Республика Казахстан， Kazakhstan is one of the Central Asian countries. It was one of the Soviet Union's republics before independence, and became independent after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The former capital, Almaty, moved to Astana in 1997

Kazakhstan borders Russia in the north, the people's Republic of China in the southeast, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in the south. With an area of 2717300 square kilometers, China is a large country in Central Asia and the largest inland country in the world

History

from the 3rd century B.C. to the 1st century B.C., the Kazakh Society emerged. From the 6th century to the 8th century, the Turkic khanate, tuqishi, Geluolu and other feudal states were established. From the 9th century to the 12th century, the West and the southwest, the South and the southeast successively joined the countries of ugus, jimak and chincha. In the first half of the 12th century, it was invaded by Khitans. In the early 13th century, it was conquered by Mongolian Tartars. The Kazakh Khanate was founded in the 15th century. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Kazakh nationality was basically formed. At the beginning of the 18th century, the anti Junggar invasion was carried out. From 1830s to 1840s, it was graally occupied by the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, it was occupied by the Russian Empire. On August 26, 1920, the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic was established, belonging to the Russian Federation. On April 19, 1925, the Central Asian countries changed their name to Kazakhstan Soviet Socialist autonomous republic according to their ethnic boundaries. In 1936, it was named the Soviet Socialist Republic of Kazakhstan and became a member Republic of the Soviet Union. On October 25, 1990, a declaration of sovereignty was issued. On December 16, 1991, it declared independence and renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan. On December 21, 1991, it joined the CIS

politics

the Constitution stipulates that Kazakhstan stanstanstanstan is a "democratic, non religious and unified country"; The president is the head of state, the highest state official who decides the basic principles of the country's domestic and foreign policies and represents Kazakhstan stanstanstan in international relations. He is the symbol and guarantee of the unity of the people and the state power, the unshakability of the constitution, civil rights and freedom

based on the Constitution and the law, it performs its functions according to the principle of separation of legislative, judicial and administrative powers, interaction, mutual restriction and balance

the term of office of President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan is seven years. On May 18, 2007, the parliament of Kazakhstan passed an amendment to the constitution, which authorized Nursultan Nazarbayev to be re elected as president without limit[ 1] The president may appoint the prime minister, the Vice Prime Minister, the ministers of foreign affairs, national defense, finance and the interior, and the chairman of the National Security Council, subject to the consent of the Supreme Soviet

parliament is the highest representative organ of the country, which performs legislative functions and implements a bicameral system (the upper and lower chambers are called the Senate and mariges respectively). The term of office of the upper chamber is six years and that of the lower chamber is five years. Its main functions are: to pass the Constitution and laws of the people's Republic of China and to amend and supplement them; He agreed to the president's appointment of the prime minister, the chairman of the National Security Council, the attorney general and the president of the national bank; Ratification and abolition of international treaties; To approve the national economic and social development plan, the national budget plan and the report on its implementation, etc. The president has the right to dissolve parliament when Parliament proposes a no confidence motion against the government, refuses the president's appointment to the prime minister twice, or causes political crisis e to unresolved differences between the two houses of Parliament or between Parliament and other departments of state power. Members are elected by direct vote<

administrative divisions

the country is divided into two municipalities and 14 states, namely: Astana, Almaty, North Kazakhstan, kostanai, Pavlodar, akmola, West Kazakstan, East Kazakstan, Atyrau, aktobinsk, Karaganda, mangystau Kizillarda, Talas, Almaty and South Kazakstan

geography

Kazakhstan stanstanstanstan is the largest inland country in the world. Its terrain is high in the East and low in the West. In the west, it is the Turan lowland and along the Caspian Sea. In the northwest and North, it is the continuation plain of Russia plain and West Siberia plain respectively. Hills graally appear in the middle, mountains in the East and Southeast, which is also the continuation of the Pamir Plateau to the north

the area of Europe is about 140000 km & sup2

the main water bodies include Balkhash Lake and zhaisangpo lake. It is divided into the Aral Sea with Uzbekistan, the Caspian Sea (the largest inland lake in the world) in the west, and most of the lakes are saline lakes. Most of the rivers in the territory are inland rivers, mainly including Irtysh River, Sier River, nialar River, etc

Kazakhstan's semi desert and desert areas account for 60% of the national area, and the annual water drop in desert areas is less than 100 mm. The whole area has a temperate continental climate, cold in winter and hot in summer. However, there is snow at the peak of mountain area all the year round, and the annual precipitation can reach 1000 mm. The climate varies greatly from region to region. In Astana, the capital city, the lowest temperature in winter can reach below - 40 ℃, and there are often strong winds of magnitude 4 or 5. In Almaty, the former capital city, the lowest temperature can reach about - 20 ℃, and there is little wind

economy

Kazakhstan's economy is dominated by oil and gas, mining, coal, agriculture and animal husbandry, while its processing instry and light instry are relatively backward. Most consumer goods are imported. After independence, Kazakhstan carried out economic reform and carried out market economy and privatization in stages. In recent years, the government has taken a series of measures, such as strengthening macro-control, actively introcing foreign capital, implementing import substitution policy while focusing on the development of oil and gas fields and mining instry, supporting national instries, vigorously developing small and medium-sized enterprises, and implementing free floating exchange rate. GDP (2002): 3747.2 billion tenge. GDP per capita (2002): 252677 tenge. It is rich in natural resources. At present, Kazakhstan's total proven oil reserves are 10 billion tons, coal reserves are 3.94 billion tons, natural gas reserves are 1.8 trillion cubic meters, and manganese reserves are 400 million tons< As of December 2002, Kazakhstan has attracted a total of 21 billion US dollars of foreign direct investment, including 4.92 billion US dollars from the United States, 1.78 billion US dollars from the United Kingdom, 1.56 billion US dollars from South Korea and 600 million US dollars from Italy&# 8206; The Chinese mainland has 560 million dollars, Turkey 510 million dollars and Japan 336 million dollars.

population

the total population is 15.21 million (October 2004), of which the urban population is 8.56 million, accounting for 56.9%, and the rural population is 6.45 million, accounting for 43.1%

nationality

Kazakh nationality accounted for 61%; Russian accounted for 23%; Ukrainians accounted for 3.1%; Uzbeks accounted for 2.8%; Germanic accounted for 1.5%; Other ethnic groups accounted for 8.1% (October 2004). Over the past 10 years since independence, the Kazakh population has increased significantly, while the Russian, Ukrainian and Germanic ethnic groups have decreased significantly. Kazakhstan is undergoing a process of Kazakh nationalization, but Russia's influence is far-reaching<

religion

Kazakh stanstanstanstanstan is a country with a slight majority of Islam and a large proportion of Christianity. Among them, Kazak, Uzbek and Tatar people believe in Islamic ecation; Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian people believe in Christian Orthodox; Germanic people believe in Protestant and Catholic; in addition, there are a small number of Jews and Buddhists<

cultural celebrity

abay Ibrahim qunanbayuli, Kazakh poet, formerly known as Ibrahim kunanbayev (1845-1904), was born in Kazakhstan. Kazakh is a great poet, composer, philosopher and classic writer. UNESCO listed him as a world cultural celebrity to commemorate<

the books about Abbey are:

"Abbey proverbs" (1994), the translator Su zhouxiong
"abbey the North Star on the Kazakh Grassland", and the author Zheng Zhendong
"the road of Abbey" is a historical novel written by Muhtar auezov (1897-1961) based on the tragic life path of the Kazakh poet Abbey kunanqite, It shows the world the historical contributions of abay in revitalizing the Kazakh nation The road of A is a world famous literary work, which is known as the network book of the Kazakh people. Some people call it the dream of Red Mansions of the Kazakh people. In 1942, the first volume of the road to abay was published, and in 1947, the first volume was published, which won the highest literature award of the former Soviet Union. The first volume of the second volume was published in 1952 and the second volume was published in 1956. The whole book won the Lenin literature prize in 1959 The road of abay has been translated into 116 languages and published all over the world[ 2]

Festival

main entry: Kazakhstan stanstanstanstanstan Festival
date of the festival name remarks
March 24 nawurez Festival Kazakhstan's new year day
May 7 armed forces day
October 25 sovereign Republic Day
December 16 Independence Day

instry

metallurgy, coal, oil Machinery

agriculture

wheat, cotton, sugar beet, etc