Guizhou consensus on blockchain

1. There are many consensus mechanisms in the blockchain. The advantage of the pow consensus mechanism behind bitcoin, the most influential one, is that it is secure and can not be tampered with. The disadvantage is that it is too slow to process only seven transactions a second

2. Blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger system, which can be used to register and issue digital assets, property rights certificates, points, etc., and transfer, pay and trade in a point-to-point manner. Compared with the traditional centralized ledger system, blockchain system has the advantages of complete disclosure, tamper proof, multiple payment prevention, and does not rely on any trusted third party
e to the high network delay in peer-to-peer network, the transaction order observed by each node can not be completely consistent. Therefore, the blockchain system needs to design a mechanism to reach a consensus on the sequence of transactions that occur in the same time. This algorithm to reach consensus on the order of transactions in a time window is called consensus mechanism
-- chainknow

3. The so-called "consensus mechanism" is to complete the verification and confirmation of the transaction in a very short time through the voting of special nodes; For a transaction, if several nodes with unrelated interests can reach a consensus, we can think that the whole network can also reach a consensus. More generally speaking, if a Chinese microblog big V, an American virtual currency player, an African student and a European tourist do not know each other, but they all agree that you are a good person, then you can basically conclude that you are not bad
as a data structure that stores data in chronological order, blockchain can support different consensus mechanisms. Consensus mechanism is an important component of blockchain technology. The goal of blockchain consensus mechanism is to make all honest nodes keep consistent blockchain view, and satisfy two properties at the same time:
1) consistency. The prefix part of the blockchain saved by all honest nodes is exactly the same
2) effectiveness. The information released by one honest node will be recorded by all other honest nodes in their own blockchain.

4. 1. Pow (proof of work) workload proof
one sentence introction: the more you do, the more you get
2. POS proof of stake
in a word: the more you hold, the more you get< Pbft: practical Byzantine fault tolerance
3. Pbft: practical Byzantine fault tolerance
Introction: it provides (n-1) / 3 fault tolerance on the premise of ensuring the activity and safety< Dbft: Byzantine fault tolerant algorithm authorized by delegated BFT
Introction: dbft mechanism adopted by ant is that bookkeepers are selected by rights and interests, and then bookkeepers reach a consensus through Byzantine fault tolerant algorithm
5. Pool verification pool
is based on traditional distributed consistency technology and data verification mechanism
chainnova is a blockchain company. I feel it's very good. Although I don't know any hash algorithm, I still know a little bit.

5. At present, there are four main types of consensus mechanisms: pow, POS, dpos, pool
1. POW workload proof, which is familiar with mining, calculates a random number that meets the rules through and or operation, that is, obtains the bookkeeping right, sends out the data that needs to be recorded in this round, and stores it together with other nodes in the whole network after verification
advantages: complete decentralization, free access of nodes
disadvantages: bitcoin has attracted most of the computing power in the world, and other blockchain applications using POW consensus mechanism are difficult to obtain the same computing power to ensure their own security; Mining causes a lot of waste of resources; The period of reaching consensus is long, which is not suitable for commercial application.

2. Proof of rights and interests of POS, a mechanism of upgrading consensus of pow; According to the token proportion and time of each node; It can rece the difficulty of mining in equal proportion, so as to speed up the speed of finding random numbers< Advantages: to a certain extent, it shortens the time to reach a consensus
disadvantages: mining is still needed, which does not solve the pain point of commercial application in essence

3. Dpos share authorization certification mechanism is similar to the voting of the board of directors, in which the coin holders cast a certain number of nodes to verify and account on their behalf
advantages: greatly rece the number of participating verification and accounting nodes, which can achieve second level consensus verification
disadvantages: the whole consensus mechanism still depends on token, and many commercial applications do not need token to exist

4. Pool verification pool, which is based on traditional distributed consistency technology and data verification mechanism; It is a consensus mechanism widely used in the instry chain at present.
advantages: it can work without token, and realizes second level consensus verification on the basis of mature distributed consistency algorithms (pasox and raft)
disadvantages: the degree of decentralization is not as good as that of bictin; The multi center business model is more suitable for multi-party participation

it has great advantages in using consensus mechanism to ensure data consistency (the consensus mechanism is first proposed by ripple, and the network transaction synchronization mechanism with data correctness priority. In the consensus network, no matter how the software code changes, if you can't reach a consensus, you can't enter the network, let alone fork)
- - - - - - - -
PS: a little black, although the consensus mechanism can absolutely ensure that there will be no hard bifurcation at any time. However, the disadvantage of this mechanism is obvious, that is, it is much longer than the current bitcoin network to reach a consensus with other nodes. In extreme cases, the consequences of disconnection in ripple consensus mechanism network are also very terrible

it is possible that one day after the power failure in your home, the whole system will no longer be able to reach a consensus with other rippled nodes (in fact, the consensus mechanism requires more than 80% of the nodes to acknowledge your data before your submission will be accepted by other nodes, otherwise it will be rejected by exclusive nodes), Even you can only empty all your 500 GB data and resynchronize to connect to other ripple nodes

so at present, the existing rippled end is not suitable for civil use (if it is commercial, the impact is relatively small. For example, RL's own rippled node is hosted in Amazon cloud data center. If it has no response for a long time, it can make high claims, and there is almost no break in that place except for large disasters). This is one of the aspects RL has always wanted to improve.

6. In bitcoin and other blockchain currencies, there is also the problem of how to reach a consensus. In other words, the core issue of bitcoin or other blockchain currencies is how to reach a consensus in a decentralized environment

blockchain is not only the core technology behind bitcoin, but also the infrastructure supporting bitcoin. Therefore, when talking about the consensus of blockchain, we must talk about the consensus of bitcoin

the core breakthrough of bitcoin is to reach a consensus on transaction events in the case of decentralization, that is, to reach an agreement on the effectiveness of a transaction without a central organization<

bitcoin's method to achieve this consensus mainly includes two parts:

incentive; That is, each block generates a certain amount of new bitcoin to motivate participants
introce external resources to ensure safety; That is, to ensure the security of consensus through a large number of external calculations, that is, proof of power

this is also the method adopted by almost all POW currencies. For example, dent, Wright coin, sand coin, dog coin and so on.

7. Jinwowo network analysis: consensus mechanism is how to reach a consensus among all accounting nodes to determine the validity of a record, which is not only a means of identification, but also a means of preventing tampering.

8.

1、 The types of mobile phones are not exactly the same: g9700 belongs to 4G / 3G mobile phones; G9730 belongs to 5g mobile phone

Second, the screen size and resolution are different: the main screen size of g9700 is 5.8 inches, the narrow frame is 3.42mm, and the screen proportion is high 84.49%, the main screen resolution is 2280 x 1080 pixels; G9730 home screen size 6.1 inches, narrow frame 04mm, screen ratio The resolution of the main screen is 3040x1440 pixels

Third, the camera configuration is different: g9700 has three cameras, including two rear cameras, which are 16 million pixels + 12 million pixels, and the front camera is 10 million pixels; G9730 has four cameras, one more 12 megapixel rear camera than g9700

Fourth, the overall size and weight of the mobile phone are different: the size of g9700 mobile phone is 142.2x69.9x7.9mm, the weight is not the same 150g The size of g9730 mobile phone is 149.9x70.4x7.8mm, and the weight of g9730 mobile phone is 157g

(5) the color of mobile phone is different: g9700 mobile phone has four colors: bright jade white, carbon crystal black, glass green and lime yellow; G9730 has one less lime yellow color than g9700

9. The currency of ancient China has a long history of using currency in China, which has graally developed into a unique style of currency culture in thousands of years of historical evolution, and has had a great impact on many surrounding countries and regions

it is generally believed that in the Xia and Shang Dynasties, China had money. The earliest currency in China was mainly physical currency. At that time, the currency with the widest circulation, the largest quantity and the longest time was shellfish. Shell, smooth and beautiful, strong and wear-resistant, easy to carry, easy to count. There are a large number of shells unearthed in the sites of Xia and Shang Dynasties, and there are also records about shells in the ancient documents of Shang and Zhou dynasties. In Chinese characters, most of the characters related to value begin with "Bei"

with the rapid development of commodity exchange, the demand for money is increasing, and seashells can not meet people's demand. In the late Shang Dynasty, people began to imitate seashells with copper, and bronze imitation became the earliest metal coin in China. With the extensive use of coinage by workers, seashells, as a kind of natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage. From the appearance of Tongbei in Shang Dynasty to the Warring States period, e to the dominance of vassals, China's currency graally formed four unique currency systems, namely shovel coin, Dao coin, ring coin and Chu coin (yuan Jin and Yi Bi Qian)< After the unification of China by Qin Dynasty, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty promulgated the earliest monetary law of China in 210 B.C., which abolished the formal currency of various countries and designated gold and copper as the unified currency. Gold was used to pay for large transactions, while copper money, half of the round square hole of Qin, was used in daily life. The circulation of Qin banliang coins with round square holes in the whole country ended the disordered state of different shapes and great weight differences of ancient Chinese coins, which was a significant evolution from disordered shape to standard shape in the history of ancient Chinese coins. The shape of this round square hole determined by the Qin banliang coins continued until the early Republic of China

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty regained the minting right of the prefectures in the fifth year of Yuanshou (118 BC) and minted five baht coins by the central government. On the surface of the round square hole, the word "five baht" was cast, which determined the unified management of coin casting and issuance by the central government. Wuzhu money has been used in the period of emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty for more than 700 years. It is the longest used and most successful currency in ancient China< In 621, Li Yuan was determined to reform the currency system, abolish the five baht coin, and cast "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coin“ The four words "Kaiyuan Tongbao" were written by Ouyang Xun in the early Tang Dynasty. The so-called "Kaiyuan" means to create a new era, while "Tongbao" refers to the general treasure in a unified country. Kaiyuan Tongbao is a reverse of the old system of Qin and Han Dynasties. The weight of money is not written in the text (the weight of money is usually clearly indicated in the text of money since Qin and Han dynasties). It is the evolution of ancient Chinese money from the weight of documents to Tongbao and Yuanbao. Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is the earliest Tongbao coin in China. It was cast in July of the fourth year of Wude (621 A.D.) in Tang Dynasty. It has a history of about 300 years and has never been interrupted. This is also rare in the history of currency. Since then, copper coins in China no longer use money to mark the weight, but use Tongbao and Yuanbao. It has been used until the "Tongbao of the Republic of China" after the 1911 Revolution

the "Kaiyuan Tongbao" in the Tang Dynasty ushered in a new era in the monetary history of China. From then on, the bronze coinage broke away from the tradition of renaming with banliang and wuzhu, and began to transform to abstraction and symbolization“ "Kaiyuan Tongbao" also sets up the standard image of Chinese currency in shape and weight. It takes one coin as the legal weight unit, and weighs one or two for every ten coins. The decimals of ten yuan or two came into being and had a profound influence on later generations

in the Northern Song Dynasty, e to the shortage of copper materials, there was a shortage of money. In order to make up for the shortage of copper money, the government cast a large number of iron coins in some areas, and iron coins and copper coins coexisted. According to the records of the history of Song Dynasty, the cast iron coins in Sichuan at that time always weighed 25 Jin and 8 Liang. To buy a piece of silk in Sichuan, you have to pay 130 Jin of iron. Iron money is so heavy and inconvenient that paper money "Jiaozi" came into being in Sichuan“ Jiaozi uses a unified paper, has a certain shape, is printed with complex patterns, and has anti-counterfeiting secret records“ The appearance of "Jiaozi" is an important evolution from metal currency to paper currency in ancient Chinese currency history“ Jiaozi is not only the earliest paper currency in China, but also the earliest paper currency in the world

Kublai Khan, the emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, established a unified banknote system and issued "Zhongtong Yuanbao banknotes", which made the Yuan Dynasty the first dynasty to adopt a unified banknote as its basic monetary system< In the early Ming Dynasty, silver was not a legal currency, and gold and silver trading was forbidden. During the reign of emperor Yingzong of Ming Dynasty, the ban on using silver was lifted. So far, silver, as a currency and a measure of value, officially gained its legal status. In the late Ming Dynasty, silver was popular in the whole society and occupied a dominant position in the field of currency circulation

in the first 100 years of the Qing Dynasty, the ingot shaped silver ingots cast in the late Ming Dynasty were still used in various places. At that time, there were various shapes and qualities of silver in circulation on the market. Those weighing less than one or two were called scattered silver pieces, while those weighing from one or two to five Liang were called small pieces, which were used for general trading; For bulk trading, it is a kind of national fake standard silver, which weighs about ten liang of ingots and fifty liang of Yuanbao. When paying, it must be converted into silver and then converted into pure silver, so as to complete the exchange of value for money. It is very inconvenient to use

before and after the outbreak of the Opium War, foreign silver dollars were successively imported into the mainland of China. There were dozens of silver dollars in circulation in the local market, such as Benyang in Spain, Ma Jianyang in the Netherlands, zhanrenyang in Britain, Yingyang in Mexico, Longyang in Japan, etc. As foreign silver counts the value of a piece, it is not necessary to weigh it when it is used, so the people are willing to accept it. For most of the 19th century, it became a choice of currency in China, and also became the catalyst of China's self casting silver dollar. In the years of Daoguang and Xianfeng, imitation silver rose from coastal cities with frequent trade with foreign merchants, and then spread to all parts of the country. It is called Guangban in Guangzhou, fuban in Fuzhou and Hangban in Hangzhou. Among them, the one supervised by Shanghai Daotai is the most regular, with the weight roughly in line with foreign silver dollars. In this situation, in order to maintain national dignity and maintain the monetary system, the Qing government began to plan to cast its own silver< During the reign of Guangxu, Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Guangdong and Guangdong provinces, founded the Guangdong money Bureau in Guangzhou, bought British machines and began to cast silver yuan called Guangxu Yuanbao, which was worth 1 million yuan that year. This is the beginning of China's official casting of silver dollar by machine, and also the origin of modern monetary unit system. The back of Guangxu Yuanbao is decorated with flat dragon pattern, which is also made of imitation silver, so it is called Longyang. After that, the Qing government set up a general foundry of silver coins in Tianjin to manufacture silver coins. The emergence of mechanism currency in the late Qing Dynasty is an important evolution from hand coinage to machine coinage. From then on, not only did great changes take place in the process of casting coins, but also the round square hole coins that had been in circulation for more than 2000 years died.