IBM blockchain China's carbon market

1. Government management
some countries have shown great interest in the blockchain technology of decentralized data management framework to store public data. For example, essentia is developing an e-government project with the Central Union of agricultural procers and forest owners in Finland, The project will apply blockchain technology to enable urban and rural residents in Finland to query various records, fully meet the needs of residents and employers, and improve the employment rate. In addition, the use of this technology can also improve the efficiency of government operation, so that residents can easily query ecation, public records, voting and other information
waste recycling
for example, an intelligent waste management system in China adopts the RFID technology of waltonchain company. Using this blockchain application of waltonchain, it can effectively monitor the waste level, so as to improve the management and operation efficiency and resource optimization
identity recognition
chug, a Swiss city known as "encryption Valley", has developed an identity authentication system with its partner uport by using blockchain technology, through which citizens can participate in online voting and proof of residence
border control
essentia has been in contact with the Dutch government, hoping to use its blockchain technology to establish a set of border inspection system for the Dutch government to check passengers between Amsterdam and London. At present, passengers of Eurostar high-speed rail between the two countries need to undergo border control checks at multiple locations. Essentia is working on a blockchain based solution that will securely store passenger data so that inspection records from the Netherlands can also be reviewed by UK Border agencies. Blockchain technology will ensure that the data has not been tampered with and is verifiable and accurate
health care
as we all know, medical records are very scattered and prone to errors. Inconsistent data processing process will make hospitals and clinics often forced to deal with some incorrect or incomplete patient records. For example, Medrec, a blockchain electronic medical record system developed by MIT, uses blockchain technology to promote data sharing. At the same time, it can also provide authentication and confidentiality services
enterprise management
as enterprise customers of Microsoft azure applications, they can make use of blockchain as a service (baas), which will enable enterprises to access smart contracts and blockchain applications in a secure hosting environment. According to media reports, Google is also developing a proprietary blockchain project to support its cloud based business. And alpha, Google's parent company, is developing a distributed accounting project that third parties will be able to use to store data related to Google's cloud services
medical data
medical centers that digitize patient records do not store data among multiple devices. They usually store data on centralized servers, which has become the main target of hackers. The wannacry attack on NHS hospital in the UK proves this. But in addition, even if the security risk is ignored, there is still the problem of fragmentation. At present, there are more than 50 different electronic medical record systems (EHR) operating in hospitals in different cities around the world, and there are usually dozens of different medical application systems in the same city. These independent systems can't perform interoperation, and the data of patients in each hospital can only be distributed in different data storage centers
in the case of patients' life and death, the lack of reliable medical data contrast and slow operation efficiency will be fatal. Essentia's application framework solves all these problems by using blockchain based system, which will store all clinical data of patients, and can access these data immediately regardless of geographical boundaries. In this system, the patient's medical record privacy can also be protected, and only the authorized medical personnel can access it in a specific period of time
Music Proction
one of the main advantages of blockchain technology is that it eliminates unnecessary middlemen or middlemen. The music instry is a typical example. In this instry, if artists are inefficient, they will get very low remuneration. At this time, a number of blockchain based projects have emerged to seek a fairer trading and business environment for music creators, such as artbit, a former gunshot rose drummer Matt Soren as director
carbon compensation
as a highly instrialized country, China's environmental change is huge. In March 2017, IBM and energy blockchain labs jointly launched the hyperledger fabric blockchain project to discover China's carbon assets, which not only creates a measurable and auditable system for tracking carbon emissions, but also provides a tradable market for companies seeking to offset energy consumption and stimulate green instrial practice
supply chain management
supply chain management is considered to be one of the better cases of applying blockchain, because it is very suitable for the express delivery of such goods from delivery to receipt or the whole process from manufacturer to store. IBM and Wal Mart have jointly launched a blockchain food safety alliance in China. The project is also jointly operated with Jingdong company, aiming to improve food delivery tracking and safety assurance, so as to make it easier to trace food safety issues
facts have proved that China is a mature experimental base for blockchain projects, and it is also the location of the world's first blockchain for agricultural procts (5.180, - 0.25, - 4.60%). Louis Dreyfus Co, a world-famous food trader, has established a blockchain technology project in cooperation with Dutch and French banks. Using this project technology, the transaction settlement is faster than traditional methods in the process of selling soybeans to China
diamond instry
De Beers Group, the world's most famous diamond company, has its own blockchain company and has started operation. Its purpose is to "establish a digital record for every diamond registered on the platform". Considering the origin of diamonds, the ethical standards of origin, and the risk of diamond quality, blockchain technology is a good choice, because every record of it is indelible, and it will ensure that the electronic data of each diamond is as permanent as itself
real estate transactions
currently, Ukraine is the first country to use blockchain technology to promote property transactions. Michael Arlington, the founder of techcrunch, a famous technology website and cryptocurrency player, remotely purchased and resold a real estate in Kiev through the smart contract of Ethereum blockchain. This transaction was completed by propy, a start-up company specializing in blockchain real estate transactions
fisheries
blockchain technology is now being used to support the development of sustainable fisheries. Illegal fishing is a common problem in this instry. The distributed ledger technology of blockchain provides a proof of the capture source, processing and sale mode. This "net to table" supply chain allows inspectors to determine whether the fish caught came from a human rights violation area or from a country affected by economic sanctions
art paintings
similar to diamond trading, the art instry relies on the provenance and authenticity of art works. Although the blockchain cannot identify whether a painting is an original or a fake, it can be used to prove the identity of the previous owner of the painting. In addition, blockchain technology is now also used as a means to obtain works of art. It can make tangible goods easily traded and exchanged anywhere in the world without physical transfer from a secure storage place
public facilities
in Freemantle, Australia, a project dedicated to distributed energy and water system management is using blockchain technology, and solar panels (3.340, - 0.06, - 1.76%) are being used in sunny areas to obtain electricity, which is then used to heat water and provide electricity, All these energy conversion and use information will be recorded in the blockchain data
in Chile, the National Energy Commission has started to use the blockchain technology as the verification of the country's energy use data, and some sensitive data will be stored in the blockchain. The application of this technology can be regarded as a means for the modernization and safe operation of power infrastructure in this South American country
LGBT rights
blockchain can help build a "pink economy" and help LGBT communities fight for their own rights without revealing people's identities. This is an extremely important issue, because crimes of discrimination against homosexual groups often occur, especially in countries notorious for human rights violations, Homosexuality is illegal, or at least not allowed
catastrophe bonds
catastrophe bonds may be the only hope for victims of earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural disasters. Blockchain allows fast and transparent reconciliation between the parties, and can ensure that the system can continue to operate normally even under unmanned operation. Now, blockchain has been successfully used in the settlement mechanism of catastrophe bonds
tourism
local institutions in Hawaii are studying how to use blockchain technology to improve the economy, such as opening bitcoin and other monetary payment means to facilitate tourists' transaction of local goods and services. In this way, the Hawaiian government hopes to attract tourists, especially those from Asia, to spend more money in the local area and improve the economic development of Hawaii
homeland security
in 2016, the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a project that will use blockchain technology as a means of secure storage and capture of data transmission. DHS uses Factom's blockchain technology to encrypt and store data captured by security cameras and other sensors. The application of this blockchain technology will greatly rece the risk of data leakage. At present, the project is still in progress
maritime transportation
it is self-evident that blockchain is used to record ship transportation data. At present, some local shipping projects have adopted distributed ledger technology. In the maritime logistics instry, blockchain technology can make the inevitable cumbersome management proceres in international trade more transparent and orderly. Maersk, one of the world's largest shippers, is a pioneer in the use of blockchain. Today, Yixing international shipping company Zim has also made follow-up use of blockchain technology.

2. Zhao Liang, general manager of banking instry of IBM Global Enterprise Consulting Service Department, believes that blockchain technology has broad application prospects in the fields of Internet finance, such as supply chain finance, digital bills, P2P financing, e-money, microfinance, cross-border payment, collateral management and contract execution, which can better connect financial institutions and non-financial enterprises
the principle of blockchain can be more widely used in other innovative fields. For example, blockchain is expected to establish a points exchange and transaction system, which can be used for the exchange and transaction of various points, such as telecom telephone fee points, aviation mileage points, hotel accommodation points, etc. In the field of Internet of things, IBM has cooperated with Kouvola innovation in Finland to establish a trusted cargo view of the whole process of logistics in the technology of blockchain and Watson Internet of things
in fact, in the next few years, the Internet of things will become one of the most exciting and largest application fields of blockchain. Blockchain solves the trust problem and financial transactions between massive devices and nodes in the Internet of things. The Internet of things based on blockchain and e-money can enable smart appliances to automatically complete financial transactions such as paying electricity bills, while IBM Watson cognitive technology can automatically recommend a more reasonable level of electricity consumption by learning historical data, which can form a real smart grid from the perspective of the whole society
in May 2016, two Chinese blockchain enterprises announced to join the hyperledger super ledger project led by IBM and Linux foundation. Also in May, Ping An Insurance Group announced to join the international R3 alliance to jointly develop innovative business applications based on distributed shared ledger technology with other financial institutions
now, blockchain is not only as simple as having influence on Internet technology, but also to create a new decentralized next-generation business model, which is the real significance of the blockchain revolution< br />

3. Patents have always been controversial in the field of cryptocurrency and blockchain, because most projects are built on the premise of decentralization and open source. It is for this reason that the concept of intellectual property (IP) is highly controversial
for this purpose, the following search terms are used to collect the website data of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): blockchain, blockchain, bitcoin, virtual currency, virtual currency, digital currency, digital token and smart contract
the analysis found that although the price of bitcoin plummeted, 2018 was the year with the most patents approved, and records showed that at least 1060 patents were published ring this period

971 items were approved in 2017. In that year, bitcoin began trading at $998, reaching an all-time high of $19666 in December
according to the data, patent approval started to take off in 2012, and it remained at the same level until 2015. So far this year, the World Intellectual Property Organization has granted 242 patents related to cryptocurrency or blockchain
China ranks first with 790 patents
followed by the United States, which approved 762 patent applications. South Korea and Australia followed, 161 and 132 respectively. The UK is the only European country in the top 10 with 36 approvals

the companies on the list are mainly technology giants and financial service companies, such as IBM (119 items), MasterCard MasterCard (111 items), coinplug (84 items) and Alibaba (60 items)< Among them, Yao Qian, director of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China, has obtained 92 patents.

4. Now is the information age, no good technology is difficult to stand in the society,
now the rapid growth of computer technology, every company needs computer talents, you can go to learn computer professional,
there is still a lot of development space in this field, as long as you study hard, the future prospects are unlimited.

5. First of all, it's bullshit. Computing power comes from computer hardware, not as much as they say. Otherwise, why do bitcoin diggers buy so many mining machines and why do they have so many cards on the market? It's easy to learn about blockchain

6. The withdrawal of the United States from the agreement means that the order of global carbon emission rection will be affected. Although China will stick to the road of carbon market, it may have a certain impact on the strength, scale and start-up time of carbon market, but the impact is very limited.

7. At present, there are seven pilot regional carbon markets in China, which are located in the mainland and coastal areas with great differences in geographical location and economic level. By the end of 2015, more than 2000 enterprises will be involved, and the total annual quota will reach 1.2 billion tons
different from the preliminary preparation of the EU carbon market in the past six years, China's regional carbon trading pilot started two years after receiving the notice from the national development and Reform Commission. At the end of 2013, the pilot markets in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Tianjin began to operate, and the pilot markets in Wuhan and Chongqing also started within a few months. In other words, the longest pilot market has only three years of operation experience
the pilot projects show that there are obvious differences in the pilot operation in different regions. On the one hand, the transaction prices of carbon markets in different regions are quite different. According to Mei Dewen, general manager of Beijing Environment Exchange, only Beijing's carbon price is stable at about 50 yuan / ton, while Guangzhou and Wuhan's carbon price is only 10-20 yuan

on the other hand, the difference of standardization level in different markets is not small, which reflects the gap of market economy development level between different regions. Lin Jiaqiao of Panshi Institute of environment and energy believes that the carbon markets in Chongqing and Hubei clearly reflect the lack of training. Enterprises do not really understand the carbon market and do not take emissions data seriously enough. Comparatively speaking, the mechanism design and enterprise training of Shanghai market have done a good job, which is worth learning from other markets
at present, the regulation of carbon market is the Interim Measures for the management of national carbon emission trading promulgated in 2014, which is only a department regulation of the national development and Reform Commission and has low binding force. The national regulations on the administration of carbon emissions trading, which is being drafted, is a regulation of the State Council and has a higher binding force.

8. (1) According to the analysis of the histogram in Figure 12, the difference between China and the United States is that the total carbon emission of China is larger than that of the United States; Compared with the United States, China has a large population, its instrial structure is dominated by the secondary instry, its energy consumption structure is dominated by coal, its resource consumption is large and its utilization rate is low, so the total carbon emission of China is larger than that of the United States; Although the energy utilization rate of the United States is high, the economy of the United States is developed, and the per capita resource consumption level is high, so the per capita resource consumption is large, and the per capita carbon emission is larger than that of China. < br > (2) global warming refers to the phenomenon that the temperature of the earth's atmosphere and ocean rises over a period of time, It mainly refers to the temperature rise caused by human factors. It is considered that it is caused by excessive emissions of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.) all over the world. These greenhouse gases have high transmittance to the visible light from the sun, and high absorption to the long wave radiation emitted from the earth, which can strongly absorb the infrared radiation from the ground, However, the accumulation of the greenhouse effect leads to the imbalance of energy absorbed and emitted by the earth atmosphere system, which leads to the increase of temperature and global warming. < br > (3) carbon emission trading refers to the government's inclusion of enterprises with a certain scale of carbon emission into the carbon emission quota management, We can use market power to promote energy conservation and emission rection and achieve the goal of recing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emissions, From the perspective of social benefits, it is concive to promote enterprises to accelerate technological transformation, rece proction energy consumption, and truly achieve low-carbon development. < br > (4) before 2010, Shanghai municipal Party committee and Shanghai municipal government put forward the idea of transformation and development of Shanghai, There are: 1) closing, stopping, merging and transferring enterprises with high energy consumption and high pollution; ② The old enterprises should be renovated to rece energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions; ③ We should actively develop new instries and high-tech instries, and develop our procts in the direction of high-quality, refined, sophisticated, new and low-energy consumption; ④ For high energy consuming enterprises, we should change the energy consumption structure, use clean energy and improve the energy utilization rate. < br > therefore, the answer is: < br > (1) China's total carbon emission is larger than that of the United States; The per capita emission of the United States is larger than that of China. < br > reasons: compared with the United States, China has a large population, its instrial structure is dominated by the secondary instry, its energy consumption structure is dominated by coal, its resource consumption is large and its utilization rate is low, so the total carbon emission of China is larger than that of the United States< Although the energy utilization rate of the United States is high, its economy is developed, and its per capita resource consumption level is high, so the per capita resource consumption is large, and the per capita carbon emission is larger than that of China. < br > (2) the solar radiation enters the earth and is absorbed by the ground. After the ground absorbs the solar radiation, it radiates energy in the form of long wave radiation, and the increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, It can make the atmosphere absorb more ground long wave radiation, increase the temperature of the atmosphere, and increase the reverse radiation of the atmosphere. The role of atmospheric heat preservation is enhanced, which leads to the increase of near surface temperature, but little is lost to the universe, thus aggravating global warming. < br > (3) carbon trading is the use of market forces to promote energy conservation and emission rection, From the perspective of ecological benefits, it is concive to alleviate global warming and rece the frequency of extreme weather disasters. From the perspective of social benefits, it is concive to promote enterprises to accelerate technological transformation, rece proction energy consumption and truly achieve low-carbon development, Enterprises with high pollution should be shut down, stopped, merged and transferred; ② The old enterprises should be renovated to rece energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions; ③ We should actively develop new instries and high-tech instries, and develop our procts in the direction of high-quality, refined, sophisticated, new and low-energy consumption; ④ For high energy consuming enterprises, change energy consumption structure, use clean energy and improve energy utilization

9. China's carbon trading market has two stages: CDM market and carbon trading quota trading market. In 2002, China's carbon trading market began in the form of CDM, and 12 years later, the approval of CDM graally stopped. In 2011, the State Council issued the notice on carrying out the pilot work of carbon emission trading, proposing to graally carry out the pilot of carbon emission trading market (quota + CCER, the latter refers to China's national certified voluntary emission rection, which can enter the trading market and offset the insufficient quota of carbon emission enterprises within a certain range). On June 18, 2013, Shenzhen took the lead in establishing a carbon emission trading market, marking the launch of a domestic carbon trading quota trading market.